: sustainable and reliable bulk electricity generation in the multi-mw scale Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil, D.Eng., Dipl.-Ing., FREng, FIChemE, CEng Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Stuttgart Cologne - Alméria/Spain
Germany s Aerospace Research Center and Space Agency.
Total 2009 budget 1.4 billion 800 All figures in Euro millions 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Space Agency Research and Operations German ESA contributions from the BMBF Institutional funding National Space Program Third-party funding
Sites and employees 5.900 employees working in 28 research institutes and facilities! at 8 sites " in 7 field offices. Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington. " Hamburg " Neustrelitz Trauen " Berlin- Charlottenburg " Braunschweig! Berlin--! Adlershof! Göttingen Köln-Porz! Bonn " Sankt Augustin " Darmstadt! Lampoldshausen! Stuttgart! Oberpfaffenhofen Weilheim " # Almería (Spain)
Scientific competence 5,900 employees 2,700 scientists 500 doctoral students and junior scientists 100 visiting scientists Space Aeronautics Transportation Energy
Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. habil H.Müller-Steinhagen Solar Research Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Pitz-Paal Electrochemical Energy Conversion Prof. Dr.rer.nat. A. Friedrich Thermal Process Technology Dr.rer.nat. R.Tamme Administration and Planning Dipl.-Wirt.Ing. J. Piskurek Logistics & Purchasing Project Administration Computing Support Workshops Systems Analysis and Technol. Assessment Dr.-Ing. W. Krewitt
Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. habil H.Müller-Steinhagen Solar Research Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Pitz-Paal Electrochemical Energy Conversion Prof. Dr.rer.nat. A. Friedrich Thermal Process Technology Dr.rer.nat. R.Tamme Systems Analysis and Technol. Assessment Dr.-Ing. W. Krewitt
Technical Thermodynamics Institute of Thermodyn. & Thermal Engn. Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. habil H. Müller-Steinhagen Solar Research Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Pitz-Paal (ITT-KP,ST,AS) Electrochemical Energy Conversion Prof. Dr. A. Friedrich (ITT-ST) Thermal Process Technology Dr.rer.nat. R.Tamme(ITT-ST) TC for Solar Systems Dr.-Ing. H. Drück (ITW-ST) Rational Use of Energy Dr.-Ing. W. Heidemann (ITW-ST) Heat and Mass Transfer Priv. Doz. Dr.-Ing. K. Spindler (ITW- ST) Systems Analysis and Technol. Assessment Dr.-Ing. W. Krewitt; (ITT-ST) Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education
Technical Thermodynamics Institute of Thermodyn. & Thermal Engn. Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. habil H. Müller-Steinhagen TC for Solar Systems Dr.-Ing. H. Drück (ITW-ST) Rational Use of Energy Dr.-Ing. W. Heidemann (ITW-ST) Heat and Mass Transfer Priv. Doz. Dr.-Ing. K. Spindler (ITW- ST) Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education
Technical Thermodynamics Institute of Thermodyn. & Thermal Engn. Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. habil H. Müller-Steinhagen Solar Research Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Pitz-Paal (ITT-KP,ST,AS) Electrochemical Energy Conversion Prof. Dr. A. Friedrich (ITT-ST) Thermal Process Technology Dr.rer.nat. R.Tamme(ITT-ST) TC for Solar Systems Dr.-Ing. H. Drück (ITW-ST) Rational Use of Energy Dr.-Ing. W. Heidemann (ITW-ST) Heat and Mass Transfer Priv. Doz. Dr.-Ing. K. Spindler (ITW- ST) Systems Analysis and Technol. Assessment Dr.-Ing. W. Krewitt; (ITT-ST) Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education
: sustainable and reliable bulk electricity generation in the multi-mw scale Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil, D.Eng., Dipl.-Ing., FREng, FIChemE, CEng Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Stuttgart Cologne - Alméria/Spain
Global Primary Energy Consumption Primary energy, EJ / year 400 300 200 100 non commercial biomass renewable energies nuclear energy natural gas mineral oil coal 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
