COMMUNICATION STUDIES IN TURKEY: AN OBSERVATION FROM COMMUNICATION DEANS BOARD Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol Firat University, Elazig/Turkey Permanent executive member of the Board of Communication Colleges Deans varol.asaf@gmail.com Abstract Deans of communication colleges in Turkey have gathered at least once in every year since 2000 to discuss the issues of communication colleges, establish and create up-to-date curriculums. In addition, we had established a board of communication colleges deans called ILDEK in 2006. ILDEK has recommended many regulations for communication colleges since 2006 in terms of educational issues. There have been many meetings with stakeholders, such as Higher Education Council of Turkey, The Radio and Television Supreme Council, Professional Union of Broadcasting Organizations (RATEM), etc. to fulfill the requirements of contemporary education at communication colleges. In this study, the department names and their curriculums of various units at universities will be discussed and analyzed. Crucial decisions of İLDEK (Board of Deans of Communication Colleges) will be analyzed and documented. Finally, some recommendations will be offered to improve communication education in Turkey. Keywords: Firat University s TV, communication colleges, ILDEK, RATEM. Introduction There are 109 public and 76 foundation (privately-funded) universities in Turkey. Most universities, especially foundation universities have communication colleges (schools). This number has increased dramatically in the last couple of decades. According to the Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center Guide (ÖSYM) there are 56 communication colleges that have already students and offer diploma programs as of 2015 (ÖSYM, 2015). Local University Television Broadcasting System of Firat University was established according to a project called The control of the satellite dishes via computer and a case study of television broadcasting system, Project number FUNAF-56 (Varol, 2010). During that time, there was not any law for controlling of local television broadcasting units, because the existed policy was covering only articles of governmental television, TRT. Because of this lack of regulation for local university television, we met many problems during our broadcasting periods. ILDEK is a Board whose members are the deans of communication colleges in Turkey. All of those meeting minutes are recorded. A web page has been released under the URL called www.ildek.org where a lot of information about the works of board has been broadcasted.
We are going to explain the current situations of communication colleges in Turkey. Some experiences gained during the programs of Firat University s TV will be studied. The role of ILDEK on communication colleges will be analyzed and some recommendations will be suggested in terms of enhancing of the educational quality of communication colleges. Communication Colleges in Turkey At the beginning of 1970s communication colleges in Turkey were highly regarded as completely social subjects. Therefore, not only the faculty but student profile was also coming from social science schools. Thanks to rapid development in technology, communication education has been changed and curriculums have been updated. More technical courses have been adapted and added into the programs. For example, courses of broadcasting programs now consist of many technical topics. As a result, science students from high schools have also preferred these departments if their scores in Turkish-Social branches at the University Entry Exam (LYS) are enough for placements. In Table 1 the list of communication colleges are shown. According to Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center Guide (ÖYSM) of as 2015 there are 56 communication colleges that have been offering undergraduate programs. As shown in this table 46 communication colleges have been founded in Turkey while 10 of them have been established out of country. Actually, there are more communication colleges that have been still established in other Turkish universities, but they are not listed in Table 1 because they do not have students yet (ÖSYM, 2015). Table 1: Communication colleges of the universities that have still offered undergraduate studies Name of University and Location 1. Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu 2. Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 3. Akdeniz University, Antalya 4. Anadolu-İletişim Bilimleri University, Eskişehir 5. Ankara University, Ankara 6. Atatürk University, Erzurum 7. Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul 8. Başkent University, Ankara 9. Beykent University, İstanbul 10. Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 11. Çanakkale University, Çanakkale 12. Çukurova University, Adana 13. Ege University, İzmir 14. Erciyes University, Kayseri 15. Fırat University, Elazığ 16. Gazi University, Fırat 17. Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 18. Giresun University, Giresun 19. Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane 20. İnönü University, Malatya 21. İzmir Ekonomi University, İzmir 22. İstanbul University, İstanbul 23. İstanbul Arel University, İstanbul 24. İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul 25. İstanbul Bilgi University, İstanbul 26. İstanbul Şehir University, İstanbul 27. İstanbul Ticaret University, İstanbul 28. Kadir Has University, İstanbul 29. Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 30. Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 31. Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon 32. Maltepe University, İstanbul
Name of University and Location 33. Marmara University, İstanbul 34. Mersin University, Mersin 35. Niğde University, Niğde 36. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 37. Pamukkale University, Denizli 38. Sakarya University, Sakarya 39. Selçuk University, Konya 40. Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 41. Uşak University, Uşak 42. Üsküdar University, İstanbul 43. Yaşar University, İzmir 44. Yeditepe University, İstanbul 45. Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul 46. Zirve University, Gaziantep 47. Doğu Akdeniz University, KKTC 48. Girne University, KKTC 49. Lefke Avrupa University, KKTC 50. Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas University, Kirghizistan 51. Uluslararası Balkan Univeristy, Makedonya 52. Uluslararası Kıbrıs University, KKTC 53. Yakın Doğu University, KKTC 54. Bakü Devlet University, Azerbaican 55. Bakü Slavyan University, Azerbaican 56. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi International Türk-Kazak University, Khazakistan There are several reasons in the increasing number of communication colleges. First, establishment of most of the departments of communication schools are easy. For example, departments of public relations, advertising, journalism, and corporate communication do not need hefty investments (capital). A communication related department can be established if at least three faculty members are available and physical infrastructures such as classrooms and computer labs exist. Second, demands of being a student in the communication department is high, because there are a lot of private televisions and radio stations in Turkey that still looks for qualified personnel. In addition, we can argue that the students who graduate from a social program of High Schools in Turkey have limited opportunities to find an appropriate social program at higher education to complete their university s studies. If we compere the names of departments of communication colleges, unfortunately we meet with a confused and complex situation. For example, some of them have different department names, but if we check the offered curriculums we observe that their courses are almost similar. In Table 2 the Journalism department names of communication colleges are given. As shown in Table 2, there are four different colleges where students are able to study journalism in terms of undergraduate level. The interesting point is that although the graduates earn the same diploma called Journalism the names of colleges are different. For example, Journalism education is offered at Nişantaşı University under College of Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences. In contrast, the same education is offered at other universities at the College of Communication. On the other hand, the journalism department has been founded at the College of Journalism and Azerbaijani Philology at Baku Slavyan University while the same department has been established at the College of Social and Political Science at Ivane C. Hişvili Tbilisi State University in Georgia.
