TELECOMUNICAÇÕES ANNUAL REPORT

INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES ANNUAL REPORT

2

Title Editors ANNUAL REPORT Carlos Salema, Carlos Fernandes, Nuno Borges Carvalho, José Ferreira da Rocha, Adolfo Cartaxo, Mário Figueiredo, Rui Valadas, Luís Alcácer, Pedro Girão Date Version Distribution Doc. No. Executive Summary V5 IT IT/Dir/ v5 This document describes IT activities during, as a "Laboratório Associado" (Associate Laboratory). Keywords 3

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 9 1.1 History... 9 1.2 Management... 10 1.3 Highlights of... 11 2. KEY IT INDICATORS... 17 Human Resources... 17 3. FINANCIAL OUTLINE... 31 4. RESEARCH AREAS... 33 4.1 Wireless Communications... 33 4.1.1 Area Coordinators... 33 4.1.2 Human Resources... 33 4.1.3 Summary of Research Achievements... 43 4.1.4 Running and Concluded Projects... 61 4.1.5 Running and Concluded Theses... 90 4.1.6 Publications... 107 4.1.7 Other Achievements... 132 4.1.8 Other Contributions... 135 4.2 Optical Communications... 138 4.2.1 Area Coordinators... 138 4.2.2 Human Resources... 138 4.2.3 Summary of Research Achievements... 144 4.2.4 Running and Concluded Projects... 158 4.2.5 Running and Concluded Theses... 171 4.2.6 Publications... 177 4.2.7 Other Achievements... 189 4.2.8 Other Contributions... 189 4.3 Networks and Multimedia... 191 4.3.1 Area Coordinators... 191 4.3.2 Human Resources... 191 4.3.3 Summary of Research Achievements... 212 4.3.4 Running and Concluded Projects... 229 4.3.5 Running and Concluded Theses... 261 4

4.3.6 Publications... 287 4.3.7 Other Achievements... 333 4.3.8 Other Contributions... 337 4.4 Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies... 345 4.4.1 Area Coordinators... 345 4.4.2 Human Resources... 345 4.4.3 Summary of Research Achievements... 351 4.4.4 Runing and Concluded Projects... 372 4.4.5 Running and Concluded Theses... 389 4.4.6 Publications... 404 4.4.7 Other Achievements... 437 4.4.8 Other Contributions... 439 5

List of Tables Table 1 Total operational income in... 37 Table 2 List of major income sources during... 38 Table 3 Major costs in... 38 Table 4 Main asset changes in... 38 Table 5 Overview of human resources in the Wireless Communication Area in... 39 Table 6 Permanent collaborators working in the Wireless Communications Area in... 43 Table 7 Non-permanent collaborators working in the Wireless Communications Area in... 46 Table 8 Number of active projects in the Wireless Communications Area in... 61 Table 9 List MSc Theses running in the Wireless Communications Area during... 82 Table 10 List of PhD Theses running in the Wireless Communications Area during... 91 Table 11 - Overview of human resources in the Optical Communications Area in... 124 Table 12 Permanent Collaborators working in the Optical Communications Area in... 126 Table 13 Non-permanent Collaborators working in the Optical Communications Area in... 128 Table 14 - Number of active projects in the Optical Communications Area in... 145 Table 15 - List of MSc Theses running in the Optical Communications Area during... 159 Table 16 - List of PhD Theses running in the Optical Communications Area during... 161 Table 17 Overview of human resources in Networks and Multimedia Area in... 173 Table 18 Permanent Collaborators working in the Networks and Multimedia Area in... 178 7

Table 19 Non-permanent Collaborators working in the Neteworks and Multimedia Area in... 184 Table 20 Number of active projects in the Networks and Multimedia... 200 Table 21 - List of MSc. Theses running in the Networks and Multimedia Area During... 244 Table 22 - List of PhD Theses running in the Networks and Multimedia Area During... 251 Table 23 Overview of the human resources in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area in... 291 Table 24 Permanent Collaborators working in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area in... 294 Table 25 Non-permanent Collaborators working in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area in... 296 Table 26 Number of active projects running in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area in... 325 Table 27 List of MSc Theses running in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area during... 342 Table 28 List of PhD Theses running in the Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies Area during... 345 8

