TEST NAME: EARTH HISTORY TEST ID: GRADE:08 SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom

TEST NAME: EARTH HISTORY TEST ID: 194749 GRADE:08 SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom EARTH HISTORY Page 1 of 69

Student: Class: Date: 1. Rock layers with seashells are found on top of a mountain much higher than sea level. Which most likely caused this? A. deposition B. erosion C. fault 2. The picture shows an ammonite fossil on the left. On the right, it shows how the animal may have looked 160 million years ago. According to the ammonite s characteristics, which modern animals would most likely be the relatives of ammonites? A. squids and octopi B. whales and porpoises C. lizards and turtles D. shrimp and crabs 3. A rock cliff of parallel rock layers is slanted at an angle. What is this most likely evidence of? A. deposition B. erosion C. fault EARTH HISTORY Page 2 of 69

4. Which can scientists most likely conclude from discovering tropical plant fossils at the North Pole? A. Temperatures at the North Pole were once much warmer. B. Only a few species of plants used to grow at the North Pole. C. Ancient plants mutated to survive in the cold polar climate of the North Pole. D. Higher levels of carbon dioxide once existed in the atmosphere at the North Pole. 5. Scientists are able to conclude that a forested ecosystem existed in Antarctica millions of years ago by studying A. the current climate. B. the fossil record. C. glacial movement. D. seafloor spreading. 6. A geologist found 600 year old sediments below a particular rock layer. Which will the geologist most likely find above the rock layer? A. 450 year old sediments B. 600 year old sediments C. 650 year old sediments D. 1,000 year old sediments 7. The radioactive isotope content of a rock can be used to identify which property of the rock? A. the total mass of the rock B. the rate at which the rock formed C. the types of fossils that the rock contains D. the amount of time passed since the rock formed 8. How are igneous rocks formed? A. by hardening and cementing of layers of sediments B. by cooling and hardening of molten rocks from inside the Earth C. when existing rocks change by heat and pressure into new kinds of rocks EARTH HISTORY Page 3 of 69

9. The diagram shows layers of rock, A, B, C, D, and igneous intrusion E. A, B, C, D, and E most likely formed in which sequence? A. First Last D C B E A B. C. First Last A B C D E First Last E D C B A D. First Last A E B C D 10. Which statement is most accurate regarding fossils? A. Fossils found in upper layers of a rock section are generally older than those below it. B. Fossils are an indicator of ancient environmental conditions. C. Absolute ages of fossils are determined by using carbon dating technology. D. Marine organisms with hard body parts rarely become fossils. EARTH HISTORY Page 4 of 69

11. This diagram shows fossils from different eras of geologic time. Which index fossil would indicate the oldest rock? A. Venericardia planicosta B. Nerinea trinodosa C. Paradoxides pinus 12. The fossil record can be used to study the organisms that have lived on Earth. If a rock containing fossils is being studied without the surrounding layers, which can be most likely be determined by studying this layer? A. the organisms that lived together during this time period B. the length of time a species lived before becoming extinct C. the development of a plant over time based on the fossil remains D. the change in the climate of Earth from one time period to another 13. In what type of rock would a geologist most likely find evidence of ancient life? A. sedimentary B. foliated C. metamorphic D. volcanic EARTH HISTORY Page 5 of 69

14. Based on the law of superposition, which best describes the ages of four undisturbed rock layers relative to one another? A. All of the layers of rock were deposited at about the same time and are about the same age. B. The youngest rock layer is found on top, and the older layers are closer to the center of Earth. C. The oldest rock layer is found on top, and the younger layers are closer to the center of Earth. D. The youngest rock layer is found on the bottom, followed by the oldest layer, and then younger layers. 15. The figure below shows a wall of the Grand Canyon. The most recent rocks of the Grand Canyon formed during which geologic period? A. Permian B. Devonian C. Cambrian D. Precambrian EARTH HISTORY Page 6 of 69

16. Fossil remains of a trilobite are most likely to be found in which type of rock? A. igneous B. volcanic C. sedimentary D. metamorphic 17. Which best describes the relationship between rock layers and index fossils? A. Different rock layers contain only specific species of index fossils. B. Different rock layers can be compared to determine the exact age of index fossils. C. Different rock layers can be determined to be the same exact age if they contain the same index fossils. D. Different rock layers can be determined to be the same relative age if they contain the same index fossils. 18. Which conclusion can be made when observing multiple undisturbed layers of rock? A. The shallow layers are older than the deeper layers. B. The deeper layers are older than the shallow layers. C. The deeper layers are younger than the shallow layers. D. The shallow layers are the same age as the deeper layers. EARTH HISTORY Page 7 of 69

19. The diagram below shows the Earth s crustal plates. Which natural occurrence is the direct result of tectonic plate movement? A. earthquake B. hurricane C. tornado 20. Which describes uranium use for radioactive dating? A. Uranium is a strongly radioactive substance that breaks down at a fast and steady pace which cannot be altered by temperature or pressure. B. Uranium is a strongly radioactive substance that breaks down at a fast and unsteady pace which can be altered by temperature or pressure. C. Uranium is a mildly radioactive substance that breaks down at a slow and steady pace which cannot be altered by temperature or pressure. EARTH HISTORY Page 8 of 69

21. Use this geologic profile to answer the following question. Which of the following best describes the fossil at Point 3 when compared with the fossils at Points 1 and 2? A. The fossil at Point 3 is less common. B. The fossil at Point 3 is smaller. C. The fossil at Point 3 is older. D. The fossil at Point 3 is more complex. 22. What can ice cores most accurately tell you about Earth s history for a given location? A. the climate at that time B. the plants that grew at that time C. the animals that lived at that time 23. Students are observing two fossils in a lab. They are told by the teacher that the fossils were found in different rock layers. What can the students most likely determine from just observing the fossils? A. how each organism died B. the exact age of the fossils C. when the fossils were discovered D. the type of environment in which the organisms lived 24. A scientist finds an index fossil in layers of rock in both Africa and South America. What does this indicate about the ages of the rocks? A. The African rock is older. B. The South American rock is older. C. The rocks are younger than the fossils. D. The rocks are approximately the same age. EARTH HISTORY Page 9 of 69

25. Fossils were discovered in four different sedimentary rock layers as shown below. Which best describes the age of the fish relative to the age of the fern and the age of the shell? A. The fish is older than both the fern and the shell. B. The fish is younger than both the fern and the shell. C. The fish is older than the fern, but younger than the shell. D. The fish is younger than the fern, but older than the shell. 26. The discovery of fossilized coral reefs on land is evidence that A. salt water changes coral into fossils. B. the reefs formed in a freshwater lake. C. the sea level has changed over time. D. coral reefs can form on dry land. 27. Which best explains the use of radioactive dating? A. to determine the presence of index fossils B. to determine the relative age of a rock layer C. to determine the absolute age of a rock layer D. to determine changes in the surface of the Earth EARTH HISTORY Page 10 of 69

28. The diagram shows carbon dioxide levels preserved in an ice core. Which process most likely accounts for the major increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over time? A. increased deforestation B. decreased deforestation C. increased use of fossil fuels D. decreased use of fossil fuels 29. Which of these would help determine the changes in a plant species over geologic time? A. examining the number of plants in a given area B. examining the type of animals that eat the plant C. examining the type of seeds the plant produces D. examining the fossil record of the plant EARTH HISTORY Page 11 of 69