Table 2: The various college names for departments of journalism Journalism A. İzzet Bay., Akdeniz, Ankara, Atatürk, Baku State (Azerbaijan), Cumhuriyet, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Gazi, Gaziantep, Giresun, Hoca Communication Ahmet Yesevi International Turkish-Kazakh (Kazakhstan), İstanbul Arel, İstanbul Aydın, İstanbul, Kastamonu, Kirghizstan- Turkey Manas (Azerbaijan), Kocaeli, Karadeniz Teknik, Maltepe, Marmara, Mersin, Ondokuz Mayıs, Sakarya, Selçuk, Uşak, Yeditepe, Doğu Akdeniz (KKTC), Uluslararası Kıbrıs (KKTC), Yakın Doğu (KKTC), Journalism Nişantaşı Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences Journalism Baku Slavyan (Azerbaijan) Journalism and Azerbaijani Philology Journalism Ivane C. Hişvili Tbilisi State (Georgia) Social and Political Science Table 3 indicates the distribution of the departments called Public Relations and Publicity of different colleges. Most of the universities have founded this department at College of Communication, but Haliç and Karabük Universities have established the same departments at the College of Management while İstanbul Gelişim has created this department at the College of Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences. Table 3: The distribution of Public Relations and Advertising departments of different colleges Public Relations and Advertising Akdeniz, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Communication Cumhuriyet, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Gazi, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, İnönü, İstanbul Aydın, İstanbul Bilgi, İstanbul Ticaret, İstanbul, Kadir Has, Kocaeli, Maltepe, Marmara, Ondokuz Mayıs, Pamukkale, Selçuk, Süleyman Demirel, Yeditepe, Girne Amerikan (KKTC), Yakın Doğu (KKTC), International Balkan (Makedonia), Public Relations and Advertising Haliç, Karabük Management Public Relations and Advertising İstanbul Gelişim Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences If we consider the departments of Advertisement and Publicity or Publicity and Advertisement we meet an interesting situation. The curriculum of these departments almost the same. The only difference is that the order the vocabularies in the department names have been placed opposite (Table 4). On the other hand, Publicity and Advertisement departments have been established at the different colleges such as Management, Art and Social Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social and Humanities Sciences or Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences. This shows that there does not exist an integrity and unity between public and foundation universities. It means that they have founded these departments arbitrary although these departments consist of almost the same curriculums.
Table 4: Advertisement and Publicity department versus Publicity and Advertisement Advertisement and Publicity Bahçeşehir, Ege, İstanbul Aydın, İstanbul Bilgi, Communication İstanbul Ticaret, Kadir Has, Kocaeli, Selçuk, International Cyprus (KKTC), İzmir Economy, Kastamonu, Karadeniz Teknik, Niğde, Publicity and Advertisement Adnan Menderes, Beykent, İstanbul Arel, Sakarya, Communication Uşak, Yaşar, Yeni Yüzyıl, Zirve, Doğu Akdeniz (KKTC), Kirghizstan-Turkey Manas (Azerbaijan), Publicity and Advertisement Anadolu Communication Sciences Publicity and Advertisement Atılım Management Publicity and Advertisement İstanbul Esen Art and Social Sciences Publicity and Advertisement İstanbul Gelişim, Okan Colleges (Yüksekokul) of Applied Sciences Publicity and Advertisement Necmettin Erbakan Social and Humanities Sciences Publicity and Advertisement Nişantaşı Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences Publicity and Advertisement Lefke Europe Communication Sciences Advertisemental Design and Communication Üsküdar, Yeditepe Communication Table 5 depicts the departments of Printing and Publishing. This department has been founded at College of Communication Sciences at Anadolu University. Almost the same department has been established at College of Applied Sciences at Marmara University. Marmara University has only extended the name of department using Technology term as postfix. Table 5: Printing and Publishing departments of different universities Printing and Publishing Anadolu Communication Sciences Printing and Publishing Girne-American (KKTC) Communication Printing and Publishing Azerbaijan State, Civilisation, and Fine Art Art Critics (Sanat Eleştirisi) Printing and Publishing Technology Marmara College (Yüksekokul) of Applied Sciences In the following table the distributions of the Radio, Cinema and Television Departments of the different universities are shown (Table 6). We also have the same problems here what we studied above. For example, many universities have founded these departments at College of Communication. In contrast, some universities have established this department at the colleges of Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences, Art and Design, and Fine Arts or Communication Sciences. These picture does not depict an integrity and unity between universities. The main problem is that the colleges have tried to establish the departments arbitrary. The curriculums of Radio, Cinema and Television Departments are mostly the same. There are some small differences in terms of course contents, but they have generally used the same curriculums, the same teaching materials and tools. Most public universities have established this department at the College of Communication while some of them have founded these departments at College of Fine Arts. The main reason for that some universities have created this department at their existing colleges because they didn t want to waste their times for creating a new college.