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 History Instituto de Telecomunicações (it) is a private, not-for-profit organisation, an association of nine institutions with research and development in the field of Telecommunications: Instituto Superior Técnico (IST); Universidade de Aveiro (UA); Universidade de Coimbra (UC); Portugal Telecom Inovação, (PTIn) Nokia Siemens Networks S.A Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI) Universidade do Porto (UP) ISCTE Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) Instituto Politécnico de Leiria (IPL) it is organised around three sites: Aveiro, in the University Campus, Coimbra, in Site II of the University of Coimbra, Lisbon, in Instituto Superior Técnico, and four branches: Leiria, in the Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão of the Leiria Polytechnic (IPL), Covilhã, in the University of Beira Interior (UBI), Porto, shared by the Faculty of Engineering (FEUP) and the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Lisboa, in (ISCTE-IUL). Setting up of it was the result of a 1.5 billion escudos (about 7.5 million Euros) grant from Programme CIENCIA, through three contracts signed in 1991. This investment enabled new infrastructures to be built and research laboratories to be equipped at each site. Installation was concluded in Aveiro in 1993 and in Lisbon and Coimbra in 1994. Since 1993, it activities proceed regularly. it bylaws were first approved in 1992, modified in 1997, 2003, 2011 and. New Site regulations deriving from it bylaws were approved and implemented in 2011. 9

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Key developments in are highlighted ahead. Details are included in the sections dealing with each of the research areas. 1.2 Management it is managed by a Board of Directors, elected by the General Assembly, and by Site Management Boards, which include the site members of the Board of Directors. Site Management Boards enjoy ample freedom to deal with current affairs and usually meet weekly. The Board of Directors meets at least once a month. it scientific activities are overseen by the Scientific Board, which includes all it researchers holding a Ph.D. degree. The Scientific Board meets in Plenary or in Committees, both permanent and temporary. There are two permanent committees: the Science and Technology Committee and the Research Group Coordination Committee. it Work Plan and the Annual Report are discussed with the Advisory Committee, formed by three independent experts in the field of telecommunications (Dr. Roland Huber 1, now Prof. Touradj Ebrahimi, Prof. Sir John O Reilly and Prof. Martin Tomlinson) acting in a personal capacity, and together with the Accounts Report (after legal certification) are subsequently submitted to the General Assembly for approval. The General Assembly met formally twice in. The first meeting was held on March 31st, in the Central Office Building of the Leiria Polytechnic site, to discuss and approve the 2013 Annual Report and Accounts and to discuss and approve an amendment to it statutes. The second meeting took place on December 19th, in the Meeting Room of the Aveiro site, to discuss and approve the Work Plan and Budget for and to discuss and approve a further amendment to it Bylaws required by law. The Research Group Coordination Committee also met twice during. On the first meeting, held on March 19th, at ISCTE-IUL premises, Building II, Room B103, Lisboa, the Draft Proposal of the 2013 Annual Report was discussed and received a favourable opinion and the 1 it would like to pay tribute to Dr. Roland Hüber who passed away on 13 February, for all the help, support and friendship since 1998. 10

