Turfgrass Anthracnose: Chemical Control Basics Dr. Frank P. Wong Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology University of California, Riverside PACE-PTRI PTRI Seminar Bahia Resort - San Diego, CA June 20, 2008
Turfgrass Anthracnose C. cereale
photo: Wakar Uddin,, Penn State University
The Emergence of Anthracnose as a Major Problem on Turfgrass Foliar anthracnose was primarily seen as a nuisance disease on Poa annua (Smith 1954) A new basal rot appeared in the 1980 s which was more severe and difficult to control (Jackson and Herting 1985) Overall increase in both foliar and basal rot anthracnose through the 1990 s Late 1990 s, first reports of resistance to benzimidazole and QoI fungcides (Olaya 2002, Burpee 2002) 2000 s anthracnose considered a major disease of P. annua and A. palustris greens
Anthracnose Biology
Turfgrass Anthracnose: Colletotrichum cereale A senectopathic senectopathic disease of turfgrasses Primarily disease of senescent tissue aka a disease of the dead and dying Plant health/stress plays a factor Primarily attacks C3 (cool season) turf Recently taxonomically made distinct from C. graminicola Crouch, Clarke and Hillman 2006
recently, the fungus causing anthracnose was renamed those causing disease on turfgrass are now called Colletotrichum cereale C. graminicola maize and corn C. cereale cool season grasses
Turfgrass Anthracnose: Colletotrichum cereale Major problem on older Poa annua (annual bluegrass) greens Not frequently seen on Agrostis palustris (creeping bentgrass) ) in California Basal Rot 60 to 65 F, cool, wet Foliar Blight symptoms can be seen at 70 F F + symptoms most severe at 85 to 90 F+ plus water and heat stress
production of aceruvli spore release infection basal rot overwintering in debris/soil/plants foliar blight foliar blight + basal rot
Anthracnose Foliar Blight Latent Period 40 35 30 Temperature ( o C) 25 20 15 10 initial infections symptoms 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
Colletotrichum Latent Infections and Hemibiotrophic Parasitism STRESS A A H H
Chemical Control Options for Anthracnose Management
Fungicide class Mode of action Systemicity Resistance risk? Active ingredient Trade names * Benzimidazoles single site Limited (AP) yes thiophanate- methyl Cleary's 3336, Fungo Nitriles multi site Contact no chlorothalonil Daconil, Concorde SST, Echo Phenylpyrroles single site Localized yes fludioxonil Medallion Phosphonates unknown Fully (BP) unknown fosetyl-al Aliette, Chipco Signature Polyoxins single site Localized yes polyoxin-d Endorse QoI-fungicides (QoIs,, formerly known as strobilurins) single site Limited (AP) to Localized yes azoxystrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin Heritage Insignia Compass Sterol biosynthesis- inhibitors (SIs( SIs) single site Limited (AP) yes fenarimol myclobutanil propiconazole triadimefon Rubigan AS Eagle Banner MAXX, Propiconazole Pro Bayleton
Fungicide Resistance sensitive resistant 10 mg/l azoxystrobin 0 mg/l
Failure Locations Origin of C. graminicola populations 10 locations sampled in 2002 to 2004 in CA Part of a state-wide resistance monitoring program Baseline Locations
Distribution of COLLCE sensitivities to azoxystrobin based upon single discriminatory dose testing 90% 80% Frequency in population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0-10% 10-20%20-30% 30-40% 40-50% AnGC (40) FuGC (66) AHCC (84) TCGC (102) 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Relative growth at 8 ppm azoxystrobin + 100 ppm SHAM 90-100%
Sensitivity Distributions to Thiophanate-methyl Based upon Single Discriminatory Dose Testing 100% Frequency in population 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Relative growth at 10 mg/l thiophanate-methyl AHCC (84) FUGC (66) ANGC (40) 80-90% 90-100% Baseline (102)