There has been a conflict between Colleges of Communication and College of Fine Arts in Turkey. They have claimed that Radio, Cinema and Television Department is a branch of College of Communication while the others have claimed that this department is based on the fundamental of College of Fine Arts. This conflict between parties could have not been solved since a couple of decades. The first local University s Television broadcasting unit has been founded in 1991 at Firat University. This TV has broadcast its educational, social, and cultural programs continuously since 1991. We struggled to sustain broadcasting of programs. In 1997, we proposed a report for establishing College of Communication to the Firat University s Senate and Higher Education Council of Turkey. The proposal was approved by relevant institutions. I was appointed as the Dean of Communication College in 2000. College of Communication of Firat University has started to welcome its first students in 2001 (Varol & Varol, 2004). Firat University s Television Unit (FIRAT TV) has been a model for some other universities. Selçuk University has begun its TV broadcasting since 1998. Erciyes University has followed to broadcast in 2002 and finally Ataturk University has broadcast its TV programs in 2006. These four Universities television units have continued to broadcast their programs since their establishment dates (Varol, 2010). İzmir Economy University has founded a new department of Cinema and Digital Media. This is the first and unique department in Turkey with this name. Since İzmir Economy University is a foundation University in Turkey, this university have lead into combining cinema and digital media to create an attraction for students (Table 6). Table 6: Radio, Cinema and Television Departments of universities Radio, Cinema and Television Aydın Kocatepe, Akdeniz, Batman, Beykent, Işık, İstanbul Gelişim, Fine Arts İzmir, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts, Okan, Ordu, Yüzüncü Yıl, Radio, Cinema and Television Adnan Menderes, Akdeniz, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Communication Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Çukurova, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Gazi, İstanbul Arel, İstanbul Aydın, İstanbul Bilgi, İstanbul Şehir, İstanbul, Kadir Has, Kastamonu, Kocaeli, Marmara, Mersin, Selçuk, Uşak, Üsküdar, Yaşar, Yeditepe, Yeni Yüzyıl, Zirve, Doğu Akdeniz (KKTC), Lefke Europe, Kirghizstan-Turkey Manas (Azerbaijan), Radio, Cinema and Television Anadolu Communication Sciences Radio, Cinema and Television İstanbul Gelişim Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences Radio, Cinema and Television Nişantaşı Art and Design Radio and Television International Cyprus Communication Cinema and Digital Media İzmir Ekonomi Communication Table 7 indicates Communication Sciences and Communication Arts departments of some universities in Turkey. Çukurova University has established this department at College of Communication while Doğuş University, a foundation University, has established it at the College of Science-Literature. İstanbul Kültür University, another foundation university, has founded Communication Arts department at College of Art and Design.
