Electric bus sustainability, cost and customer performance in southeast Sweden Sven Borén, Phd student @ BTH within the GreenCharge project SEK/km 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2-25% Emission cost Fast Charger Extra battery cost Helping maintenance Planned maintenance Energy cost excl. VAT Investment cost Source: http://www.barometern.se/kalmar/tysta-elbussar-imponerade-pa-passagerarna/ Photo: Stefan Nilsson 0 Biogas bus (household waste) Biodiesel bus (RME) Diesel bus (5% FAME) Electric bus battery & 2 fast chargers) Electric bus battery & 1 fast charger) Hybrid bus battery) Plug in hybrid bus battery & 1 fast charger)
3 huge road (bus) traffic sustainability challenges Noise Today Sustainable future http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/fantasy-roto-arcade/firstdown-graham-brady-wilsons-inquiring-fantasyminds-161129890.html CO 2 NO X SO X PO 4 C 2 H 2 PM http://www.moitruongdulich.vn/en/index.php? itemid=2806 Oil dependency http://theallegiant.com/foreign-oil-dependency/
Bus study 1: lifecycle emissions Renewable fuels = CO 2 neutral Only new renewable electricity Green House Gas (CO 2 eqv. g/km) Acidification (SO 2 eqv. g/km) Eutrophication (PO 4 eqv. g/km) Photochemicals (C 2 H 2 mg/km) Particles (mg/km) Plug-in Laddhybrid (Biodiesel) (biodiesel Electric Elhybrid (Biodiesel) Electric Elhybrid (Diesel) Vind-el (inkl. Electric (incl. battery) batteri) Diesel (5% Diesel (5% FAME) FAME) Biodiesel Biodiesel (RME) (RME) Biogas Biogas (housewaste) (hushållsavfall 0 500 1000 0 10 20 0 1 2 3 0 200 400 0 100 User phase Extraction, production and distribution phase (Börjesson et al., 2010; Gode et al., 2012)
Bus study 1: Total Cost of Ownership in Karlskrona (2013-2020) SEK/km 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2-7% -25% -18% Emission cost Fast Charger Extra battery cost Helping maintenance Planned maintenance Energy cost excl. VAT Investment cost 0 Biogas bus (household waste) Biodiesel bus (RME) Diesel bus (5% FAME) Electric bus battery & 2 fast chargers) Electric bus battery & 1 fast charger) Hybrid bus battery) Plug in hybrid bus battery & 1 fast charger)
Bus study 2: Field testing in 8 municipalities Karlskrona, Kalmar, Jönköping, Borås, Lerum, Falun, Eskilstuna, Orust, Public transport authorities and Operators Nov-April in real life 2014-15: Verify calculations (energy) Noise, range, feedback Possibilities fast charging Show case and testing Ebusco 2.0: 12 meter, 90 passengers (45 seats) 311kWh battery => 300 km range Source: http://greencharge.se/aktiviteter/keolis-och-lanstrafiken-i-jonkoping-kor-nu-elbussen/ Photo: Stefan Nilsson
Bus studies: Electric bus benefits Electric = - 25% TCO (8 years) More sustainable and less pollutions if charged with new green electricity Low energy use (0,96 kwh/km urban, 0,88 rural) Less noise (-6 dba during acc.)! Passengers, drivers and other stakeholders Great possibilities to charging infrastructure (heavy traffic = 350-600kW, low = depots) Account for operator s risks Possible to run @ many lines today
Bus studies: Next possible step 2 year electric bus project in real traffic:? Business model between stakeholders? Actual risks for operators? Energy use throughout the whole year? Test charging infrastructure?
Bus study 1: Energy use kwh/km 10 Electric use 1,04 kwh/km Diesel heater excluded 8 6 4 2-80% E-D phase Use phase 0 Biogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric Hybrid Plug-in
Bus study 1: Total cost of ownership assumptions Calculations according to Net Present Value Price increase electric 6,24% per year enligt trend 10 år tillbaka Price increase oil 6,28% per year - Real interest rate 1% per year Price electric bus Price diesel bus 3,7 MSEK 2,4 MSEK Maintenance electric +15% (compared to diesel) Maintenance hybrid +25% - Battery change 1 within 8 years
Bus study part 2: Results energy use City traffic => 0,96 kwh/km (1,04kWh/ km=300km) Rural traffic @ Orust => 0,88 kwh/km Mixed traffic @ Lerum => between
Bus study part 2: Noise Passengers appreciates the silence Drive-by 30, 40, 50km/h => small differences Full throttle => much higher for diesel Acceleration => - 6dBA (US data)
Bus study part 2: Passenger s Feedback
Bus study part 2: Driver s & stakeholders Feedback 77 drivers in general Slow upphill (settings) Non driveline related - : no parking brake, too powerful brakes (settings), mirrors, only one stroller, etc Better driving performance than diesel/gas busses Reduce operator s risk (technical, education)
Bus study part 2: Charging infrastructure Great possibilities for fast charging (350-600 kwac) @ end/central stations for heavy traffic Slow charging (25-100 kwac) @ depots Ensure enough grid capabilities http://opbrid.info/gothenburg-reference-site
Mange takk! sven.boren@bth.se see you @ www.greencharge.se