30. Which best describes how ice cores can provide scientists with evidence for climate change over a period of time? A. Ice cores form only during ice ages. B. Dark rings in the ice core indicate climate change. C. The temperature of the ice core is lower in layers formed when temperature is colder. D. The concentration of gases in the ice core indicate colder or warmer temperatures. 31. The rock layers below were dated using the radioactive decay method. Layer W X Y Z Age of Layer 50,000 years old 150,000 years old 75,000 years old 20,000 years old If the layers have been undisturbed, which best represents their arrangement from bottom to top? A. W, X, Y, Z B. X, Y, W, Z C. Z, W, Y, X D. Z, Y, X, W 32. An ice core shows increasing levels of carbon dioxide over the last 100 years. Which best explains the high levels of carbon dioxide found in the ice core? A. Temperatures over the last century have been growing colder. B. Temperatures over the last century have been growing warmer. C. The region was covered by seawater at some time in the last century. D. The region has received higher amounts of precipitation over the last century. EARTH HISTORY Page 12 of 69

33. Which are scientists most likely to use to estimate the age of Earth? A. rock layers B. soil samples C. organic fossils D. water samples 34. Fossils of the fern Glossopteris have been found in the continents of South America, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica. The seeds of this fern were too small to be dispersed by wind. Which is best indicated by the presence of Glossopteris fossils on these continents? A. Glossopteris was versatile enough to adapt to all climates. B. The landmasses were joined together in pre historic times. C. Fossils were much better preserved in the southern continents. D. The northern climate regions were not suitable for plant growth. 35. Which provides the best evidence of Earth s changing climate? A. ice cores B. volcanic ash C. metamorphic rocks D. sediment in river beds 36. A rock sample is arranged in four undisturbed layers, W, X, Y and Z, as shown in the diagram below. Which is most likely true about the layers according to the law of superposition? W X Y Z A. W is the oldest rock layer and Z is the youngest rock layer. B. W is the youngest rock layer and Z is the oldest rock layer. C. X is the youngest rock layer and W is the oldest rock layer. D. X is the oldest rock layer and Y is the oldest rock layer. EARTH HISTORY Page 13 of 69

37. Evidence of extensive glaciation has been suggested as an explanation for extinctions at the end of the Permian period. Such glaciation could have disrupted ocean ecosystems by producing which effect? A. steep drop in ocean salinity and density B. steep drop in ocean volume and area C. increased exposure of oceans to ultraviolet radiation D. increased exposure of tsunamis to ocean life 38. A scientist drew some diagrams of ancestors of elephants based on fossil evidence. Which is the best conclusion that can be made from comparing the diagrams? A. Elephant species have changed over time. B. Ancient elephants were better adapted than modern elephants. C. Elephant habitats have remained the same over time. D. Elephant fossil evidence is widespread and complete. 39. What can be shown by the folding, breaking, and uplifting of some rock layers? A. The oldest layers are always on top. B. The oldest layers are never on bottom. C. The youngest layers are always on top. D. The youngest layers are not always on top. 40. Through relative dating, the age of a rock was determined to be between 15,000 and 25,000 years old. How long should the half life be of the radioactive element used to date the rock layer? A. Five thousand years B. One million years C. Five million years EARTH HISTORY Page 14 of 69

41. Which characteristic of an index fossil makes it most useful in relative dating of rock layers and other fossils? A. They are found only in a few areas. B. Their existence on Earth was brief. C. They are preserved in perfect condition. D. They are usually found in certain kinds of rock. 42. A fossil discovered in Colorado dates from the early Mesozoic Era. A year later a similar fossil is found in Wyoming that also dates from the early Mesozoic Era. These two organisms most likely lived in A. the same environment at about the same time. B. the same environment at different times. C. different environments at about the same time. D. different environments at different times. 43. Which generalization can be made about the relative age of a fossil found in a sedimentary rock bed? A. The fossil is younger than the rock layer above it. B. The fossil was formed before the rock layer that contains it. C. The fossil and the rock were formed in different environments. D. The fossil was formed around the same time as the rock that contains it. 44. A rock formation stands like a statue in the middle of a desert surrounded by plants. Which would it most likely be? A. igneous rock B. limestone C. sandstone EARTH HISTORY Page 15 of 69

45. Scientists discovered fossils of different organisms in some layers of rock. Organism 5 was discovered in the uppermost layer. The scientists wanted to determine if Organism 5 was related to other organisms found in older layers of rock. They compared physical traits and DNA similarities from all the fossils. Some of their results are shown in the table. Based on the table, which organism is most likely an ancestor of Organism 5? A. Organism 1 B. Organism 2 C. Organism 3 D. Organism 4 46. Which characteristic of an extinct organism makes it best suited to be used as an index fossil? A. an organism whose fossils show evolutionary change over time B. an organism that was common only in specific types of environments C. an organism that was commonly fossilized during a specific period of time D. an organism whose fossils are found in rocks ranging in age from ancient to recent times 47. Paleontologists are scientists who study evidence of past life on Earth. Which method do paleontologists most likely use to determine the forms of life that existed millions of years ago? A. examine current species of plants and animals B. research past species in the library C. interview older scientists D. examine fossils records 48. During an investigation observed by two scientists, an electrical current failed to cause a light bulb to shine. One scientist suggested that the battery was too weak. The other scientist suggested that the wire used in the investigation was a poor conductor. Because each scientist offered different ideas about what occurred, it is most likely the A. investigation was flawed because there are different explanations. B. scientists have different educational backgrounds. C. investigation needs to be repeated as soon as possible. D. scientists have both offered probable explanations. EARTH HISTORY Page 16 of 69

49. A complete fossil has been found of a type of bird that cannot be identified. What can most likely be determined about the bird from the fossil? A. The bird lived for a very short time. B. The bird lived in a dry environment. C. The bird existed at one time but is now extinct. D. The bird was not well preserved during the process of fossilization. 50. A road cut shows a layer of shale on top of a layer of limestone. This indicates A. the shale layer is older than the limestone layer. B. a fault occurred during the deposition of the layers. C. the environment changed between the times of deposition. D. volcanic activity occurred when these layers were deposited. 51. What is the best description for how trace fossils are different from fossils of an organism s remains? A. Trace fossils are fossilized tracks and other evidences of an organism s activity. B. Trace fossils are fossilized waste of an animal. C. Trace fossils are parts of the original organism. 52. Several different fossils were found in rock layers in a geologic column. Above these rock layers, the fossils were almost nonexistent. Which most likely explains these observations? A. A nonconformity occurred. B. All the organisms migrated. C. A period of mass extinction occurred. 53. For many years scientists thought that dinosaurs rapidly replaced their ancestors. New information shows that dinosaurs and their non dinosaur ancestors may have existed together for tens of millions of years. Which evidence most likely made it possible to support the idea that dinosaurs and their ancestors coexisted for millions of years? A. Fewer fossils were found of amphibians than of dinosaurs. B. More fossils found were of larger organisms than of dinosaurs. C. Herbivore bones were found in each rock layer. D. Bones of three different species were found in the same rock layer. EARTH HISTORY Page 17 of 69