Table 7: Communication Sciences Department versus Communication Arts Department Communication Sciences Çukurova, Communication Communication Sciences Doğuş Science-Literature Communication Arts İstanbul Kültür Arts and Design Visual Communication Design departments have been developed a new field of communication. Thanks to the rapid development of technology many universities have begun to establish this new departments at their universities. If we analyze the Table 8 we can observe that there are conflicts in terms of establishment of this departments. For example, some universities have created Visual Communication Design department at Communication Colleges while some of them have created the same departments at College of Fine Arts. Especially, the foundation universities have founded this department at various colleges such as Fine Arts and Architecture, Fine Arts and Design, Communication Sciences. Interestingly, Doğu Akdeniz University in Cyprus has established almost the same department with changing the department s name as Visual Arts and Visual Communication Design at College of Communication. International Saraybosna (Bosna-Hersek) and International Balkan University in Macedonia have created the same departments at colleges of Arts and Social Sciences and Art and Design respectively. Table 8: Distributions of Visual Communication Design Departments Visual Communication Design Beykent, İstanbul Arel, İstanbul Bilgi, İstanbul Ticaret, Communication Kocaeli, Maltepe, Üsküdar, Yaşar, Yeditepe, Yeni Yüzyıl, Yakın Doğu (KKTC), Visual Communication Design Doğuş, Eskişehir Osmangazi, Işık, İpek Arts and Design Visual Communication Design Dumlupınar, Gazi, İzmir, Okan, Ondokuz Mayıs, Fine Arts Sakarya, Visual Communication Design Gedik, Hasan Kalyoncu Fine Arts and Architecture Visual Communication Design İzmir Ekonomi, Fine Arts and Design Visual Communication Design TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Fine Arts, Design and Architecture Visual Communication Design Lefke Europe (KKTC) Communication Sciences Visual Arts and Visual Communication Doğu Akdeniz (KKTC) Communication Design Visual Arts and Visual Communication International Saraybosna (Bosna-Hersek) Arts and Social Sciences Design Visual Arts and Visual Communication Design International Balkan (Macedonia) Art and Design Media and Communication Systems department has been founded only by foundation universities in the last couple decades. As shown in the Table 9, the most universities have established this department at the College of Communications. Interestingly, İstanbul Gelişim University has founded the same department with the same names in different colleges called College of Applied Sciences and Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences. The reason for establishing two departments with the same names can be explained as following. The foundation universities in Turkey want to have more students as much as they can because the tuitions are a vital revenues for them.
Table 9: Media and Communication Systems at foundation universities in Turkey Media and Communication Systems Bahçeşehir, Beykent, İstanbul Arel, İstanbul Bilgi, Communication İstanbul Ticaret, İzmir Ekonomi, Kadir Has, Uşak, Üsküdar, Yeni Yüzyıl, Media and Communication Systems İstanbul Gelişim College (Yüksekokul) of Applied Sciences Media and Communication Systems İstanbul Gelişim, Nişantaşı Economic, Administrative and Social Sciences Media and Communication Systems İzmir Katip Çelebi Social and Humanities Sciences Media and Communication Systems Koç Humanities Sciences and Literature Media and Communication Systems Okan Applied Sciences There are a new major in Turkey of TV Reporting and Programming (Table 10). There are only four foundation universities in Turkey that have these departments. Beykent, İstanbul Aydın, and İstanbul Bilgi universities have established this department at the College of Communication while İstanbul Gelişim University has founded this department at Colleges of Applied Sciences. In developed counties such as in the U.S. Colleges of Applied Sciences consist of programs called Biomedical Science, Computer and Cognitive Science, Computational Biology, Computer Science, etc., (Penn, 2016), but it is a contradiction that TV Reporting and Programming Department has been founded at College of Applied Sciences at the Gelişim University. In addition, although the names and the curriculum of the departments are the same they have established at the different colleges. One of the foundation university which have this department has announced in its web site that this department has been created because of contemporary development in communication fields. Perpetuating the conventional forms, television is reconciling with the facts of this change via Web TV, Mobile TV, IP TV, VOD and 3D TV. They claim that their goal is to prepare their students as individuals who are going to be successful in this rapidly changing professional environment (Bilgi University, 2016). As shown above announcement of the department, the goal is to use up-to-date technology during the broadcasting TV programs over Internet. Broadcasting over Internet or satellite, or cable, or on air has the same fundamental techniques. If we have investigated the curriculum of this new department named TV Reporter and Programming we argue against the name of this department. The new development of the technology in field of communication should have been adopted into the department called Radio, Cinema and Television Department which has been established at the College of Fine Arts at İstanbul Gelişim University. Since İstanbul Gelişim University has already have Radio, Cinema and Television Department at the College of Fine Arts, TV Reporter and Programming Department would have not been a necessity for this University. We think that they wanted to establish this new department in order to attract the students because of its new departmental name. This name of department creates a conflict in terms of concepts. Since we couldn t locate any other university that has the same department s name.
