RETURN TO THE ORIGINS: THE RENAISSANCE

Doric columns on the Greek temple at Segesta, Sicily, c. 424 416 BC SCALA/Art Resource, NY

The Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, 1897 The Pathenon, 447-428 BC

The Vitruvian Body Leonardo da Vinci, 1487 (left) and Cesare Cesariano, 1521 (right)

Francesco di Giorgio (painter, sculptor, architect), Treatise on Architecture, 1482 ideal architectural proportions based on the human body

EUROPE, about 1500

THE SCOPE OF THE RENAISSANCE a historical period : 14th 16th century Europe a philosophical power-shift : from organized religion (the church) to the human world an intellectual movement: an awareness of history a new social and economic order: from the land (village) to the city

ARCHITECTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE RENAISSANCE 1. The Renaissance style 2. A new theoretical perspective 3. New building types for the rising bourgeoisie 4. Urban forms for the new social order 5. The architect as the member of a new social stratum 6. New patrons for architecture

Filippo Brunelleschi, (sculptor, painter, architect) 1377-1446 Changing role of architect: From crafts to planning From manual to intellectual labor From a high level advisor to builders to one responsible for the form, decoration, structure and organization of the work.

Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY (baptistry, bell tower, cathedral with dome)

Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY façade by Arnolfo di Cambio, 1296

Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY, 1420-1436 1296: A statute was released to build the most honorable church in Tuscany 1365: Most of the façade, pillars and vaulting over the nave were completed 1413: The base of the cupola was completed (40 m. span) 1418: A public competition was announced for the dome

Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY, 1420-1436 8 major ribs, 16 minor ribs arranged in pairs in between Major and minor ribs are tied together to minimize side thrusts Two shells to keep out humidity and to increase scale The dome was built in layers of brick. The lantern (finished 1471) holds a large 15 m ring

Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY, 1420-1436

Filippo Brunelleschi, The Foundling Hospital, Florence, ITALY, 1419-26 institution for foundling children : nursery, boarding school, trade school, social center and hospital

Filippo Brunelleschi, The Foundling Hospital, Florence, ITALY, 1419-26

Arnolfo di Cambio, Santa Croce Church, Florence, ITALY, 1294

Filippo Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel, Florence, ITALY, 1440-60

Filippo Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel, Florence, ITALY, 1440-60 360 view at: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/renaissance_flor_croce.htm

Filippo Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel, Florence, ITALY, 1440-60

Leon Battista Alberti, 1404-1472 Studied at the universities of Padua and Bologna. Had mastery of Greek, Latin and law

De Re Aedificatoria ( On the Art of Building ) 1443-1452 Book One: Lineaments Book Two: Materials Book Three: Construction Book Four: Public Works Book Five: Works of Individuals Book Six: Ornament Book Seven: Ornament to Sacred Buildings Book Eight: Ornament to Public Secular Buildings Book Nine: Ornament to Private Buildings Book Ten: Restoration of Buildings Beauty is the harmony of all parts so that nothing can be added or subtracted, except for the worse.

Leon Battista Alberti, Santa Maria Novella façade, Florence, ITALY, 1456-70

Santa Maria Novella, 1279: interior (not by Alberti)

Leon Battista Alberti, Santa Maria Novella, Florence,1456-70: use of harmonic proportions

Leon Battista Alberti, Santa Maria Novella façade, Florence,1456-70: details

Leon Battista Alberti, Sant Andrea, Mantua, ITALY begun in 1462

San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, ITALY, 1500 (church and adjoining monastery)

Donato Bramante, The Tempietto, (in courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio) Rome, ITALY, 1502

Donato Bramante, The Tempietto, Rome, ITALY, 1502

Bramante, Tempietto, Rome, ITALY 1502

Tuscan Doric The Classical Orders from Ancient Greece and Rome: Doric Ionic Corinthian Ionic added/created during The Renaissance: Tuscan Composite Corinthian Composite

RENAISSANCE URBANISM REAL CITIES and IDEAL CITIES

Pienza, ITALY (a small town near Siena)

1. Palazo Piccolomini 2. Duomo 3. Palazzo Vescovile 4. Canonica 5. Palazzo Comunale 6. Palazzo Ammannati 7. Palazzo Jouffroy 8. Palazzetto Piazza Pio II Pienza, ITALY designed by Pius II and Bernardo Rosselino, 1459-62

Piazza Pio II Pienza, ITALY Piero della Francesca, The Flagellation of Christ, 1455-1460

Bernardo Rossellino, Palazzo Piccolomini, Pienza, ITALY, 1462

Bernardo Rossellino, Palazzo Piccolomini, Pienza, ITALY, 1462 courtyard

Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, ITALY 1450-70 First consistent attempt to apply the classical orders to a palace front.

pilaster: a slightly-projecting flat or rectangular column-like form used to give the appearance of a supporting column, with only an ornamental and decorational function Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, ITALY 1450-70

OPUS RETICULATUM The Romans inserted pointed stone blocks into soft concrete to hold the concrete mass together. After the concrete set, the bases of the pyramidal stone blocks would leave a pattern.

Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, ITALY 1450-70 façade rhythm

Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, Florence, ITALY, 1396-1472

Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Palazzo Medici- Riccardi, Florence, ITALY, 1396-1472

Cathedral, Pienza, ITALY, ca 1462

Pienza Cathedral, ca 1462

Antonio di Pietro Averlino (known as Filarete ), Ideal City of Sforzinda, 1461-64 The intention is to teach Francesco Sforza (The Duke of Milan) about architecture, to point to the errors of Gothic style and the superiority of the Antique style. 8 towers are linked by a circular moat. 8 canals and 8 streets pass through a central square. Streets slope to the periphery for drainage purposes. 16 squares: alternating churches and specialized markets. The center: Piazza surrounded by the Cathedral, Ducal Palace and Law Courts. Flanking piazzas: Town Hall, Prison, Mayor s Palace, Markets, Baths, Brothels, Taverns, and Inns.

Vincenzo Scamozzi, Palmanova, ITALY, 1598