54. A certain fossil (Y) is found in a layer of rock that lies between two index fossils, X and Z. Surprisingly, the older of the index fossils (Z) is found above the other fossils, suggesting that the rock layer has overturned. Which dating method is best to confirm the rock layer has overturned by determining the ages of these fossils? A. anatomical comparison B. gene sequencing C. radiometric analysis D. fossil depth measurement 55. Which evidence would best indicate that four legged land animals might have a fish ancestor? A. fossils of fish with four fins B. fossils of land animals found in ancient lake beds C. fossils of fish found in cliffs above any present day water levels D. fossils of fish with bones on their fins arranged like bones of land animals 56. Scientists are analyzing a recently unearthed fossil using radiometric dating techniques. Twenty five percent of the original uranium 235 in the sample has decayed into lead 207. Isotope Half Lifes Parent Isotope Stable Daughter Product Currently Accepted Half Life Values Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.5 billion years Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years Thorium 232 Lead 208 14.0 billion years Scientists determine that the fossil is most likely from which Paleozoic period? A. Permian B. Devonian C. Silurian D. Cambrian EARTH HISTORY Page 18 of 69

57. Brachiopods are marine invertebrates. The drawing shows fossilized brachiopods and modern brachiopods. The fossilized brachiopods lived thousands of years ago and have gone extinct. Modern brachiopods are alive today. What can be concluded by examining the drawings of the brachiopods? A. Marine species change faster than freshwater species. B. The fossil record provides evidence that species can change over time. C. Invertebrates become fossilized more readily than other types of organisms. D. Any change to the living conditions of an organism will cause its extinction. 58. Around which landforms can scientists most likely find igneous rocks? A. cliffs B. faults C. mountains D. volcanoes 59. An investigator finds a seashell fossil in a sedimentary rock layer. The investigator concludes that this organism lived at that exact location. A second researcher interprets the evidence in a different way and states this organism lived a long distance away. Which statement best explains how this individual organism could have lived elsewhere as proposed by the second researcher? A. The organism was a member of a species found in many locations. B. The organism evolved over time to survive in a different environment. C. Water currents dragged the organism s remains to their current location before fossilization. D. Predators carried the fossil to new locations as their movement patterns changed. 60. Which are most closely associated with volcanic activity, plate tectonics, and seafloor spreading? A. fossils B. mountains C. igneous rocks D. sedimentary rocks EARTH HISTORY Page 19 of 69

61. A student is visiting a local limestone quarry and finds fossils of seashells. The quarry is located hundreds of miles from the ocean. The fossils best indicate that A. this area was once below sea level. B. global temperature changed over time. C. erosion took place after a flood. D. volcanic activity affected the area. 62. Which data can be directly determined by studying ice core samples? A. changes in plant life B. changes in animal life C. changes in climate patterns D. changes in energy resources 63. Four fossils were discovered and identified according to the rock layer in which each was found. Which is the youngest fossil? A. fish B. shell C. bone D. fern leaf EARTH HISTORY Page 20 of 69

64. The study of plate tectonics is most associated with which physical feature throughout Earth s history? A. lakes B. faults C. rivers 65. Which method of radioactive dating would be most useful in determining the age of a human fossil? A. carbon 14 method B. uranium lead method C. potassium argon method D. rubidium strontium method 66. Which method would be best for scientists to use to determine the absolute age of a Precambrian igneous rock? A. index fossils B. law of superposition C. radiometric dating D. law of original horizontality 67. The half life of potassium 40 is 1.3 billion years. An igneous rock is found with 25% potassium 40. What is the absolute age of this rock? A. 1.3 billion years B. 2.6 billion years C. 3.9 billion years D. 5.2 billion years 68. Which best explains how thrust faults appear to violate the law of superposition? A. Older layers of rock are moved onto younger layers of rock. B. Younger layers of rock are moved onto older layers of rock. C. Less dense layers of rock are moved onto more dense layers of rock. D. More dense layers of rock are moved onto less dense layers of rock. EARTH HISTORY Page 21 of 69

69. Which best describes the process of igneous rock formation? A. Igneous rocks form from the weathering and erosion of other rocks. B. Igneous rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. C. Igneous rocks form from the effects of heat and pressure on other rocks. D. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma inside the Earth and the cooling of lava on the surface of the Earth. 70. Scientists studied the teeth on the fossils of an ancient fish. The oldest fossils indicate the fish mostly ate plankton. The teeth on more recent fossils indicate the fish began to eat larger plants. Which hypothesis does this observation best support? A. Over time, the fish grew considerably in size. B. Over time, the fish occupied different ecological niches. C. Over time, the fish changed from living in saltwater to living in freshwater. D. Over time, the fish changed from a primary consumer to a secondary consumer. 71. Which best describes the criteria necessary for a fossil to be used as an index fossil? A. The fossil must be from a mammal. B. The fossil must be found both in rock layers on the land and in rock layers under the oceans. C. The fossil must be found in areas on Earth and must be from an organism that lived for a relatively short time span. D. The fossil must be found in at least three different types of sedimentary rock layers and at least two different types of igneous rock layers. EARTH HISTORY Page 22 of 69

72. When two fish die, Fish A sinks to the bottom of a lake and Fish B washes up on the rocky lake shore. Why is a fossil more likely to form from the body of Fish A than from the body of Fish B? A. Soft parts of the fish will decay more quickly in the water. B. Sediments in the water will quickly cover the fish. C. Scavengers in the water will eat the remains of the fish. D. Currents in the water will move the fish. 73. Paleontologists construct a model of a dinosaur from its fossil bones and teeth. The fossil bones and teeth can help the paleontologists to infer all of the following about the dinosaur except A. height of the dinosaur. B. type of food the dinosaur ate. C. length of the dinosaur. D. skin color of the dinosaur. 74. Rich beds of marine fossils have been found in Florida. By dating these fossils, scientists can best determine A. when Florida collided with the North American continent. B. the date when organisms moved onto dry land. C. the period during which Florida was covered in water. D. when the atmosphere of Earth was more humid than it is today. EARTH HISTORY Page 23 of 69

75. This photograph of a canyon wall shows several layers as indicated by the arrows. Which distinction between these rock layers is indicated by the relative positions of the rock layers in the canyon wall? A. their composition B. their rate of erosion C. which types of organisms can live among them D. which forces of erosion are acting on them 76. Which makes a good index fossil? A. a fossil not commonly found in rocks B. a fossil that lived throughout geologic time C. a fossil that lived during three geologic time periods D. a fossil that lived during only one geologic time period 77. A sample of soil contains many igneous rocks. Which feature was most likely nearby? A. river B. forest C. desert D. volcano EARTH HISTORY Page 24 of 69

78. By which method have scientists determined that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old? A. plate tectonics B. relative dating C. radioactive dating D. law of superposition 79. What type of rock most likely contains index fossils? A. metamorphic B. sedimentary C. intrusive igneous D. extrusive igneous 80. Which of these provides the best evidence that the distribution of Earth s oceans has changed over time? A. hot spots on ocean floors B. seismic activity along plate boundaries C. sediment buildup on continental slope D. marine fossils found on land masses 81. Which best explains the significance of the trilobite as an index fossil? A. They were the first fossils to be discovered. B. They are fossils that represent many different life forms. C. They were the only fossils found outside the United States. D. They are fossils that indicate a certain era in geologic time. 82. Which best describes a fossil that helps determine the relative age of a rock layer? A. trace fossil B. index fossil C. radioactive fossil D. unconformity fossil EARTH HISTORY Page 25 of 69