Table 10: TV Reporting and programming Departments at foundation universities TV Reporting and Programming Beykent, İstanbul Aydın, İstanbul Bilgi, Communication TV Reporting and Programming İstanbul Gelişim College of Applied Sciences Table 11 shows the distributions of communication design departments in the universities. Although the names and curriculums of the departments are the same they have been founded at various colleges. For example, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, İstanbul Bilgi, Kadir Has and Sakarya Universities have established this department at the College of Communication while Beykent and İstanbul Gelişim universities have establish the same department at College of Fine Arts. Interestingly, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University has created the same department at the College of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, while Özyeğin University has created this department at College of Architecture and Design. Table 11: Distribution of Communication Design Department Communication Design Anadolu Communication Sciences Communication Design Bahçeşehir, Başkent, İstanbul Bilgi, Kadir Has, Sakarya, Communication Communication Design Beykent, İstanbul Gelişim, Fine Arts Communication Design İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Fine Arts, design and Architecture Communication Design İstanbul Kültür, Nişantaşı, Yalova, Yıldız Teknik Art and Design Communication Design Özyeğin Architecture and Design The Meetings of Deans of Communication Colleges Organized between 1999 and 2005 The meetings of the Deans of the Communication Colleges have started in 1999 by Prof. Dr. Alemdar Yalçın who was formerly served the Dean of Communication College at Gazi University in Ankara. At that meeting a few deans of communication colleges had gathered and discussed the problems of the communication colleges. The First National Communication symposium was held between the same dates at Conference Hall of Ankara University (Varol & Çetin, 2004). Beginning with the year 2000, the meeting of deans of communication colleges have conducted yearly without any interruption till today. In the first few years the deans gathered more than ones per year and discussed the problems of the colleges and created roadmaps for the future of communication colleges. Table 12 shows the dates and places where deans meetings had organized between 1999 and 2005. As shown four meetings had been done in 2000 and three meetings had been completed in 2002. Communication College of Fırat University has participated at whole meetings of Deans of Communication Colleges since 2000. Between 1999 and 2005 the deans have gathered only once out of country. That meeting was organized by East Mediterranean University in 2002 in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
Table 12: Meeting Places and dates done between 1999 and 2005 Date Place Participated affiliations # of part. colleges 1 st meeting March 05-06, 1999 Ankara Hosted and prepared by Gazi and Ankara Universities, The First National Communication symposium was held between the same dates at Conference Hall of Ankara University. 2 nd meeting None of information has been discovered about this meeting. 3 rd meeting May 05-06, 2000 (Karagöl) Ankara 4 th meeting June 30-July 01, 2000 5 th meeting September 20-21, 2000 6 th meeting September 27-28, 2000 7 th meeting September 20-23, 2001 8 th meeting February 04-05, 2002 İzmir (Safranbolu) Kastamonu Ankara (Safranbolu) Kastamonu Konya Akdeniz, Anadolu, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Fırat, Gazi, İstanbul Bilgi. Akdeniz, Anadolu, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Beykent, Ege, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, Maltepe, Mersin, Selçuk and Yeditepe. Anadolu, Ankara, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Ege, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul Bilgi, Maltepe, Mersin, Selçuk and Yeditepe. Akdeniz, Anadolu, Ankara, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Beykent, Ege, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, Maltepe, Selçuk and Yeditepe. Ankara, Beykent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Fırat, Gazi, İstanbul, Kocaeli, and Maltepe. Anadolu, Atatürk, Başkent, Beykent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Maltepe, Marmara, Selçuk and Yeditepe. 9 th meeting April 04-05, 2002 Cyprus/KKTC Anadolu, Ankara, Atatürk, Başkent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, Kocaeli, Lefke Avrupa, Maltepe, Marmara, Selçuk and Yeditepe. 10 th meeting September 20-22, 2002 11 th meeting October 03-04, 2003 (Safranbolu) Kastamonu (Safranbolu) Kastamonu Akdeniz, Ankara, Atatürk, Başkent, Beykent, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, Kocaeli, Maltepe, Marmara, and Selçuk. Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, Kocaeli, Lefke Avrupa, Marmara, and Yeditepe. 12 th meeting May 06-09, 2004 Elazığ Akdeniz, Anadolu, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Doğu Akdeniz, Erciyes, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi, İstanbul Ticaret, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas, Kocaeli, Marmara, Mersin, International Cyprus, and Yeditepe 13 th meeting May 05-07, 2005 Kocaeli Akdeniz, Ankara, Atatürk, Bahçeşehir, Başkent, Doğu Akdeniz, Ege, Erciyes, Fırat, Galatasaray, Gazi, International Cyprus, İstanbul Bilgi, İstanbul Ticaret, İzmir Ekonomi, Karadeniz Teknik, Kocaeli, Lefke, Maltepe, Marmara, Mersin, Selçuk, and Yeditepe. 11 16 13 15 9 16 17 16 17 20 23 The Board of Deans of Communication Colleges (ILDEK) The Board of Deans of Communication Colleges (ILDEK) was founded at the 14 th meeting of deans of Communication Colleges on April 2006 in Mersin, Turkey. The goal of establishing a Board of Deans of Communication Colleges is to execute the duties, works, and various activities on behalf of deans until the coming meeting. Twenty five deans or their representatives of Communication Colleges had attended at the meeting hosted by Mersin University. According