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS intermediate reports of the first batch of internal projects were presented and discussed. On the second meeting, held on December 15th, in Hotel D. Luis, Coimbra, the Work Plan and Budget for was discussed and received a favourable opinion and the final reports of the first batch of internal projects were presented and discussed. intermediate reports of the first batch of internal projects were presented and discussed. On the second meeting, held on December 15th, in Hotel D. Luis, Coimbra, the Work Plan and Budget for was discussed and received a favourable opinion and the final reports of the first batch of internal projects were presented and discussed. 1.3 Highlights of In, in spite of serious reduction of funding, mainly from FCT strategic funding, the momentum built in previous years enabled achieving a significant output: 16 books; 56 book chapters; 350 papers in international refereed scientific journals; 476 papers in refereed conferences, with published proceedings; 4 patents. Achieved scientific output exceeded by far our forecast, in all areas. A small reduction in the number of referred conference papers may be attributed the reduction in funding. Fostering advanced education was also maintained at very high levels: 60 PhD theses, submitted and approved, 193 MSc theses, submitted and approved, where the estimated numbers for were: 30 PhD theses, submitted and approved, 200 MSc theses, submitted and approved. The number of PhD theses submitted and approved reached an all time high, roughly 50 % higher than the previous highest value (42) achieved in 2012. It is worth noting that, for the 11

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS first time, the number of concluded PhD theses is less than one fourth of the number of PhD students, that is, the duration of the thesis work approaches four years. The number of scholarships decreased significantly in with respect to 2013, not only due to the reduction FCT strategic funding (as explained in more detail below), but also and mainly because of the decrease in the number of scholarships funded by FCT: 223 Ph.D. scholarships, funded by FCT, 212 other scholarships, funded by it as follows: 32 post-doc scholarships; 18 scholarships for MSc students (16 of which finishing their PhD theses) ; 87 scholarships for BSc students (doing their MSc theses); 48 scholarships for students on the 2nd and 3rd year of their BSc degree; 20 R&D starting grants; 4 R&D integration grants; 1 S&T management; 2 invited scientists. During, 190 projects, of which 156 nationally funded and 34 internationally funded projects were active, as shown in section 2.2. It is particularly noteworthy the fact that on the 31 st of December it was involved in running 17 FP7 projects and 32 projects funded by industry. In the past few years, FCT strategic funding, ie. funding for the IT - Laboratório Associado contract, was never timely. It suffices to say that funding for 2010, about 2.2 M, was received in January 2011 and was executed (98 % rate) until December 31st 2011. Strategic funding for the period 2011-2012 obeyed new rules: an upfront payment of 20 % of the approved budget (ie 1.2 M ), followed by the reimbursement of 80 % of the accepted expenses. The 20 % share was received in two instalments (April and August 2011) but its executing only started in January 2012, since during 2011 it was running with the arrear 2010 strategic funding. As foreseen right in October 2011, this new payment method was extremely damaging because FCT was never able to process reimbursements in less than three months. In addition the number of payment requests increased dramatically from once a year up to twenty or 12

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS more (for the IT Laboratório Associado contract). In effect the delay in reimbursements exceeded our worse expectations. Not only it reached (in cases) up to 6 months but, worse still, many expenses were deemed to be non eligible on first the instance, forcing it to resubmit again and again the same expenses, with renewed justification. This got worse for the period 2013- since the amount foreseen was reduced from 5.972 M to 3.178 M and the upfront payment was reduced from 20 to 15 %, that is 477 k, in two instalments (paid in August 30th, and October 31st 2013). As reported in the Annual Report for 2013, it managed to start submitting cost claims as soon as the FCT platform became online. Since September 12th, it submitted 14 cost claims for a total of 583 k. Total FCT payments in 2013 (including the advanced payment) added up to only 570 k. In a nutshell, FCT strategic funding for it went down from 2.2 M in 2011 (2010 funds), to 1.94 M in 2012 (2011-2012 funds) to 570 k in 2013. In the beginning of it changed the procedure used to submit cost claims, allowing each site to process its cost claims. This, coupled with FCT decision (announced in June) that they would increase the reimbursement rate from 80 to 90 %, enabled a much higher execution rate (2.5 M on the 31st of December). In spite of the fact that the first payments for the period 2013-14 came in with a 9 month delay (August 30th, and October 31st 2013) FCT imposed the 31st of December as the closing date for the contract. Later this date was postponed (albeit with a penalty) to the 31st of March. The penalty was equal to the loss of 25 % of funding. Since this funding may well be reduced (as explained below) to 1.2 M, meaning that the penalty would be around 300 k, well below the 670 k still available from the 2013-14 strategic funding budget it decided to accept the delay in the closure date. As mentioned in the Annual Report for 2013, during 2013 FCT decided to organize yet another evaluation of all Portuguese R&D units making it possible for these units to adopt configurations other than the current one. Although the funding rules favoured smaller units, it, faithful to its principles, decided to keep the same structure. The proposal was submitted on the 30th of December 2013. 13