83. Which environmental condition most likely existed at the time a fossil formed? A. Organism remains were deposited in an area of open space. B. Organism remains were covered by lava flow. C. Organism remains were buried with little oxygen. D. Organism remains were buried in an area where a lot of erosion occurred. 84. Which part of Earth s history is best shown by analysis of ice cores? A. changes in climate B. changes in plant growth C. changes in the amounts of precipitation D. changes in the formation of rock layers 85. Which characteristic of carbon 14 dating helps scientists determine the approximate time a species became extinct? A. Carbon 14 is not present in more recent fossils. B. Carbon 14 increases at a constant rate over time. C. Carbon 14 decreases at a constant rate over time. D. Carbon 14 can only be found in fossils of a certain period. 86. What is the relative age of an igneous rock intrusion between domed layers of sedimentary rock? A. It is older than the sedimentary rock. B. It is younger than the sedimentary rock. C. It is the same age as the sedimentary rock. EARTH HISTORY Page 26 of 69

87. The diagram below shows several sedimentary rock layers containing index fossils. Which layer contains the oldest fossils? A. Layer 1 B. Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. Layer 4 88. Researchers are investigating whether dinosaurs were endothermic like birds. Which evidence from the fossil record could be effectively compared with modern day evidence to support this hypothesis? A. similarities in bone structure B. seasonal shifts in food supply C. consumption of the same plant species D. tree rings indicating the return of a similar climate EARTH HISTORY Page 27 of 69

89. Four sedimentary rock layers are cut by an igneous rock intrusion as shown below. Which best describes the relative age of the igneous rock intrusion in comparison to the ages of the four sedimentary rock layers? A. The igneous rock intrusion is older than sedimentary rock layers W, X, Y, and Z. B. The igneous rock intrusion is younger than sedimentary rock layers W, X, Y, and Z. C. The igneous rock intrusion is older than sedimentary rock layer W and younger than sedimentary rock layers X, Y, and Z. D. The igneous rock intrusion is younger than sedimentary rock layer W and older than sedimentary rock layers X, Y, and Z. 90. What evidence do fossils provide geologists about the history of the Earth? A. Living things have remained the same over time. B. Environmental conditions have changed over time. C. The amount of water on Earth has changed over time. D. Environmental conditions have remained the same over time. EARTH HISTORY Page 28 of 69

91. A sedimentary rock found in a hillside is identified as sandstone. Which can most likely be concluded about the hillside? A. The hillside was once a volcano. B. The region was once covered with water. C. There were no living organisms that ever lived near the hillside. D. Heat and pressure inside the earth helped form the rock layers of the region. 92. The K T boundary is the geologic stratum that separates the Cretaceous period, which ended sixty five million years ago with the extinction of the dinosaurs, from the Tertiary period. A student reads the following statement: Despite the fact that iridium is much less abundant on Earth than gold, clay located at the K T boundary contains at least twice as much iridium as gold. How does this statement support the theory that an asteroid impacted Earth about sixty five million years ago? A. by supporting the hypothesis that an asteroid impact would change Earth s climate B. by providing evidence that the iridium was toxic to the species on Earth at that time C. by providing evidence that the iridium came from a source outside the Earth system D. by supporting the hypothesis that an asteroid impact would alter Earth s landmass 93. The diagram represents fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils in Sedimentary Layers Fossil Age Fossil Name Fossil Description 12 thousand years Mammoth long haired mammal, terrestrial 220 million years Archaeopteryx reptile like bird, terrestrial 480 million years Isotelus insect like arthropod, marine Describe the environment in which the mammoth most likely lived. Describe how the climate most likely changed between 220 million and 12 thousand years ago. Explain the most likely effect of the climate change on the environment. Explain what most likely happened to the archaeopteryx as a result of the change in climate. 94. Which statement below best explains why several fossils of sea organisms were discovered buried deep in an area of dry land? A. The fossils changed locations. B. The area had a shift in climate. C. The land was once underwater. D. A glacier once covered the area. EARTH HISTORY Page 29 of 69

95. A paleontologist observes similar reptiles in the same rock layers in a cliff and none in rock layers above. Which is the most likely explanation from this observation? A. The continents separated. B. The reptiles moved to a new area. C. The reptiles evolved into a new species. 96. The diagram below shows the Earth s crustal plates. Which term describes the hot, soft layer of rock on which tectonic plates move? A. asthenosphere B. hemisphere C. lithosphere EARTH HISTORY Page 30 of 69

97. The Key Largo limestone makes up the islands of the Florida Keys. This rock layer formed between 2 million years ago and 10,000 years ago. It is composed of fossil coral, marine plant fossils, and fossil invertebrate shells. Which statement correctly explains why this rock layer is now above sea level? A. Earth s climate was colder at times during the past 2 million years. B. Earth s climate was warmer at times during the past 2 million years. C. It has been pushed above sea level by volcanic activity during the past 2000 years. D. It has been pushed above sea level by tectonic plate activity during the past 2000 years. 98. Which is most likely to provide information about the Earth s past climates? A. ice cores B. volcanoes C. fossil record 99. Throughout Earth s history, there have been fractures in rock formations caused by shifting of the crust. What are these called? A. dikes B. sills C. faults 100. Why are fossils most likely found in sedimentary rock samples? A. More plants and animal species grow on sedimentary rocks. B. Sedimentary rocks preserve fossils with intense heat and pressure. C. Sedimentary rocks are formed in layers that trap the material for fossilization. D. Sedimentary rocks are much stronger than igneous or metamorphic rocks and protect the samples. 101. Which is the most accurate method scientists can use to estimate Earth s age? A. relativism B. superposition C. relative dating D. radioactive dating EARTH HISTORY Page 31 of 69

102. Why are sedimentary rocks more useful than other rocks for finding evidence of the Earth s history? A. High heat melts the rock, trapping fossils inside. B. Minerals left behind by moving water seal and protect fossil remains. C. The composition of sedimentary rocks prevents them from being weathered and eroded. D. The composition of sedimentary rocks protects the fossils and prevents them from being melted by magma. 103. The diagram shows where fossils of two organisms were found in rock layers. Which conclusion does this diagram best support? A. The earthquake that caused the fault most likely killed both organisms because the fossils formed during the time of the earthquake. B. The fault formed while Organism X was living and after Organism Y had died because the fault is located between the two fossils. C. Both organisms lived at the same time because the fossils they formed were found in rock layers of about the same depth. D. Organism Y lived before Organism X because Organism Y was found in an older rock layer. 104. How can scientists best determine when an ancient species became extinct? A. by analyzing the DNA of the species B. by examining existing species with similar traits C. by studying the history of meteor collisions with Earth D. by organizing the rock layers in which the fossils were found EARTH HISTORY Page 32 of 69

105. A geologist uncovered a fossil while digging in the side of a hill. He hypothesized that it was most likely from the end of the Paleozoic Era or the beginning of the Mesozoic Era. How old would the fossil have to be dated in order to support his hypothesis? A. 100 million years old B. 225 million years old C. 400 million years old D. 550 million years old 106. In what type of rock is an index fossil most likely found? A. igneous B. volcanic C. sedimentary D. metamorphic 107. Radioactive dating is used to study which element in igneous and metamorphic rocks? A. carbon B. krypton C. uranium EARTH HISTORY Page 33 of 69