to the decision of the General Board of Deans at that meeting, the members of the Board of Communication Colleges (ILDEK) should be selected as following policy (Table 13). Table 13: How are members of the Board of Communication Colleges selected? 1. The Dean of the Communication College who hosted the prior meeting (past year) 2. The Dean of the Communication College who are hosting the current meeting 3. The Dean of the Communication College who will host the coming meeting (next year) 4. A dean who will be elected from a communication college that is located at capital of Turkey in Ankara 5. Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol. He has been selected as a permanent member of the Board. The members select a Chair for the Board. The duties of the board s members are defined. Each member is responsible to follow his or her duties and tasks given by the Board. This board is a platform that doesn t have a legal status. So, their decisions should be considered as recommendatory matters. They have decided many subjects related to the communication education and have sent them to relevant agencies, institutions or organizations in the past. The decisions made by the meetings of deans have been executed and followed by the Board of Communication Colleges (ILDEK) until the coming meeting. After the establishment of Board of Deans of Communication Colleges (ILDEK), the meetings have organized in a yearly manner. Every year a communication college has organized and hosted the meeting. Table 14 indicates meetings of ILDEK organized between 2006 and 2015. Table 14: Meetings organized by ILDEK and members of ILDEK between 2006 and 2015 # of meetings Date Place Members of Board 14 April 06-08, 2006 Mersin Univ., Mersin Prof. Dr. Alemdar Korkmaz (Gazi) Prof. Dr. Selim Aksöyek (Mersin) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Firat) Prof. Dr. Hülya Yengin (Kocaeli) Prof. Dr. Belma Akşit (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas) 15 May 14-16, 2007 Kyrgyzstan- Turkey Manas Univ. Kyrgyzstan 16 April 24-25, 2008 Maltepe Üniv., İstanbul 17 April 30- May 01, 2009 Başkent Üniv. Ankara 18 May 06-08, 2010 Near East Univ. KKTC Prof. Dr. Haluk Geray (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) Prof. Dr. Belma Akşit (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas) Prof. Dr. Peyami Çelikcan (Maltepe) Prof. Dr. Ümit Atabek (akdeniz) Prof. Dr. Peyami Çelikcan (Maltepe) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Tolungüç (Başkent) Prof. dr. Haluk Geray (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Bülend Göksel (Ege) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat ) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Tolungüç (Başkent) Prof. Dr. Orhan Çiftçi (Near East Uni, KKTC) Prof. Dr. Aysel Aziz (Arel) Prof. Dr. Asker Kartarı (Hacettepe) Prof. Dr. Asker Kartarı (Hacettepe) Prof. Dr. Hamza Çakır (Erciyes) Prof. Dr. Sevda Alankuş (İzmir Economy) Prof. Dr. Nezih Erdoğan (İstanbul Bilgi) Prof. Dr. Suat Anar (Fırat) 19 April 07-08, 2011 Erciyes, Kayseri Prof. Dr. Asker Kartarı (Hacettepe) Prof. Dr. Necdet Atabek (Anadolu) Prof. Dr. Hamza Çakır (Erciyes) Prof. Dr. Eser Köker (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Süleyman İrvan (East Meditarean) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) 20 April 27-29, 2012 Anadolu Univ., Eskişehir Prof. Dr. Dilruba Çatalbaş (Galatasaray) Prof. Dr. Suavi Aydın (Hacettepe) Prof. Dr. ÖnderBarlı (Atatürk)
# of meetings Date Place Members of Board Prof. Dr. Nezih Orhun (Anadolu) Prof. Dr. Yusuf Devran (Marmara) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) 21 May 30- June 01, 2013 Atatürk Univ., Erzurum 22 June 05-07, 2014 Kyrgyzstan- Turkey Manas, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 23 June 11-12, 2015 Ankara Uni., Ankara 24 May 05, 2016 İstanbul Univ., İstanbul Prof. Dr. S. Ruken Öztürk (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Ümit Atabek (Yaşar) Prof. Dr. Uğur Yavuz (Atatürk) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Küçükkurt (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey) Prof. Dr. Süleyman İrvan (East Mediterranean) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) Prof. Dr. S. Ruken Öztürk (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Nezih Orhon (anadolu) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Küçükkurt (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey) Prof. Dr. Halil Nalçaoğlu (İstanbul Bilgi) Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Sezer (İstanbul) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) Prof. Dr. S. Ruken Öztürk (Ankara) Prof. Dr. Hatice Çubukcu (Çukurova) Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol (Fırat) Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Sezer (İstanbul) Prof. Dr. Aysel Aziz (İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl) Prof. Dr. Selma Karatepe (İnönü) Doç. Dr. Ümit İnatçı (East Mediterranean) Some Crucial Decisions of Deans Meeting and İLDEK Before 1991 there was only one institution called TRT that was allowed to broadcast radio and television programs in Turkey. TRT belongs to the Turkish Government. It means TRT was a unique official monopoly that could broadcast programs via TVs and radios. But in 1991 a private TV company, Star TV, has begun to broadcast its TV programs from Germany via satellite. It has been first and unique private company that has begun to broadcast directly from another country. The old policy had not covered any statement about broadcasts done from other countries. As a result, some private local television companies have started to broadcast programs on televisions and radios. At that time Firat University s Local TV has founded. We have also started to broadcast our TV programs using antennas which we installed ourselves. The name of TV unit has named FIRAT TV. We constructed a studio where most of our TV programs have been broadcasted live. Finally, a new Law No. 3984 on Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and their Media Services came into force in 1994 (Varol et al, 2002). Unfortunately, according to the new law none of the Turkish Universities could broadcast local or national TV or radio programs. In 1994, Fırat TV was still unique University s television unit in Turkey. We invested a lot money to establish this TV. Since the new law has forbidden broadcasting of Universities programs we had to find a way to change the policy. We didn t stop the broadcast of Firat TV. In 1998 Selçuk University has begun its TV programs. This local TV was the second University s TV unit in Turkey. We had struggled against the law. With support of deans of communication colleges, ILDEK executive board members have created a draft article of law to have freedom for universities TV and radio broadcasts. We had organized many meetings about this issue and had presented the advantages of Universities broadcast in terms of distance education. On the other hand, we had lobbied with the some members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey who belonged to different political parties. Finally, we could persuade some members to support our articles that we wanted to be injected into Law.