Frequency of Frequency of QoI QoI and and Benzimidazole Benzimidazole Resistance Resistance 0 0 100 100 32 32 32 32 yes yes DICC DICC 100 100 21 21 100 100 21 21 21 21 yes yes BHCC BHCC 100 100 40 40 100 100 40 40 40 40 yes yes SHGC SHGC 0 0 0 0 60 60 no no SCCC SCCC 98 98 59 59 100 100 60 60 60 60 yes yes EGGC EGGC 100 100 65 65 100 100 65 65 65 65 yes yes CLCC CLCC 0 0 0 0 102 102 no no TCGC TCGC 95 95 63 63 95 95 63 63 66 66 yes yes FUGC FUGC 96 96 27 27 96 96 27 27 28 28 yes yes ANCC ANCC 98 98 82 82 98 98 82 82 84 84 yes yes AHCC AHCC % No. No. % No. No. Resistant to Resistant to thiophanate thiophanatemethyl methyl Resistant to Resistant to azoxystrobin azoxystrobin Total no. Total no. isolates isolates Fungicide Fungicide exposure* exposure* Population Population
Field Performance of QoI & Benzimidazole Fungicides 2003 Penn State Data W. Uddin 7 applications at 14-day intervals 4.0 A 3.5 AB AB 3.0 Anthracnose severity (0-10) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 BC C 0.5 D D 0.0 Untreated Check 3336 4.0 oz Compass 0.25 oz Heritage 0.40 oz Insignia 0.50 oz Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz Banner MAXX 2.0 fl oz
QoI and Benzimidazole Resistance Frequency is high in resistant locations QoI and benzimidazole reistance are separate issues but often occur together because of fungicide use patterns Estimate 10 to 20 lifetime applications for QoIs Maybe 30 to 40 lifetime applications for benzimidazoles QoIs still have a place in summer programs for summer patch and rapid blight
Summer Patch Trials 2004 Hacienda Golf Club Rafael Barajas 4 or 8 applications starting 1 Jun 70 60 9-Aug 23-Aug d 50 % summer patch 40 30 20 b bc c 10 a a 0 Heritage 0.4 oz (28) Insignia 0.9 oz (28) Medallion 0.25 oz + Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz (14) Compass 0.20 oz + Bayleton 1.0 oz (14) Clearys 3336 8.0 oz (28) Untreated Check
Rapid Blight 2003 University of Arizona Mary Olsen 6 applications to overseeded P. trivialis 8 A Turf quality (1 to 9) 6 4 2 B C 0 Insignia 0.9 oz Compass 0.25 oz Check
Fungicide Timing Effects Anthracnose id more difficult to control curatively Recommended programs suggest starting applications at 65 F F soil temperatures Study at Arrowhead CC in 2002 to demonstrate effects of timing Banner MAXX 2 fl oz alt w/ Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz + Cleary 3336 8 oz Heritage 0.4 oz alt w/ Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz + Cleary 3336 8 oz
Anthracnose Foliar Blight Latent Period 40 35 30 Temperature ( o C) 25 20 15 10 initial infections symptoms 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
Control of Anthracnose AHCC 02 SI-program QoI-program 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 AUDPC (Jun 26 - Aug 19) Apr 9 (64F) Apr 22 (64 F) May 6 (67 F) May 20 (69 F) Jun 3 (71 F) Jun 17 (74 F) Check Program start
DMI Fungicides Use under cool-warm weather conditions to minimize potential PGR effects Cold weather basal rot Spring to early summer preventive applications for anthracnose/summer patch programs There are differences amongst DMI fungicide effectiveness
Sensitivity to 4 SI-Fungicides: Baseline Population TCGC, n = 102 45 40 0.090 ug/ml 0.15 ug/ml 0.75 ug/ml 5.6 ug/ml 35 Frequency (%) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0-2.25-2.00-1.75-1.50-1.25-1.00-0.75-0.50-0.25 Log ED 50 (ug/ml) fungicide 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 Triadimefon Myclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole
