Urban Form, Accessibility and Transport Sustainability in World Cities Duncan Alexander Smith LSE Cities, London School of Economics 23/2/13 Urban Mobility and Integrated Transport Symposium, El Gouna
Urban Age Introduction For the last decade the Urban Age has explored rapidly growing cities across the globe. Supported by Deutsche Bank s Alfred Herrhausen Society. Focussed on sharing international experience, bringing together policy makers with planners and designers. Extensive Outreach Activities- Urban Age books- Endless City, Living in the Endless City. Urban Age Conferences. More Recently Greater Academic Focus. My research using GIS analysis and geographical techniques to understand global city sustainability relationships.
Research Background Studied Geography and GIS at University of Edinburgh, then worked as a transport research consultant. PhD at Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London Topic about using computer models of city form for improving urban planning analysis. CASA led by Prof Mike Batty. Research topic evolved into analysing relationships between changing urban form and travel patterns. Research Partner Greater London Authority Strong business and efficiency focus. Interested in relationships between accessibility, agglomeration and business location.
Global Population Density & Urban Age Cities LandScan global population data
Sustainable Cities
Sustainable Cities SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Sustainable Cities
Importance of Transport
Urban Density & The Compact City International Diversity Comparison studies highlight relationships with urban structure, particularly density. (Newman & Kenworthy, 1989). Also size-efficiency (e.g Glaeser). Compact city policies promote high density mixed-use development to reduce car use. Complications: socioeconomic context; causality; definition of urban regions; relationships in global networks (Taylor et al). Multi-faceted Approach Multiple socio-economic, urban form and policy factors inter-related and co-evolve together.
Transport Trips Modal Split in Five Exemplar Cities
Key Factors in Achieving Sustainable Travel Patterns Metropolitan land use and transport planning integration Copenhagen & Hong Kong example. Guiding New Urban Development London example. New Public Transport Infrastructure Bogotá example. Walking and cycling provision Copenhagen example. Car ownership and demand management Hong Kong example
Land use and Transport Integration- Accessibility Accessibility Concept Combines land use (density, function) and transport (stations, stops) data to analyse integration. Measures opportunities for citizens to travel by particular transport modes. Can calculate comparative indicators for multiple cities. 500 metres Walking Catchments to Public Transport Stations Begin with basic measure of population in walking distance of rail and metro stations. Data- from government agencies, OpenStreetMap (needs to be validated).
Land use and Transport Integration- Accessibility Metropolitan populations in walking distance (500m) of rail and metro stations
Metropolitan Planning Integration- Copenhagen
Metropolitan Planning Integration- Hong Kong
Political Jurisdictions and Metropolitan Planning
Residential Density Analysis
Residential Density Analysis
London Example- Guiding Urban Development
London Sustainable Transport Trends
Urban Development in London, 2004-2011 GLA created 2000, London Plan with strong land-use transport integration. Delivered compact city development- - Intensification Nodes - Matrix of res. densities and PT access - Greenbelt - Massive PT investment - Public realm upgrade - Congestion charge, bus lanes
London Example- Public Trans vs. Car Accessibility
London Example- Transport CO2 Geography
Building a New Metro Network- Bogotá Example
Transmilenio Bus Rapid Transit Example
Walking and Cycling Example- Copenhagen One of the world s leading cycle cities. 370 km of dedicated cycle lanes 36% of work trips by bike, 20% of all trips. Investment and planning for cycling over several decades, aiming for further doubling of cycling.
Cycle Hire- London
Cycle Lanes- Bogotá
Rising Car Ownership- Demand Management Hong Kong Example Spectacularly low car use due to very low car ownership: 56 per 1000 people, OECD average 404 per 1000 people. Ownership Restrictions High vehicle registration tax- from 40% on the first US$19,000 to 115% on car purchase prices above US$64,000. High annual licensing fees and limited parking availability for existing and new housing. Less Extreme Alternatives? All cities with sustainable travel patterns have some form of demand management, unless car ownership restrained by very low incomes. Clearly developing cities most rapid growth- Bogota car use doubled in five years. Fuel Taxation- Used across European Union. National level means beyond control of city governments. Space Restrictions- Parking restrictions- extensive across the globe. Road Space restrictions- Bus Lanes, pedestrian widening. Congestion Charging- More expensive to implement. Found in London, Stockholm, Singapore. Many political objections to implementation, but temporal variation in costs very useful and efficient.
Conclusions Compact City Model Still Widely Applicable Need to ensure local mix-of-uses, challenges with monocentric structure. Diversity of Transport Solutions Range of urban forms, income levels requires flexibility. Political context very important for achieving planning goals. Comparative Urban Analysis Highly useful method of benchmarking cities, identifying successes and failures and disseminating best practice. Accessibility Analysis and GIS Methods Visualisation and spatial analysis can be used to examine relationships between urban form and transport, and benchmark cities internationally. Previously data availability major hurdle, but increasingly being overcome, and much data now available open source through city datastores.
Find Out More www.lsecities.net D.Smith2@lse.ac.uk geographics.blogs.casa.ucl.ac.uk