HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.

HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA. Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring. REGIONAL MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING. Junta de Andalucia. Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM).

1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization. 2. Land Management. 3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalucia. 4. Program of monitoring changes in Andalusian land use. Fit For Purpose. 5. SENTINELS. New sources of information. 6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban...) and indicators of evolution. 7. SIOSE Andalusia (Urban). Information Sources for production.

1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization Andalusia= 87.200 Km2 772 municipalities. 8.440.000 inhabitants

2. Land Management. A global land management perspective (Williamson et al, 2010) The global agenda has changed over the recent decades: 1990s, the focus was on sustainable development. (UN Agenda 21. A global action plan for sustainable development into the 21 st century); 2000s the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted as the overarching agenda; 2010s: increasing focus on climate change and related challenges (natural disasters, food shortage and environmental degradation.) Finally, rapid urbanization has appeared as a general topic that in itself has a significant impact on climate change and sustainability.

3. Land Administration Systems(LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia. IMAGE & CORINE LAND COVER. Pan European Land Use Data Base. Andalusia, pilot area in 1987 CLC1990 and update in 2000. 1:100.000. DataModel: 44 class hierarchical nomenclature, polygon minimum size of 25 ha. Land Use Change Data Bases between versions according to reference year: CORINE Land Cover 1990 (CLC90) Image & CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000) CORINE Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006)

3. Land Administration Systems(LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia. LAND USE AND VEGETATION COVER INFORMATION PRODUCTION PROGRAMME. ANDALUCIA. Versions: 1991-1995-1999 (1:50.000) Versions: 2003-2007 (1:25.000) Versions: 1956-1977-1984 (1:25.000) In project: 2011 (1:25.000) Reference: CLC 1999. Data Model: 112 hierarchical classes + taxonomy 4 great classes: Altered and Built Surfaces Agricultural Surfaces Natural and Forest Surfaces Wetlands and Water bodies

3. Land Administration Systems(LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia. SIOSE: Sistema Información de Ocupación del suelo en España 1: 25.000 2005-2009-2011 Updatein processup to2013 Minimum Surface Unit: Urban Areasand WaterBodies: 1 ha Crops, Wetlands, Beaches, Riparian vegetation: 0,5 ha Resto of classes: 2 ha ETRS 89(CSG INSPIRE) Modelo de datos: 56 simple clases and 58 predefined composite classes

3. Land Administration Systems(LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia. SIOSE ANDALUSIA 1:10.000 2005-2009-2011. Update in process up to 2013 Integrated approach to territorial initiatives Land Use Information System of the Regional Government Useful for project management and future updates References MUCVA 1:25.000 y SIOSE 1:25.000 More extense Classification. Compatible with the National SIOSE

Otros proyectos de interés a tomados en consideración. Land Monitoring Projects: GSE Land, Geolandec Land Monitoring Services GUS. GMES Urban Services

4. MONITORING LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA. 4.1. Important Milestones: 1956. Approval the first Law concerning Land Use in Spain: primera Ley del Suelo Española. 1975. New political era in Spain, National Constitution and great natiowide social and economical changes. 1977. Economical expansive cycle due to tourism worldwide crisis period. 1989. Natural Protected Areas Law Ley de Espacios Naturales Protegidos (EENNPP) 1989. Andalusian Forest Management Plan Plan Forestal de Andalucía (updated in 1997-2001; 2003-2007). 1984. Spain joins the European Union. Great investments in public infrastructures and applicationon the Common Agricultural Policy. 1999. National economical crisis, moment from when a new economical expansion period arises based on real estate speculation. 2006. Social, Economical, Financial and political Crisis. The Regional Government establishes ANDALUSIAN LAND USE CHANGE MONITORING PROGRAMME 1:25.000.

4.2. Satellite images/orthophoto and tools to produce land use mapping ORTOPHOTOS: 1956, 77, 84 ORTOPHOT OS: 1998, 04, 07. Historical sources of information (satellite images and aerial photos) that have been transformed by the use of new technologies in geographic information to obtain the land use distribution covering the whole territory. LANDSAT: 1999, 2003, 2007 SPOT: 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013.

4.3. Updating Cartographic DataBases to produce Land Use Mapping. 1:10.000 SIOSE 2005 2009 2009 2009 2011 2013 2011 2013 SPOT 5

4.5. IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION over the last 10 years Intense territorial occupation surrounding urban areas. Reduction of periurban agricultural areas Failure in the centric commerce system Lack on behalf of citizens of identifying themselves with daily areas Rise in the needs regarding mobility due to the dispersion of the urban tissue. Greater rate of traffic. Rise in energetic costs: fuel, public lighting on roadways, residential areas, etc Rise in the consumption of water resources (driking water, public and private gardens, swimming pools ). Rise in waste generation. Rupture of the traditional Urban / Rural model These consequences observed in Andalusia match those of the OSE 2010 (SPANISH SUSTAINABILITY REPORT ) IMPORTANT CONCLUSION: Urban Expansion Issues cannot be assesed simply by the Urban Planning approach. It requires a Territorial Planning approach

