УДК 327 ON THE ROLE OF HENRY KISSINDGER IN THE FIELD OF GLOBAL SECURITY Ашим Е.Қ., kmo_11@mail.ru Университет «Астана», Астана Научный руководитель к.п.н. А.Ж.Турханова Henry Kissinger - a famous American politician and political scientist. Born in the German city of Furth in family law-abiding and religious Jews of the middle class, which under threat of Nazi persecution in 1938 fled to America. Kissinger has successfully completed the 18
New York City College, received U.S. citizenship and was drafted into the U.S. Army. He served in Europe two years as a translator from German. Only in 1947 Kissinger transferred to the reserve and returned to America. [1] In 1950, he was graduated from Harvard College, with a Bachelor of Arts with a level difference summa cum laude ("with highest honor"). Kissinger's thesis work entitled The Meaning of History and, occupying 388 pages, is the longest undergraduate thesis at Harvard. New patron of Kissinger at Harvard was Professor W. Elliott- a historian, adviser of Roosevelt and several U.S. presidents, vice-president of the U.S. National Security Council, known for his anti-soviet fervor. In 1952 and 1954, respectively, Kissinger received an MA and Ph.D. at Harvard University. Kissinger's doctoral dissertation was entitled "Recycled Peace: Metternich, Castlereagh and the problems of the peace period 1812-1822 years" While still a student at Harvard University with a BA, Kissinger supported Elliott to organize in autumn 1950 Harvard International Seminar, whose goal was to bring young leaders around the world in the fight against communism in the Cold War, and enhance the impact of traditional Western values under the leadership of the United States. International Seminar attracted attention CIA, which supported the workshop and with the help of financial institutions for decades sponsored its growing budget. Kissinger taught this seminar every summer from 1951 to 1965, and in 1967, and was its director from 1951 to 1971. One such program was "the Defense Research Program", created in 1954 to advise the senior military officials and politicians. From 1958 to 1971, Kissinger served as director of the program. In 1955, Kissinger was an adviser to the Operations Coordinating Committee (Russian Operations Coordinating Board - Committee, reporting to the U.S. National Security Council, created by President Eisenhower in 1953 and the abolition of John F. Kennedy in 1961).[2] In 1955, Kissinger joined the research group of the Council on Foreign Relations United States. In 1957, he wrote and published a book, "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy." In it, he offered to give up the military-political doctrine of "massive retaliation" and move to a more flexible strategy for limited use of nuclear weapons. His initiative was recognized, called "the strategy of flexible response" and in 1960 became the official doctrine of NATO. In 1968 Richard Nixon won the presidential election in the United States, invited Henry Kissinger to be his "right hand" in foreign policy. The official post Kissinger called "presidential adviser on national security issues." Experienced White House staff incredibly surprised when suddenly, in the basement of the residence of the head of state is firmly established former German Jew with a 'bad' English pronunciation and with a group of young, active helpers. It was there, in the basement, and was later developed the famous strategy of détente. President Nixon approved the strategy, and two years later the world has changed. Major confrontation between East and West is gone. Instead, the United States has been able to establish relatively good trade and cultural relations with the Soviet Union and China. However, the core of this strategy, which is likely in Moscow and Beijing can only guess was to create conditions for the emergence of a real dissident movement. Including - and the recognition of the right of Jews to emigrate to Israel. It can be argued that the origins of the collapse of the Soviet empire was Kissinger. Of course, from the first sketches in the basement of the White House and before the collapse in 1991 of the Soviet Union was a long time and there were many highlights. This sprawling Jewish activity under the noses of the Kremlin, and exhausting arms race, fictitiously created by President Ronald Reagan (the program "Star Wars"), and the emergence of personal computers and the Internet. Start it all began in December 1968 - the first meeting is not yet in the position of the Nixon and rising star Henry Kissinger political science. In 1958 Harvard established the Center for International Relations (Russian Center for International Affairs), which became a direct channel for interaction between Washington and Harvard. This center prepares professionals required to meet the complex political and diplomatic missions. Kissinger was appointed assistant director of the center, and stayed in it 19
until 1960, played a major role in building the network of links between academics and policy makers in the center. Outside the academy Kissinger was a consultant of several government agencies, such as Operations Research Office (1951), Psychological Strategy Board (1952), Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the joint Chiefs of Staff (1959-1960), Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1961-1968 ) Corporation RAND (1961-1968), U.S. National Security Council (1961-1962), U.S. Department of State (1965-1968). In 1960, Henry Kissinger is considered one of the most recognized, respected and influential policy experts in the world. Kissinger supported Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York, and was his adviser when he was nominated for the presidency by the Republicans (1960, 1964, 1968). Historians call Nelson Rockefeller the third patron of Kissinger. In late 1968 the newly elected President Richard Nixon chose Kissinger as his National Security Advisor, and after Nixon's inauguration in January 1969 Kissinger officially took office. For their service and their work, as well as a symbol of friendship and gratitude, Rockefeller encourages Kissinger Prize of $ 50,000. From that point Kissinger asserts itself in the corridors of the White House and becomes independent of the mentors and patrons, continuing still keep in touch with the Rockefellers. He is a trustee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Rockefeller adviser owned bank Chase Manhattan Bank (modern Chase), and a member of Chase's International Advisory Committee Henry Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Richard Nixon. It was the first time that one person held two such positions simultaneously. As a supporter of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in U.S. foreign policy in 1969-1977 years. Nixon, with the active participation of Kissinger, centralized management of U.S. foreign policy. Kissinger complicated structure of the National Security Council, created a number of subordinate committees and increased staff. National Security Council, close to the President through Kissinger got more power and began to replace and