Some members had brought these articles to Grand National Assembly meeting and finally the relevant law has been changed in 2001. As ILDEK we had achieved to let changing of relevant law. After this new regulation, Erciyes University has started to broadcast its local Television and Radio programs in 2002. Four years later Atatürk University has begun to broadcasts TV and Radio programs. Thanks to changes of the law these universities have conquered their freedoms and have continued their broadcasting. These four universities are still broadcasting their educational, social, and cultural programs. The 3 rd meeting of deans of communication colleges had gathered in Karagöl/Ankara between May 5 and 6, 2000. At that meeting deans had decided to organize international symposium in Communication fields parallel to deans meeting. According to this decision ILDEK has organized its meetings parallel to a symposium. For example, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University has hosted the 22. Meeting of ILDEK in 2014 in Bishkek between June 5 and 7, 2014. Parallel to this meeting III. International Communication Symposium has been organized. Another organization was done by İstanbul University. İstanbul University organized 14 th International Symposium Communication in the Millennium between May 5 and 7, 2016 in İstanbul. At the same time deans of communication colleges have gathered thanks to ILDEK organization. One other goal of ILDEK has been to build bridges between the developed and new established communication colleges. The new established colleges have sent their Research Assistants to other developed colleges to let them earn MSc or PhD degrees. Some developed and new established communication colleges have signed protocols mutually to collaborate in terms of communication education. For example, when College of Communication of Firat University was founded in 2000, we did not have enough Instructors who finished their Master and PhD studies. Thanks to agreements we sent some of our Research Assistants to Ankara, Gazi, İstanbul or Ege universities to pursue their advanced studies. Almost all of them completed their studies successfully and came back to the college. They are now teaching for their students as well educated Assistant Professors. Thanks to deans of communication colleges some organizations could be done collectively. For example, in 2004 thirteen communication colleges have collaborated to determine awards for the best Journalist, the best TV programmers, the best anchors, the best executive director of TV series, etc. A survey was prepared and delivered to these 13 communication colleges. The awards winners has been elected according the votes given by students of colleges. Some famous artists, actors, anchors, journalists, etc. came to Elazig to take their awards during ceremony organized by the Firat University. It was the first survey done by 13 communication colleges at the same time. To improve the educational level of communication colleges ILDEK has created many suggestions and distributed them to the relevant colleges and to the Higher Educational Council of Turkey (YÖK). For example, several year ago the students who were placed to communication colleges by Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center using only Turkish and Social Sciences scores of the exam called ÖSS. The Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center has applied some coefficients to the exam scores arbitrary that was criticized by the experts. The students who have been placed to communication colleges were weak in terms of analyzing capability. For example, most of them are not able to analyze surveys properly because of lack of sciences knowledge. ILDEK has prepared some reports about this weaknesses of selection of the
students. ILDEK was organized one its meeting between May 14 and 16, 2007 in Bishkek. At that meeting Vice President of Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK), Prof. Dr. İsa Eşme, and the president of Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM), Prof. Dr. Ünal Yarımağan, had been invited to ILDEK Meeting to discuss this issue face to face with authorized people. This issue has occupied the agenda of ILDEK several years long. Finally, the main exam for placement has been changed later. A new calculation methods have been created and some improvements have been committed by increasing the percentage of sciences questions. For the students who are placed to the communication colleges the TS-1 (Turkish and Social Sciences) score is used nowadays. It means these students have still weaknesses in terms of sciences such as mathematics, physics, etc. Because of rapid technological development in field of communication, the tools of broadcasting have changed. The students of communication colleges should be familiar with the new media and they have to be able to use relevant software to montage and dub the films, videos, etc. This fact shows that the students who are placed to communication colleges should be selected according to TM-3 scores (Varol, 2001). ILDEK has struggled to change the type of the placement exam scores since 2000 because this issue had been discussed first at the 6 th meeting of deans gathered between September 27 and 28, 2000 in Ankara. The workplace of graduates of communication colleges have been discussed almost at every meeting. There have been many TV and radio companies that have broadcasted their programs in local or national levels. Especially, local television and radio companies have preferred to hire staff whose backgrounds have not been in field of communication because companies could pay very low salaries for these unqualified staff. The other professions such as computer engineers, electronic engineers even other staff who has completed only High Schools have been appointed for vacancy positions at the companies. ILDEK has forced to change the policy in benefit of the graduates of communications. ILDEK has propagated to importance of graduates of communication colleges for TVs and radios companies. Thanks to this pressure the Law of Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and their Media Services has been changed in 2011. So, the companies of televisions and radios must hire graduates relevant to their size of companies. Another success of ILDEK is about teachers of Anatolia Communication High Schools. Although these High Schools train students for the field of communication their teacher has been selected from other teachers branches. In the past, teachers who have taught vocational courses in Anatolia Communication High Schools have been appointed from other majors such as electronics, computers, etc. ILDEK has handled this problem and has written to relevant institutions and to the Ministry of Education. Finally, Ministry of Education has begun to hire graduates from communication colleges for the Anatolia Communication High Schools, but the Ministry of Education has still continued to appoint other teaches whose graduations have not been from the communication colleges. Media Literacy is a course that are taught at primary or middle schools. It is still questionable who should teach these courses. This conflict has continued for many years. In the last few years Ministry of Education has begun to appoint graduates from communication colleges who already have teaching certificates as a result of the pressure of ILDEK. ILDEK has signed a protocol with Radio Television Enterprise (RTÜK) for publishing books in the communication areas. This project has not been achieved because either the referees rejected the contents or didn t submit their reviewers on time.