4.4. Indices and indicators developed for the analysis of urban expansion. The Monitoring Programme covers 4 categories: 1. Agricultural Territoies. 2. Wetlands and Water Bodies. 3. Natural and Forest Areas. 4. Infrastructures and Built Surfaces. 18 Indices and indicators on different levels (AOI): INDICES AND INDICATORS DEVELOPED: AOI: 1. Index on altered land during year x. Regional 2. Constructed Municipal Surface Provincial 3. Constructed Surface per inhabitant and year Municipal Local: Capitals Cities NPAs Coastal Zone A few examples. 4. Constructive Expansion Index. 5. Sealed Soil Index m2/inhab/year. 6. Rise in Urban Surface between periods. 7. Third Sector Index. 8. Residencial Areas Surface. 9. Urban Dispersion Index. 10. Constructed Urban Surface on Coastal Zone. 11. Altered Coastal Zone Land Index. 12. Sealed Coastal Zone Land Index. 13. Urban Surface within and without NPAs. 14. Evolution Usage Construction Models. 15. Urban Shape Evolution Index 16. Distance between City Central Areas to the rest of Urban uses. 17. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed for traveling. 18. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed to reach other Cities.

500,00 450,00 400,00 I. SEALED SOILS. Altered Land Index. 350,00 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 Almería Córdoba Cádiz Granada Huelva Jaén Málaga Sevilla Purpose: Analize the territorial impact of the space altered by human activity over the years (mining, reservoirs, constructed areas ). 100,00 50,00 0,00 Ind_Sell_56 Ind_Sell_77 Ind_Sell_84 Ind_Sell_99 Ind_Sell_03 Ind_Sell_07 Conclusions: Theamount of soil consumed per inhabitantin Andalusiahas increased fourtimes over, going from87 m2 (1956) toover337 (2007). AOI: Regional Provincial Municipal. 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007

II. ConstructedSurface Analize the territorial impact of the land specifically altered by construction. Constructed Surface per Provinces between 2003 y 2007. 350,00 300,00 Representation of the Constructed land Index per province (Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X) 250,00 200,00 Almería Cádiz Córdoba 150,00 Granada 100,00 Huelva Jaén 50,00 Málaga 0,00 Ind. Sellado 1956 Ind. Sellado 1977 Ind. Sellado 1984 Ind. Sellado 1999 Ind. Sellado 2003 Ind. Sellado 2007 Sevilla Begining in 1977, the rise of this Index is common to the whole region, duplicating and even triplicating its value. It shows there has been a massive migration to major cities and the coastal zone, favoured by the important communication and transport infrastructures which cross through the region, causing the loss of population in less favoured areas.

II. Constructed Surface Representation of the Contructed Surface Index per year in Andalusia (Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X) European Situation in 2000 AOI: Regional Provincial Municipal. 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 Andalucía 50,00 0,00 Ind. Sellado 1956 Ind. Sellado 1977 Ind. Sellado 1984 Ind. Sellado 1999 Ind. Sellado 2003 Ind. Sellado 2007 Change in Spain s situation in the year2007 The average percentage of Urban Soil Occupation in Andalusia is 1,9%; while Europe has 4% and Spain 2,1%. There are Municipalities who have reached a total of 90% of soil sealing!!.

III. ThirdSector. Analysis of the distribution and functional segmentation between areas: commerce, transportations, communications, industry, leisure, culture, 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007 AOI: Regional Provincial Municipal. 1977 marks the begining with little changes until 1984. But 1999 shows us a generalized increase in the amount of municipalites affected and the index values. Only remote mountanous areas escape from the trend. Cities have lost their degree of compactiveness, specializaing in third sector services making it necessary for citizens to seek services away from the city centers. This entails a loss in the proximity of services, rise in the consumption of energy resources and most probably environmental ones as well. In Province capitals, the Index value has increased over four times.

IV. COASTAL URBAN AREA An enrmous change has affected the Coastal Zone Urban Model. In 1956 7% of the zone was constructed. In 2007 up to 38% is affected. AOI: Local Littoral During the past years, while the drive of the residential-tourism sector continued to cover the first line of the coastal zone, the expansive influence of the real estate sector ept on penetrating to the more proximate areas to the Coastal Zone. Butit seems that protected natural areas helped slow down this process, although in a lower manner than expected.

600,00 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 V. BUILT URBAN SURFACE IN NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS 0,00 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007 Aumento superficie construida dentro de los EENNPP Aumento superficie construida fuera de los EENNPP AOI: Local NPAs This figure has increased but in a more moderate fashion, meaning that even though speclative drives have been present, it has been in a much more controlled manner. Evolución de la superficie urbana en EENNPP, Andalucía Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007 Superf_ha 2.959,41 4.715,76 5.391,70 6.974,97 7.789,89 8.889,16 % aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 159,35 182,19 235,69 263,22 300,37 Evolución de la superficie urbana fuera del los EENNPP, Andalucía Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007 Superf_ha 41.297,78 99.449,04 119.630,93 159.804,65 177.705,75 212.454,42 % aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 240,81 289,68 386,96 430,30 514,45 The intense rise in the amount of dispersed residential areas is slowly cut short during the 90s (at the same time that most of the legislation for the protection of natural areas comes into force).