DLR has analysed renewable energy resources of 64 countries in Europe and MENA in brackets: (max. yield in GWh el / km² /y)
$ renewable resources greatly exceed the present and future electricity demands $ solar radiation is by far the most abundant source of energy Economic renewable electricity potentials vs. demand in Europe and MENA
Solar Pond Photovoltaic System Solar Chimney!"#$%&'()* 89%8'.)# +"(%:-*!5-7.)4 +"(%,*-.) &-.$%;<*=-.)!"#$%&'()*0%1"2%3'#(%!".().( 1'4)*%&-(5%6.()*7)$-'()%3'#(%!".().( +"(%!"./).(*'()$%,*-.)%% &'((%7)()* 1"'$!"#$ :-*!">)* Parabolic Trough 3"#'*%;"2)* 8'*'="#-/%D-?5!).(*'#%@)/)->)* @)/)->)*%'.$%+)'(% E.C-.) :=?"*=)*%(<=) @)A#)/("* @)A#)/("* 8-B-.C%%%%%%%%%% +)#-"?('(
Why Concentrating Solar Technologies? Conventional power plants
Why Concentrating Solar Technologies? Solar thermal power plants
Why Concentrating Solar Technologies? can be integrated into conventional thermal power plants provide firm capacity (thermal storage, fossil backup) serve different markets (bulk power, remote power, heat, water) have the lowest costs for solar electricity have an energy payback time of only 6-12 months use the largest renewable resource in the world Solar thermal power plants
Why Concentrating Solar Technologies? CSP
Distributed Systems: Parabolic Dish Unit with Stirling Engine 10 kw EURODISH 2 units, Spain 10 kw ADDS 2 units, USA 25 kw SES/Boing 3 units, USA 22 kw SunDish 4 units, USA Parabolic reflector shell System size 10-25 kw Very high concentration ratio Power package with Stirling Engine High conversion efficiency Remote operation Backup heating of power package with fuel Series production in preparation Can be cheaper than PV Low economic risk compared to bulk power production
Centralized Bulk Electricity Production 3()'7 8"2)*%8#'.( G Fuel Saver Cycle Efficiency fossil & solar 35-42% 6 18 24 Solar Share 30% - 50% Expansion Vessel HTF Storage 6 Time 12 18 24 Solar Share 100% Steam Cycle Solar-only Time 6 18 24 Solar Share 100% Time 6 12 18 24
Principle of parabolic trough collector morning afternoon Line-focussing collector with single-axis tracking
!"##)/("* D)?-C. Eurotrough Collector Stiff structure % Less breakage % Length: 150 m % Less connections % Less optical losses
Mirror surface parabolic shape mirror design z 4mm glass z = x 2 / 4f f = 1.71 (Eurotrough) f x reflective silver coating copper layer base layer final layer ceramic mounting support 2-component proctective layer at present: reflectivity better 94%, life expectancy > 20 years
Absorber tube connection to vacuum pump vacuum between absorber and glass tube metal / glass connection metallic absorber tube outside glass tube gas molecule getter to maintain vacuum expansion bellow SEGS plants at 400 C: absorptivity 96%, emissivity 19% new Schott tubes at 400 C: absorptivity 96%, emissivity better 14% Schott is presently using a twin magnetron sputter process for the selctive coating.
Solar Radiation Backup Firing Layout of Parabolic Trough Plant Solar Field parabolic trough collectors 300-500 000 m 2 Heat Transfer & Buffer 0.5-6 hours capacity www.solarpaces.org Power Block steam cycle turbine, condenser 30-80 MW
2,5 Mio. m² Parabolic Trough Collectors in California The SEGS experience in California: 100 years of equivalent commercial operation (9 plants, with a total of 354 MW) High availabilities 11 bill. kwh have been fed into the Californian grid Generating 1.4 billion $ US in revenues High solar efficiencies and lowest solar electricity cost of 12-15 cent/kwh
The Andasol plants in Spain 50 MW parabolic trough plant near Granada, start-up spring 2009 Total cost 350 mio. Euro; project management Solar Millennium and ACS Average annual efficiency 16%; electricity cost about 20 cent /kwh 7-8 hours storage capacity Two additional, identical power plants are under construction Model des Kraftwerks
50 MW Andasol plant in Spain 624 ET150 collectors: 7500 modules 510 000 m 2 of aperture area 840 000 mirror support points, 7800 bearings, 23 000 absorber tube supports will have to be aligned to track the sun in 0.1 precision
Qualification Measurement Ray-Tracing Flux distribution next to absorber tube