displace in handling foreign policy challenges the U.S. Department of State which Nixon did not trust. In this system all the power and information concentrated in the hands of National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. President Ford dismissed Kissinger from the post of National Security Adviser, appointed in his place General Brent Scowcroft, but it did not reduce the real power in Kissinger's administration. During his political activities Kissinger has always been at the center of negotiations, the U.S. and the USSR, China, Japan, Israel, Egypt, North Vietnam and other countries. Kissinger initiated the policy of detente, which has led to a significant reduction of tension in US-Soviet relations. Kissinger organized a U.S. rapprochement with China, having played an important role in the negotiations with the U.S. premier Zhou Enlai in 1971. The negotiations culminated in the formation of a new anti-soviet US-China bloc. Kissinger also support of the idea of anticommunist regimes in South America, particularly in Chile, Pinochet's coup in 1973. In 1973, Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the achievement of the Paris Peace Agreement, which terminated at the time of the Vietnam War, and, as expected, was to complete it. As national security adviser, Henry Kissinger led the project in 1974 National Security Study Memorandum 200, which caused a lot of controversy. In the 2000s, have been declassified and published historical documents that open nature of the foreign policy of the U.S. in mid of XX century. Series of documents called «Foreign Relations of the United States» and were published on history.state.gov (Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State.) As National Security Advisor under Nixon, Kissinger was the founder and ideologist policy of détente, aimed at reducing aggressive opposition of the socialist and capitalist camps. One element of this policy were talks on strategic arms limitation with the General Secretary of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev, the result of which was the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Arms, signed in 1972. In the same year were signed the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti- 20
Ballistic Missile, the Interim Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the specific measures to limit strategic offensive weapons, and the Biological Weapons Convention. And in 1973, "The main principles of the negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States of America on the further limitation of strategic offensive arms." treaty was signed. Negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union continued the spring of 1973 were signed "The main principles of the negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States of America on the further limitation of strategic offensive arms," and in the summer, at a summit in Washington, DC - "Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War." Negotiations Kissinger and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko led to the second visit of Nixon to Moscow in 1974, when sides had signed a preliminary agreement to ban nuclear weapons tests. At the time of Ford administration Kissinger continued to play a central role in U.S. foreign policy toward the Soviet Union. He was a key part of the negotiations between Ford and Leonid Brezhnev at the summit in Vladivostok in 1974 and in Helsinki in 1975. In Vladivostok Ford discussed with Brezhnev the issue of strategic arms limitation later in Helsinki was signed. The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the "Helsinki Accords". While still a candidate, Richard Nixon argued that the U.S. and the world will benefit from closer relations with China. He thought it was an inner necessity because of the size and the inevitable influence of China. In addition, China could be a good counterweight to the Soviet Union. This opinion was held by Henry Kissinger, who even invented a new term: "trilateral diplomacy". From the beginning of his presidency, Nixon sought channels to start negotiations with China. The first attempts of negotiations took place in secrecy. Nixon and Kissinger had concealed their intention to relations with China, not only from the public but also from the Department of State. Since the summer of 1969, during the 2 years between Nixon and Kissinger, on the one hand, and Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong on the other, exchanged messages through intermediaries, foreign ambassadors, presidents of friendly states, the National Security Council, which reports to Kissinger. The result of this interaction was Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing on 9-11 July 1971. In meetings with the Prime Minister of the State Council Zhou Enlai, Kissinger negotiated a future visit Nixon in China and discussed the issues that interested both sides. The main condition of warming relations for China was withdrawal of U.S. troops from the territory of Taiwan, and the recognition of its part of the PRC. His visit to China, Kissinger initiated a more open communication between the U.S. and China. July 15, 1971. In the military conflict in Indochina, called Second Indochina War, Kissinger was involved prior to his appointment as National Security Advisor, President Nixon. While still at Harvard, Kissinger served as a consultant on foreign policy as the White House and the Department of State. In August 1965, Henry Lodge, an old friend of Henry Kissinger, who was then ambassador in Saigon, asked him to visit Vietnam as his consultant. Kissinger went to Vietnam for two weeks in October and November 1965, followed by another 10 days in July 1966, and a third time for few days in October 1966. Later, Kissinger was a mediator between Washington and Hanoi in the negotiations for the restoration of peace.[3] Although early life of Kissinger was difficult, but he won all of them. In Harvard when he had been student, he proved that he was very young and perspective diplomat. In his education helped his teachers. But he surpassed them. While his role in the security of country grew up, in his personal life was some difficulties. In spite of this he continued his diplomatic duties. During his visit to China Kissinger initiated a more open communication between the USA and China. It was very important for both countries. He restored not only relation with China. We could say with Japan, Israel, Egypt, North Vietnam. Especially relation with Vietnam. So my point of view about Kissinger: He independently reached his dream. He was important 21
thread between the USA and Russia and in Paris friendly agreement. His role in global security of world is incredibly important. He was and will be one of the legendary diplomats. Reference 1. Генри Альфред Киссинджер http://www.politnauka.org/person/kissinger.php 2. Киссинджер, Генри http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd%d 0% B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8 3. КИССИНДЖЕР, ГЕНРИ АЛЬФРЕД (ХайнцКиссингер) http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/kissinger/