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS The proposal evaluation ran in two phases. For the first phase the proposals were evaluated in four criteria (with grades from 1 to 5 in each item): A. Scientific productivity and contribution to the National Scientific and Technological System; B. Scientific and technological merit of the research team; C. Scientific and innovative merit of the strategic programme; D. Feasibility of the work plan and reasonability of the requested budget. The results of the first phase were made public on the end of June. Most surprisingly it got very low marks (15/25), distributed as follows: A=4, B=4, C=3 and D=4. Even if the total (15/20) would allow access to the second phase, the 3 in item C would forbid it. In addition to many factual errors and mocking phrases that should never be used in an evaluation report (according to FCT published guidelines), the evaluation report showed hints of manipulation to achieve a pre-defined result. It suffices to say that C=3 was not the average grade of the (supposed) 3 evaluators. The average grade of 3 was in item D a situation that would not bar it from the second phase. In the first phase rebuttal it appeal was successful and the overall marks was amended to 16/20, A=B=C=D=4. The visit, the major item of the second phase of the evaluation, had strict rules (imposed by FCT) that did not take into account neither the number of sites nor the number of researchers or students involved in the research unit. The visit had to be restricted to one site and 3 hour duration (1 hour with the directors, 1 hour lab visit and1 hour meeting with researchers and students. For the second phase a further item of evaluation was added: E. Impact of the scientific, technological and cultural output. it decided to stage the visit in the Aveiro site and to prepare a rather imposing poster and demo session (with 107 posters, 20 demos and about 200 researchers and students). It was pretty obvious after the visit that three evaluators were well impressed. And surely the evaluation report bear it out. The overall grade was 22/25, with A=4, B=4, C=5, D=4, E=5. 14

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS So, for the second time, it strategy was re-evaluated, now to the maximum (further confirming our initial suspicions). According to the law it could now appeal again, this time after having had access to the evaluation forms of the other research units in the area, in particular the only one that had been graded higher than it. The appeal was submitted on the 19th of January and is currently being analysed. During two it researchers, namely Prof. Dr. Nuno Borges de Carvalho and Prof. Dr. Mário Silveirinha were elected to the grade of Fellows of the IEEE. Another it researcher, Prof. Dr. Mário Figueiredo received the IEEE Walter R. G. Baker Award, for the most outstanding paper reporting original work published in any IEEE archival publications during a 5 year window before, the and yet another reseacher, Prof. Dr. João Luis Sobrinho, received the IRTF Applied Networking Research Prize. In addition to the above during it researchers were awarded the following prizes: - 1 ANACOM-URSI Portugal Award ; - 1 First Prize in IEEE AP-S Studeny Design Contest; - 1 IST Best Teacher award; - 1 Winner of the Open Mind ESEGUR ; - 1 IEEE Communications Society Outstanding Service Award ; - 1 IEEE Communications Lettersa Exemplary Reviewer Award; - 1 ICME Best Reviewer Award ; - 1 IEEE Communications Society Multimedia Technical Committee Outstanding Leadership Award ; - 22 Best Paper Award, of which 5 are Best Student Paper Awards and 3 are Best Poster Awards. It is worthwhile noting that from the 476 papers submitted to international conferences, 22 (about 5%) got the prestigious best paper awards. During it received the following distinguished visitors: Dr. Judy Scharmann, from IEEE, in Lisbon, February, 6 Prof. Henri Angelino, from the National Institute of Informations and Communications Technology (NICT) of Japan, in Lisbon, February, 17 15