108. Which of these provides the best evidence that the environment of Earth has changed over millions of years? A. active migration of sand dunes B. polished appearance of rock surfaces C. marine fossils found in mountains D. bones of animals found on the ground 109. The diagram below shows the rock layers found in a particular area. Which conclusion could a scientist make about the area by looking at the diagram? A. The rock layers cannot contain any fossils because they would have been destroyed by the magma flows. B. The rock layers are broken by many fault lines, and earthquakes have occurred here frequently throughout history. C. The numerous igneous intrusions are relatively young layers in the area, and are pushing through much older rock layers. D. The numerous igneous intrusions are relatively old layers in the area, and prove the volcano has existed for millions of years. 110. Radioactive dating is used to study which element in igneous and metamorphic rocks? A. barium B. krypton C. uranium EARTH HISTORY Page 34 of 69

111. Which is the best example of an index fossil? A. corals found in rock layers worldwide B. dinosaur bones found only in Australia C. footprints of different types of dinosaurs D. casts of bird feathers found in all layers of rock in an area 112. This picture shows the supercontinent of Pangaea. Which best describes the pattern of movement indicated by the first split in Pangaea? A. The first split was east from west. B. The first split was north from south. C. The first split was a shattering breakup into many pieces. EARTH HISTORY Page 35 of 69

113. Through relative dating, a geologist finds a fossil that is approximately 10,000 years old. Which radioactive element would the geologist most likely use to accurately calculate the fossil s age? A. gallium 67 with a half life of 78 hours B. carbon 14 with a half life of 5,700 years C. plutonium 238 with a half life of 88 years D. iodine 129 with a half life of 16 million years 114. Paleontologists have found hundreds of fossils of tropical plants in cool, dry areas of North America. Which is most likely indicated by fossil discoveries like these? A. Glacial movement carried fossils to different places. B. Some tropical plants can grow in moderate climates. C. The climate in different areas on Earth has changed over time. D. Ancient people carried plants with them as they traveled to new locations. 115. A habitat from the geologic past is being reconstructed. A researcher hypothesizes that the area was inhabited by small rodents. Which discovery would most likely cause the researcher to change the hypothesis? A. different soil layers B. fossils of marine organisms C. bones of small animals D. evidence of sandstone formation EARTH HISTORY Page 36 of 69

116. Which type of rock forms from the cooling of lava? A. igneous B. limestone C. sandstone D. metamorphic 117. In 1785, James Hutton, stated that evidence of past occurrences can be used to explain events which happen today. Which could most likely be used to explain an event in the geologic past? A. sunspots B. earthquakes C. wave patterns D. cloud formations 118. Which is the best evidence that Earth went through an Ice Age? A. Sea levels were lower in the past than they are now. B. Rocks were deposited by glaciers in now temperate areas. C. River meanders were created by melted water from glaciers. 119. Which technique best helps scientists determine the age of our solar system? A. using relative dating techniques on layers of Earth rocks B. comparing the fossils found in the oldest Earth rocks C. creating computer models to predict the formation of Moon and Earth rocks D. using radioactive decay to calculate the ages of Moon and Earth rocks EARTH HISTORY Page 37 of 69

120. The diagram below shows fossil samples found in four layers of sedimentary rock. Which can most likely be concluded about the area where the samples were found? A. It is a desert. B. It is a mountainous region. C. It was once covered by water. D. It was formed millions of years ago. EARTH HISTORY Page 38 of 69

121. The diagram shows the front limbs of four different members of the horse family, based on the fossil record. They are arranged from the oldest to the most recent. Which best describes how the front limbs of horses have changed over time? A. They have gained additional toes. B. The bones have become stronger. C. The toes have reduced in number. D. The bones have become shorter. 122. The index fossil of a type of trilobite is discovered in layer A of a set of rock layers found at three different sites of a field investigation. Which conclusion can be made about the rocks in layer A at all three sites? A. The rocks are all different ages. B. The rocks are all about the same age. C. The rocks were formed by melting magma. D. The rocks were formed during a catastrophic event. 123. On a geological dig, two fossil samples were found in different rock layers in the same area. One fossil was found in a rock layer that was located below the other. Which can be concluded about the relative ages of the fossils? A. The fossil found in the lower layer is older than the one found above it. B. The fossils were found in the same area, so they are the exact same age. C. The fossil found in the lower layer is younger than the one found above it. D. The fossils are different ages, but it cannot be determined which is older or younger. EARTH HISTORY Page 39 of 69

124. Studies of snail fossils in Egypt indicate that areas of Egypt that are now desert were once thriving savannahs approximately 130,000 years ago. What does the presence of these fossils indicate about the area of Egypt that was thriving 130,000 years ago? A. There was more humidity in the air. B. There were fewer nutrients in the soil. C. There was more snowfall in the region. D. There was less solar radiation in the region. 125. Structural geologists study rock formations to determine the type of environment in which the rocks formed and the events that shaped the rocks. Paleontologists study fossils found in rock formations. Scientists in both these fields have a common interest in discovering the A. history and processes of Earth. B. elements that make up the crust. C. types of minerals that make up sediments. D. relationships between Earth and other planets. 126. The diagram shows a cross section of several rock layers and geological features. Based on the diagram, which is true? A. Layer U is the oldest. B. Layer Z is the youngest. C. Layer T is older than layer S. D. Layer X is older than layer Y. EARTH HISTORY Page 40 of 69

127. Why are index fossils good clues for identifying when rocks were formed? A. They are easy to form in rock. B. They are difficult to form in rock. C. They only existed during specific periods of time. 128. Scientists have identified four sedimentary rock layers from an archaeological dig as shown below. Which is most likely the oldest sedimentary rock layer? A. Layer R B. Layer S C. Layer T D. Layer U 129. Which process would be most effective in determining the age of fossils embedded in rock? A. relative dating B. absolute dating C. use of index fossils D. use of core sampling EARTH HISTORY Page 41 of 69

130. The diagram shows carbon dioxide levels preserved in an ice core. Which layer of the ice core shows the highest concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 131. Which is used to find the relative age of a rock? A. composition of rock layers B. position of rock layers C. carbon 14 dating D. uranium dating EARTH HISTORY Page 42 of 69

132. How are sedimentary rocks formed? A. by hardening and cementing of layers of sediment B. by fossils getting buried in various layers of sediment C. by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock from inside the Earth 133. Many fossils of large amphibians were found in an area that is currently barren desert. Which is most likely true? A. The climate of the area was once much wetter than it is now. B. Amphibians were once better at surviving in dry environments. C. The amphibians migrated there after a catastrophic event destroyed their habitats. D. The amphibians are not native to the area and their bones were brought there by other animals. 134. Why are index fossils used as guides to determine the age of rocks? A. Each index fossil lived during a specific geologic time period. B. All index fossils lived during all the periods of geologic time. C. Index fossils are very rare and are not commonly found in rocks. 135. Geologists are conducting research in Hawaii. Which rock will be most abundant? A. igneous B. sedimentary C. metamorphic 136. Which is the most likely reason scientists would want to analyze the air trapped in an ice core? A. to study how much oxygen was in the ice B. to learn how the atmosphere changed over time C. to determine how many gas bubbles were present in the air D. to study how many animals lived on Earth when the ice was formed EARTH HISTORY Page 43 of 69