VI: URBAN DISPERION AND TRAVEL DISTANCES The rise in the amount of residential areas all over the territory has has also caused for the change in the distances existing. Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urbano principal a las URBANIZACIONES RESIDENCIALES The growth in urban areas has shortened the distances to residential areas, making them into dormitory towns. Distancia (m) 5.400,00 5.200,00 5.000,00 4.800,00 4.600,00 4.400,00 4.200,00 URBANIZACIONES RESIDENCIALES Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urbano principal al resto de tejido urbano 4.000,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Años de la serie Distancia en metros 5.900,00 5.800,00 5.700,00 5.600,00 5.500,00 5.400,00 5.300,00 5.200,00 TEJIDO URBANO The new disperse urban model is evidenced when observing the growth of the distances in reaching or accessing the different areas within the municipalities 5.100,00 Años de la serie

1956 2007 SEVILLA RESULTS: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION. Detailed knowledge of the Territory. Understanding of the occured changes and the evolution

5. SENTINELS. New Sources of Information. Sentinel 1. Launched on 3 April 2014 Sentinel-1. SAR data are not always the primary source for basic land-cover classification (forest, agricultural crops, urban areas, etc.) if multi-channel optical imagery with high spatial resolution is available. However, SAR is commonly used as a complementary or alternative data source under adverse atmospheric conditions such as cloud cover. Sentinel 2A on 2015 Sentinel 2B on 2016 Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit, and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial resolution and with a large number of spectral bands, all of which makes a unique mission to serve Copernicus. In order to support operational services for at least 15 years from the launch of the first satellites, a series of four satellites is planned, with two operating in orbit and a third in ground storage as backup. The key mission objectives for Sentinel-2 are: (1) To provide systematic global acquisitions of high-resolution multi-spectral imagery with a high revisit frequency (2)To provide enhanced continuity of multi-spectral imagery provided by the SPOT (Satellite Pour l'observationde la Terre) and LANDSAT series of satellites, and (3)To provide observations for the next generation of operational products such as land-cover maps, land change detection maps, and geophysical variables.

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban...) and indicators of evolution: Analyzing Territorial Changes based on Mapping Data Bases from: Pan-European Component COPERNICUS: CORINE LAND COVER + HRL (imperviousness) CLC: 1999-2003-2006 (1:100.000) Updated: 2012,... HRL (Imperviosness): 2006, 2009, 2012. Updated : 2015, 2018, (anual). Source: LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS, Rapid Eye. Possibly 2015 : Sentinel 2 National Component Regional Component SIOSE. Urban Coverage. 1:25.000 Available: 2005-2009-2011 Updated: 2013, 2016, Source: SPOT, Orthophotographs PNOA. Possibly 2016: Sentinel 2 Mapa de Usos y Coberturas Vegetales de Andalucía (MUCVA) 1:25.000. Available: 1999-2003 Update: 2011, 2015 Source: LANDSAT, Possibly 2015: Sentinel 2

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban...) and indicators of evolution. Local Component COPERNICUS Land Monitoring Services. URBAN ATLAS. Available: 2006-2012 2006. Cities with > 100.000 hab. 2012. Cities with > 50.000 hab. 17 urban classes with MMU 0.25 ha; nomenclature changes 10 Rural Classes with MMU 1ha Update: 2015, 2018, yearly frequency Source: Rapid Eye, SPOT, Possibly 2015: Sentinels-2 Local Component SIOSE ANDALUCIA Urban Scope. Available: 2005-2009-2011 Update: 2013 (in process), 2016 Source: SPOT 5, Orthophotographs PNOA, Possibly 2016: Sentinel-2

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban...) and indicators of evolution.

6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban...) and indicators of evolution. Importance of detailed information for monitoring land use changes(urban expasion) Source: Geospatial World 2014. Data are referenced over a total of 70 national agencies responsible for cadastral maps and land registry of the world. Availability of Maps (scale). Frequency of re-survey Features on cadastre maps

6. SIOSE Andalusia(Urban). Information Sources for production. SIOSE ANDALUCIA URBANO. Information Sources: o Geometry: Urban Cadastral Mapping (D.G. Cadastral, Property Registry, IECA. Andalusia): Street limits and main axis, polygon generation o Geometry: AndalusiaTopographicalMap(MTA) 1:10.000 (IECA). % surface of buidings, blocks, water layers. o Thematic: Orthophotographs 1:5.000. Photointerpretation of Uses and Urban Coverages (future tri-annual updates). o ChageMaps: Analysis of Sattelite images (SPOT / SENTINEL 2) Monthly frequency. o Other referential information(ndvi ). (SPOT / SENTINEL 2)

HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA. Sealing soils. Analyses of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring. ευχαριστώ πολύ Thank you for your attention Merci pour votre attention Gracias por su atención. Clint Garcia Alibrandi cmgarcia@agenciamedioambienteyagua.es