Conclusions Since computers are used almost in every field, including communication some relevant courses should be added in their curriculums even the majors are involved in only social sciences such as Public Relations, Journalism, Publicity and Advertisement, etc. The names of all communication colleges should be reviewed and restructured again. The duplicates should be removed and a unity and integrity between department names and their contents should be provided. The curriculums of the departments should be reviewed and updated according to the technical development in communications. Although ILDEK does not have an official status, it has achieved to solve some critical issues. If ILDEK can gain a statute such as Communication Assembly under Higher Educational Council of Turkey, it would become more powerful on the relevant institutions and agencies. So, ILDEK Board must struggle to earn an official position. Representatives of some institutions such as Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK), Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM), Ministry of Education, The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK), Professional Union of Broadcasting Organizations (RATEM), etc. should be invited all of the ILDEK s meetings. In addition, some students of communication colleges and some famous anchors, artists, directors of series can be invited to the meetings. Every year collective competitions should be organized between communication colleges. They should organize collaborative survey to determine the awards of the year of communication achievements. Media Literacy courses in the primary and secondary schools should be taught by the teachers who graduated from communication colleges and who have teaching certificates. The protocol signed between ILDEK and The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) should be reviewed and the instructors who prepare books in the communication fields should be encouraged to publish their work using this protocol. Parallel to deans meetings symposiums should be organized to enable opportunities for young Research Assistants to meet and discuss with deans about future collaborative researches. To increase the student quality TM-3 scores of exams should be used. ILDEK has begun to prepare a regulation for accreditation of the communication colleges since last year. This regulation should be completed and applied for enhancing of quality of graduates. The numbers of communication colleges should be restricted. The Higher Education Council of Turkey should not allow to establishment of new communication colleges. To improve the education quality developed colleges should help to new colleges in term of exchanging of faculty and students. The current quota of sits at communication colleges should be decreased, and a minimum score should be scored for entering of communication colleges.
References İstanbul Bilgi University, (2016), TV Reporting and Programming, http://www.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/programlar-ve-okullar/lisans/iletisim-fakultesi/televizyonhaberciligi-ve-programciligi/, Last accessed date: April 12, 2016 ÖSYM, (2015), Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center Guide, http://dokuman.osym.gov.tr/pdfdokuman/2015/osys/2015- OSYSKONTKILAVUZU01072015.pdf, Last accessed date: April 27, 2016 (in Turkish) Penn Engineering, (2016), Penn Engineering Web Pages, http://www.seas.upenn.edu/undergraduate/degrees/, Last accessed date: April 12, 2016. Varol, A., (2001), Communication Faculties and Problems, Selçuk Communication, Vol. 1, Number 4, January 2001, S: 3-9 (in Turkish) Varol, A., İlal, E., Aziz, A., Uğur, A., (2002), Distance Education and the Law about the Establishments of the Radio and Television Companies Numbered 3984, Maltepe University, Journal of Communication College, 2001/1, ISSN 1302-6615, S: 1-9. (In Turkish) Varol, A.; Çetin, D., (2004), The Meetings of the Deans of Communication Colleges (1-12), Firat University, Deanship of Communication Colleges, Publication number: 5, p. 415 (in Turkish). Varol, A., Varol, C., (2004), Distance Education Based on a Combination System of Internet and Television, 2nd International Communication in the Millennium, A Dialogue Between Turkish and American Scholars, In Cooperation with University of Texas at Austin, USA, Anatolia University and Istanbul University, March 17-19, 2004, Istanbul, p. 671-685 Varol, A., (2010), Distance Education Studies of Firat University, 10th International Educational Technology Conference & Exhibition, Proceedings CD, 26-28 April 2010, İstanbul,Turkey Short Biography of Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol Dr. Varol has established the first Local University s Television units in 1991 at Firat University. He had prepared many educational and cultural programs at that TV. He had given some distance education courses related to computer sciences between 1992 and 1997 using Firat TV. He was the founder Dean of Communication College at Firat University between 2000 and 2004. He has been a permanent member of Board of Deans of Communications Colleges since 2000. His research interests are communications, political sciences, public administration, and software engineering. He has been the Chair of Software Engineering Department at College of Technology of Firat University since 2011.