137. Scientists estimate that if index fossils were deposited during a certain time frame, then the entire rock layer was also deposited at the same time. A scientist finds Trophite fossils. According to the chart above, in what era and period was this rock layer deposited? A. Cenozoic Era; Tertiary Period B. Mesozoic Era; Triassic Period C. Paleozoic Era; Permian Period D. Paleozoic Era; Mississippian Period 138. Which statement is true? A. The oldest layers of rock and soil are closest to the surface of the earth. B. The youngest layers of rock and soil are farther away from the surface of the earth. C. Carbon 14 dating is an example of relative dating, and the law of superposition is an example of absolute dating. D. Absolute geologic dating and relative geologic dating are two methods used by scientists to determine the age of geologic evidence. EARTH HISTORY Page 44 of 69

139. Sedimentary rock layers are typically deposited horizontally, with each successive layer deposited on top of the previous layer. Which best describes how a fault will affect the appearance of horizontal sedimentary rock layers? A. The sedimentary rock layers will appear thicker due to a fault. B. The sedimentary rock layers will appear thinner due to a fault. C. The sedimentary rock layers will shift to vertical alignment due to a fault. D. The sedimentary rock layers will appear broken and shifted due to a fault. 140. A section of a rock layer is shown. The evidence in these rock layers best supports which conclusion? A. The oldest fossils in this section of rock are trilobites. B. Eurypterids are related to modern day scorpions and crabs. C. Eurypterids were the least common type of organism in this section of rock. D. There is some overlap in the presence of brachiopods and ammonites on Earth. 141. Which country would be most likely to provide ice cores that could be used to provide evidence for climate change? A. Greenland B. Italy C. Peru EARTH HISTORY Page 45 of 69

142. Where is evidence most often found to represent a record of Earth s history? A. air, lava, and fossils B. water, air, and rocks C. lava, water, and ice cores D. rocks, fossils, and ice cores 143. Which describes the best use of carbon 14 in collecting geologic evidence? A. to compare the decay of uranium to lead B. to date artifacts less than 50,000 years old C. to date sedimentary rock layers D. to identify index fossils 144. A cliff of undisturbed rock layers has a layer of sandstone containing a reptile fossil above a limestone layer. The limestone layer is above a layer of shale. Which describes the most likely geologic history of the area? A. The area was first a marsh environment, then an ocean, and lastly a desert environment. B. The area was first a desert environment, then a marsh, and lastly an ocean environment. C. The area was first an ocean environment, then a marsh, and lastly a desert environment. D. The area was first a desert environment, then an ocean, and lastly a marsh environment. 145. What can be used to find the exact age of a rock specimen? A. ice cores B. index fossils C. radioactive dating EARTH HISTORY Page 46 of 69

146. According to the fossil record, the first horses were smaller than modern species. Throughout time, horses have gradually changed A. to become better hunters. B. in order to re populate the Earth. C. in response to an altering environment. D. to become useful for humans. 147. Which type of rock replaces bone and other hard organic materials to create rock molds of fossils? A. metamorphic B. sedimentary C. extrusive igneous 148. In a rock cliff, the rock layers run straight across and then jump up a foot and then run straight across again. What could have most likely caused this? A. deposition B. erosion C. fault EARTH HISTORY Page 47 of 69

149. The diagram below shows two sections of rock layers found several miles apart. Based upon the information in the diagram, which conclusion can best be made? A. The rock layers contained fossils identical to each other. B. Rock layers are laid down from the youngest to the oldest. C. Rock layers containing similar fossils were formed at the same time. 150. Several dinosaur bones are discovered buried in volcanic ash. The type of dinosaur can best be identified by A. knowing the location where the fossils were found. B. establishing an inventory of bones collected. C. comparing to characteristics of known dinosaurs. D. knowing the absolute age of the fossils. 151. What method do scientists most often use in determining the age of the Earth? A. comparing the amount of uranium remaining and the amount of lead formed in radioactive dating of rock layers B. counting the number of sedimentary rock layers in the Earth s crust C. observing folds, plate shifting, and unconformities in rock layers D. using index fossils to determine the age of rock layers EARTH HISTORY Page 48 of 69

152. Which data is most likely to be obtained by studying ice cores? A. minerals found in the geosphere B. amount of water in the hydrosphere C. oxygen concentration in the atmosphere 153. Petrified palm trees are found in sedimentary rock near glaciers. The presence of the petrified palm trees most likely provides evidence for which statement? A. There was once more water in the area. B. The area was once grassland. C. The climate in the area was once tropical. D. There are active faults in the area. 154. Why are fossils commonly found in sedimentary rocks but not in igneous rocks? A. Igneous rocks are formed after sedimentary rocks. B. Igneous rocks are not deposited like sedimentary rocks. C. Igneous rocks are made up of harder minerals than sedimentary rock. D. Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock, while sedimentary rocks are formed from compacted sediments. 155. The graph shows possible changes to sea level over geologic time. What did scientists most likely study to construct this graph? A. molten magma B. extrusive igneous rocks C. sedimentary layers D. foliated metamorphic rocks EARTH HISTORY Page 49 of 69

156. The geologic map below shows several rock formations exposed when a road is cut through a hillside. Which formation in this geological map is youngest? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 EARTH HISTORY Page 50 of 69

157. In Peru, fossils of an unknown species of penguin were recently discovered. The species stood about 1.5 meters tall and is the third largest penguin known. The diagram shows the skull of a modern penguin in Peru and the skull of the newly discovered species. Which can most likely be inferred about the two penguin species from this fossil evidence? A. The penguins had different feeding styles. B. The penguins had adapted to similar climates. C. The fossil penguin had better nocturnal vision than the modern penguin. D. The modern penguin had more advanced social groups than the fossil penguin. 158. Geologists have been studying the movement of plate tectonics for years. Using evidence such as changes in climate, geologist can map the movement of continents. Which discovery supports the claim that climate changes over time? A. magnetic reversals in seafloor rocks in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans B. similar rock formations in North America and Greenland C. glaciers in South America D. coal beds in Antarctica 159. How are trilobite fossils helpful in understanding the distribution of living things throughout Earth s history? A. Trilobites lived in all the ancient oceans and in varying depths of water. B. Trilobites were found worldwide and are signature creatures of the Paleozoic Era. C. The soft tissue of trilobites preserved well and began the expansion of biological diversity. D. There were many different species of trilobites, and they existed in varying shapes and sizes. EARTH HISTORY Page 51 of 69

160. The picture shows the fossilized tooth of an extinct shark called a Megalodon. Which evidence can scientists most likely gain from studying the fossilized tooth? A. the different types of prey eaten by the shark B. the differences from teeth of living sharks C. the events that led to how the shark died D. the color of the skin of the shark 161. Which best describes the distribution of sediment particles by size in a sedimentary rock layer? A. Large and small sediment particles will be uniformly distributed in a sedimentary rock layer. B. Large and small sediment particles will form alternating layers within a sedimentary rock layer. C. Larger sediment particles will be located at the bottom of a sedimentary rock layer, while smaller sediment particles will be located at the top of a sedimentary rock layer. 162. Which is the best predictor of the relative age of a layer of rock? A. thickness of the layer B. position of the layer C. length of the layer D. size of the layer EARTH HISTORY Page 52 of 69