Rutgers 2002 Anthracnose Data (B.B. Clarke) % Area Diseased Treatment 18 Jul 14 Aug 10 Sep 1.0 oz Eagle 40W (1.2 kg/ha myclobutanil) 1.0 fl ozbanner MAXX (1.1 kg/ha propoiconazole) 1.1 oz Lynx 45W (1.5 kg/ha tebuconazole) 1.0 oz Bayleton 50DF (1.5 kg/ha triadimefon) 3.3 0.8 0.0 7.3 10.0 1.3 0.0 60.3 All treatments applied at 14 day intervals, 2 gal/m 32.8 7.5 0.8 78.5
DMI Fungicides Tebuconazole (Lynx) showed very strong performance in multi-year trials but is in development limbo Triticonazole (Trinity, Triton) appears good in UC trials, needs more examination data to follow this year Metconazole (Tourney) also appears good data to follow this year
Multi-year Fungicide Performance vs Anthracnose in California 3 years data from 2004-2006 2006 reflecting different fungicides Chlorothalonil Medallion Endorse Signature Tank Mixes Bacillus based Biologicals
Multi-year Fungicide Performance vs Anthracnose in California 2004 Round Hill Country Club, Alamo, CA (Troy Flanagan) 2005 & 2006 UC Riverside All experiments lasted from June to August Six applications at 14-day intervals was standard Letters above means indicate significant differences between treatments (Waller- Duncan k-ratio k test at 95% significance)
Chlorothalonil Performance 2004-2006 2006 70 60 b b b Anthracnose severity 50 40 30 20 a a Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Check 10 a 0 2004 2005 2006
Medallion Performance 2004 & 2005 60 50 b b Anthracnose severity 40 30 20 Medallion 0.25 oz Medallion 0.33 oz Medallion 0.50 oz Check 10 a a a a a a 0 2004 2005
Endorse Performance 2004-2006 70 60 b b b Anthracnose severity 50 40 30 20 10 a a a Endorse 4.0 oz Check 0 2004 2005 2006
Signature Tank Mix Performance 70 60 b d b Anthracnose severity 50 40 30 20 10 a a a a b c a a Signature 4.0 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Medallion 0.33 oz Signature 4.0 oz + 26 GT 4.0 fl oz Signature 4.0 oz Check 0 2004 2005 2006
Bacillus Biologicals 70 60 d Anthracnose severity 50 40 30 20 10 aa b a a aa c b Humabalance 1.5 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz (7) Ecogard 20 fl oz Ecogard 20 fl oz (7) Rhapsody 5 fl oz Rhapsody 5 fl oz (7) Check 0 2005 2006
Treatment Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Medallion 0.25 oz Medallion 0.33 oz Medallion 0.50 oz Endorse 4.0 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Medallion 0.33 oz Signature 4.0 oz + 26 GT 4.0 fl oz Signature 4.0 oz Humabalance 1.5 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz (7) Ecogard 20 fl oz Ecogard 20 fl oz (7) Rhapsody 5 fl oz Rhapsody 5 fl oz (7) yrs data 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Avg Control 82% 91% 92% 92% 82% 91% 96% 86% 39% 83% 86% 89% 97% 94% 38% 72%
Best Management Practices: Chemical Control QoI and benzimidazole resistance are common 10 20 QoIs lifetime applications 30 40 benzimidazole lifetime applications Heritage/Insignia: summer patch Insignia/Compass: rapid blight 3336: other diseases
Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Start early with preventive programs for summer anthracnose (<< 71 F) Preventive applications or very early curative for cold weather basal rot Use DMI preventive applications early season Full rate Most active DMIs Banner > Eagle > Bayleton
Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Mid-season applications should focus on 14-day application intervals Chlorothalonil 73 lb ai/a restrictions save it for the summer Medallion 0.25 to 0.50 oz rate Endorse 4 oz rate
Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Signature tank mixes Signature adds extra insurance, but not effective used alone Mix with strong partners for best effect Biologicals Humabalance and Ecogard showed good promise Could be considered for soft or green chemisty