163. Where would evidence of earthquakes most often be found throughout Earth s history? A. in dry riverbeds B. along fault lines C. along the ocean shoreline D. in desert sand dune formations 164. Data from the analyses of ice cores has shown that levels of carbon dioxide have increased and decreased over the last 400,000 years. Based on this information, what can be inferred about global temperatures over the same period of time? A. Temperatures have risen sharply over the time period. B. Temperatures have dropped sharply over the time period. C. Temperatures have remained constant over the time period. D. Temperatures have risen and dropped in a repeated pattern over the time period. 165. Which best describes faults? A. There is one type of fault, because they are all alike. B. Faults are unique, because they form in different types of rock. C. Faults are caused by changing wind patterns due to seasonal changes. 166. Thousands of fish fossils discovered high in the Rocky Mountains most likely indicate that A. ancient sea levels were once high enough to cover the mountains. B. a large flood washed the fish up to the tops of the mountains. C. the mountains were once part of the sea floor that was pushed up by tectonic forces. D. the fish were inhabitants of an ancient stream that became frozen during the ice ages. EARTH HISTORY Page 53 of 69

167. Fossils of Haikouella were discovered in 1999. The fossils are thought to be about 530 million years old. The Haikouella is an example of an early vertebrate, but it appears to be lacking a braincase. Modern vertebrates have a braincase. Which is the most likely evidence these fossils provide? A. Changes can occur over time in animals. B. There is a link between birds and reptiles. C. The braincase of vertebrates will eventually reduce. D. The lack of a braincase limited the size of the organism. EARTH HISTORY Page 54 of 69

168. The diagram below shows the Earth s crustal plates. Which is true about geologic evolution in reference to plate tectonics? A. The plates of Earth have settled and finished moving. B. The movement of plates has caused the formation and break up of continents over time. C. The movement of the plates is responsible for all geologic changes that occur on Earth. 169. Which of these provides the best evidence that an environmental change has occurred? A. a freshwater lake in the mountains B. marine fossils in a freshwater lake C. saltwater clams in the ocean D. a sandy beach next to the ocean EARTH HISTORY Page 55 of 69

170. The level of carbon dioxide in an ice core is higher at the top than farther down. What can most likely be determined from this? A. A catastrophic event occurred. B. The landmass moved further toward the equator. C. There was a global cooling period followed by a global warming period. D. There was a global warming period followed by a global cooling period. 171. Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element contained in some rocks. Over time, the uranium radioactively decays to the element lead. The ratio of grams of uranium to grams of lead for four rock samples is shown below. Assuming no lead was originally present in any of the rock samples, which rock sample is most likely the oldest? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 EARTH HISTORY Page 56 of 69

172. Scientists uncover mammoth bones and are able to determine the amount of carbon 14 in the bones. Which best explains the use of carbon 14 in studying the mammoth? A. It identifies the species of mammoth. B. It identifies the diet of the mammoth. C. It determines the age of the mammoth. D. It determines the cause of death of the mammoth. 173. The diagram below shows several layers of rock and associated geologic features that have occurred throughout Earth s history. Which sequence shows the order in which each rock layer or geologic event occurred? A. S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z B. S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z, U C. Z, Y, S, T, V, W, X, U D. U, Z, Y, X, W, V, T, S EARTH HISTORY Page 57 of 69

174. What role do faults play in the Law of Superposition? A. Faults create new types of rock. B. Faults are younger than the layers they cut through. C. Faults are the same age as the layers they cut through. 175. If a metamorphic rock contains an intrusion of igneous rock, which rock is the oldest? A. The igneous rock is older. B. The rocks are the same age. C. The metamorphic rock is older. 176. Carbon 14 has a half life of 5,730 years. If a fossil sample has 25% of the original carbon 14 in it, how old is the fossil? A. 5,730 years old B. 11,460 years old C. 17,190 years old 177. Why is petrified wood considered to be a fossil? A. It was once living matter. B. It is composed of hardened wood. C. It is made entirely of rock material. 178. Which is a process that allows scientists to compare rock layers with others in a sequence to determine their age? A. radiometric dating B. absolute dating C. relative dating EARTH HISTORY Page 58 of 69

179. Which best represents the purpose of ice core drilling? A. to study changes in gravity B. to study changes in climate C. to determine the relative age of fossils 180. Which method provides the most accurate age of a rock sample? A. superposition B. relative dating C. radioactive dating D. index fossil identification 181. While digging in the side of a hill, students found fossils in the rock layers. From the fossils they uncovered, which was the most likely progression of environments in that area? A. It was first a forest and then became a lake. B. It was first an ocean and then became a forest. C. It was first an ocean and then became a desert. D. It was first a grassland and then became a forest. 182. A rock sample has 25% of its original radioactive element and the halflife of the element is 1 million years. How old is the sample? A. 500,000 years old B. 1 million years old C. 2 million years old D. 3 million years old EARTH HISTORY Page 59 of 69

183. An undisturbed rock geologic column has a fossil of a reptile species in the lowest rock layer, an index fossil that was present 1 million years ago in the middle rock layer, and a fossil of a clam species in the topmost rock layer. Which conclusion is most likely correct? A. The clam species is older than one million years old. B. The reptile species is older than one million years old. C. The index fossil is older than the reptile species fossil. D. The clam species fossil is older than the reptile species fossil. 184. A teacher gave students this diagram of rock layers. The teacher directed the students to determine the relative age of each rock layer based only on the information presented in the diagram. Which method can best be used by the students to determine the relative age of these layers? A. radiometric dating B. rock type evaluation C. the law of superposition D. principle of uniformitarianism EARTH HISTORY Page 60 of 69

185. Geologists use radiometric dating, the law of superposition, and index fossils to establish the ages of various rock layers in a formation. What is the benefit of using the law of superposition and index fossils when radiometric dating is available? A. Calculating ages using index fossils confirms evolutionary sequences. B. Radiometric dating is inaccurate when used on sedimentary rocks. C. Radiometric and fossil dating are only effective on organic matter. D. The law of superposition gives the most specific dating information. 186. What can be concluded about the age of fossils in undisturbed rock layers? A. The top layer has the oldest fossils. B. The bottom layer has the oldest fossils. C. The top layer has the oldest and youngest fossils. 187. Fossilized dinosaur eggs have been found in the third of five rock layers during a fossil dig. Based on the law of superposition, which best represents the age of the eggs? A. The eggs are older than all of the rock layers. B. The eggs are younger than all of the rock layers. C. The eggs are about the same age as the third rock layer. D. The eggs are about the same age as the fifth rock layer. 188. The ichthyornis was a type of bird that lived over 65 million years ago. It lived near the sea and hunted for fish over the water. Fossils have been found in Kansas, many miles from the present day ocean. Which cause of extinction is most likely to be found in the fossil record along with ichthyornis fossils? A. changes in the environment B. diseases causing illness C. changes in the weather D. predator animals EARTH HISTORY Page 61 of 69

189. A student has made the geologic column below. Geologic Column Cenezoic Era (Began 65 million years ago) Homo sapiens Mesozoic Era (Began 245 million years ago) Dinosaurs, first mammals, first birds Paleozoic Era (Began 544 million years ago) First fish, first amphibians, first insects, first reptiles, first land plants Precambrian Era (Began 4.6 billion years ago) Bacteria like forms What evidence must be carefully examined to determine that organisms changed over time? A. fossils B. soil type C. environment D. plate tectonics 190. Which theory does evidence found in sedimentary rocks best support? A. Most organisms from Earth s history still exist. B. Organisms have not changed significantly over time. C. All organisms from Earth s history have become extinct. D. Organisms have evolved from simple to complex forms. 191. Which of these conditions would most likely be shown in the fossil record as a reason for mass extinctions? A. increased competition for resources B. falling sea levels and global cooling C. organisms with beneficial traits D. increased solar activity 192. Which is the most accurate method used in determining the age of a fossil? A. relative dating B. geologic column C. radioactive dating D. law of superposition EARTH HISTORY Page 62 of 69

193. Which would least likely be an earth process that has influenced the formation of rock layers and fossil formation? A. high levels of soil erosion B. air masses forming storms C. movement of crustal plates 194. Which formation would most likely be igneous rock? A. horizontal rock layers B. slanted parallel rock layers C. an irregularly shaped intrusion layer D. a vertical crack through the middle of rock layers 195. Environments have changed over millions of years. Which of these would be best for a scientist to study when investigating these environmental changes? A. volcanic deposits B. weather forecasts C. fossil records D. ocean currents 196. Scientists studying rock layers classify the top layer as the most recent, followed by older layers that are uncovered as they dig deeper. Which law explains this method of relative dating? A. law of geologic continuity B. law of universal position C. law of lateral continuity D. law of superposition 197. Certain fossils can be used to help determine the age of the rock layer in which the fossils are found. Which type of fossil is best to use when making this determination? A. marine mammal fossil B. swamp fern fossil C. trace fossil D. index fossil EARTH HISTORY Page 63 of 69

198. Which is used in radioactive dating? A. carbon 14 B. index fossils C. hydrochloric acid D. law of superposition 199. What is the best possible explanation for how abrupt changes in rock layers could happen? A. formation of canyons B. impact of a large asteroid C. erosion of a mountain range 200. An undisturbed rock column contains a fossil of a reptile species in the lowest rock layer, an index fossil that was present 1 million years ago in the middle rock layer, and a fossil of a clam species in the top rock layer. Which statement is most likely correct? A. The index fossil formed when a desert habitat made rock layers in the column. B. There was a marine habitat over one million years ago that formed rock layers in the column. C. There was a desert habitat before a marine habitat that formed the rock layers in the column. D. There was a desert habitat more recently than one million years ago that formed rock layers in the column. 201. Which chemical compound is present in an ice core sample? A. carbon dioxide B. nitrogen dioxide C. carbon monoxide EARTH HISTORY Page 64 of 69

202. Scientists have discovered a fossil skeleton of a whale like creature that lived in the early Eocene epoch. The skeleton shows an organism with large fore and hind limbs with distinct toes. Fossil skeletons of closely related species from later periods show organisms lacking hind limbs. Which conclusion does this observation best support? A. Ancestors of whales may once have been able to walk. B. Ancestors of whales had fewer bones than modern whales. C. Whales and their ancestors have always been ocean dwellers. D. Whales and their ancestors have always been the largest living animals. 203. Which isotope has been most often used to determine the age of fossils in the past 50,000 years? A. argon 40 B. carbon 14 C. uranium 238 D. potassium 40 204. Where would fossilized evidence of unicellular organisms most likely be found? A. in the deserts of Africa B. on the surface of a mountain C. in the oceans near the equator D. buried deep within layers of rock EARTH HISTORY Page 65 of 69

205. Which can scientists infer when they find marine fossils on top of mountains? A. The mountains were created by erosion. B. The mountains were created through a catastrophic event. C. The mountains were created by an uplifting of tectonic plates. D. The mountains were created through chemical changes in the atmosphere. 206. A fault is found that cuts through lower rock layers but not those above it. What can most likely be concluded? A. The fault is the same age as the layers it cuts through, and the same age as the layers above it. B. The fault is younger than the layers it cuts through, and younger than the layers above it. C. The fault is younger than the layers it cuts through, but older than the layers above it. D. The fault is older than the layers it cuts through, but younger than the layers above it. 207. Which of the following eras is known as the Age of Mammals? A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic 208. Which material from an archaeological dig is least likely to be studied using the radioactive isotope carbon 14? A. bone fragment of fish B. granite cutting tool C. tooth of a mammal D. wooden tool handle 209. Scientists found a fossil of an elephant in the African savannah. It has much longer tusks and is much larger than elephant species presently inhabiting the area. This elephant fossil most likely reveals A. the diet of early elephants. B. that elephants travel in herds. C. the function of the trunk of the elephant. D. that physical changes occurred in elephants over time. EARTH HISTORY Page 66 of 69

210. The diagram below shows the Earth s crustal plates. Tectonic plates are located within which layer of Earth? A. core B. crust C. mantle 211. Two layers of sedimentary rock are exposed on the side of a hill. Only one of the layers has fossils. The lack of fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock is most likely due to A. changing environments. B. volcanic activity. C. changing rates of erosion. D. evaporation of sea water. EARTH HISTORY Page 67 of 69

212. The discovery of the theory of continental drift led to the subsequent discovery of which theory? A. theory of relativity B. theory of superposition C. theory of plate tectonics 213. Scientists studying a geologic site found tropical plant fossils in a lower rock layer and fossils of woolly mammoths, also called tundra mammoths, above the layer. Which is the most likely conclusion? A. The woolly mammoths lived before the tropical plants. B. The tropical plants became extinct due to global climate change. C. The tropical plants were the major food source for the woolly mammoths. D. The woolly mammoths lived in tropical climates as well as cold climates. 214. Rock layers were found containing 30 kg of radioactive elements that had a half life of 5 million years. How old were the rock layers if scientists determined that the samples had originally contained 120 kg of the radioactive materials? A. 5 million years old B. 10 million years old C. 15 million years old 215. An irregularly shaped rock formation is found within a group of parallel rock layers. What most likely created this formation? A. thrust fault B. lava intrusion C. metamorphic rock D. sediment deposition EARTH HISTORY Page 68 of 69

216. If a fault cuts through multiple layers of rock, which is most likely true? A. An earthquake happened after the layers formed. B. An earthquake happened before the layers formed. C. An earthquake happened at the same time the layers formed. D. The timing of an earthquake is unrelated to when the layers formed. 217. Trilobites are extinct animals that lived in the oceans. Fossils of these animals can be found in dry areas such as Cincinnati. What does this indicate? A. Trilobites now live underground. B. Trilobites are the ancestors of jellyfish. C. Cincinnati was once covered by the ocean where trilobites lived. D. The environment changed, creating small saltwater lakes in Cincinnati. 218. Scientists theorize that the ancient animal on the left is related to the modern animal on the right and has gone through many changes over time. How did the scientists conclude that the animal changed over time? A. by examining fossil records B. by learning about natural selection C. by studying deposition of sediments D. by observing different types of rock formations 219. Describe two observations a scientist could make by studying and testing fossils. Explain how each observation would increase our knowledge of the history of Earth and its living organisms. 220. Throughout Earth s history, igneous rocks have been most closely associated with which landform? A. mountain B. plateau C. volcano D. valley EARTH HISTORY Page 69 of 69