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Portuguese Minister of Education and Science, Nuno Crato, in Lisbon, April, 8 Portuguese Secretary of Science, Leonor Parreira, in Lisbon, April, 8 Portuguese Minister of Education and Science, Nuno Crato, in Aveiro, April, 22 During it hosted the following national and international events (details in each scientific area): - 22 Seminars; - 1 Colloquim; - 2 Worshops; - 2 One-week short courses for secondary school (20 pupils each); - 2 Summer Schools; - 2 major International Conferences. it is a member of the CIENCIA VIVA, the National Agency for Scientific and Technological culture and co-operates in some of its events. Sponsored by CIENCIA VIVA, it organised a one-week, from June 30 to July 4, hands-on introductory course on telecommunications for 10th, 11th an 12th grade high school pupils with 20 enthusiastic participants and an open-lab two hour session for a similar audience. Also in cooperation with IST, it organised visits and demonstrations for high school pupils, involving about 1000 pupils (in ). During it continued the regular publication of its monthly newsletter, which is distributed electronically to all researchers and PhD students, and also continued its presence in social networks (Facebook, YouTube and Flickr). 16

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS 2. KEY IT INDICATORS Human Resources In December it human resources included 732 people distributed as follows: 320 researchers (of which 32 were it grantees); 239 PhD students (of which 16 were it grantees); 164 other it grantees (2 M.Sc, 87 B.Sc, 48 undergraduate students, 20 R&D starting grants, 4 R&D integration, 2 invited scientists and 1 R&D management); 11 technical; 19 administrative. All researchers but 2, hold a PhD degree. As a result of the application of it quality policy, out from the 318 researchers holding a PhD Degree, 58 were excluded from FCT s integrated members list. Consequently, it had 262 eligible researchers. The distribution of all human resources between the three sites is represented graphically in Figure 2.1. It is obvious from this figure that the ratios between PhD students and researchers and grantees and researchers is much higher in Aveiro than in Lisbon a fact that is partly explained by the much higher involvement of Aveiro in FP7 projects. Figure 2.1: Distribution of it human resources between the three sites 17

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS The distribution of researchers and PhD students between sites and delegations is shown in Figure 2.2. This figure shows, better than the previous one, the lower proportion of PhD students in relation to the number of researchers in the IST site and, even more seriously, in the ISCTE delegation. Figure 2.2: Distribution of researchers and students per site and delegation In Figure 2.3 we plot the distribution of researchers and PhD students among associated universities. 18

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.3: Distribution of it researchers and PhD students among associated universities The distribution of it technical and administrative staff is shown on Figure 2.4. Figure 2.4 Distribution of it technical and administrative staff 19

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS The distributions of foreign post-docs (33) and PhD students (61) per nationality are shown in figures 2.5 and 2.6 Figure 2.5 Distribution of foreign post-docs per nationality 20

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.6 Distribution of foreign PhD student per nationality 21

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Projects Funding Agency Number ADI 3 BIOCANT 1 Brisa 1 Ciencia Viva 1 Coriant Portugal 1 EDP 2 ESA 2 ESF 10 EU 28 FCT 105 Marinha 1 Portugal Telecom 1 PT Inovação 6 QREN 18 Serviços 7 Thales Alenia Space 3 Total 190 Table 2 Number of active projects in, according to funding source Publications Books Book Chapters Journals Conferences Patents MSc Thesis PhD Thesis 16 56 350 476 4 195 60 Table 3 Number of published works in "Books - Fully authored books and Edited books; "Journals - Papers in International refereed journals; "Conferences - Communications in International and National refereed conferences; Patents - Patent applications; "MSc and PhD Theses - Concluded dissertations; PhD Thesis Concluded Thesis. 22

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS The scientific productivity in was 1.33 journal papers per eligible researcher or, counting each book, bookchapter and journal paper as one publication, 1.61 publications per eligible researcher. It is interesting to compare the distribution of the number of researchers per site and delegation with the number of number of published works (papers in international journals and communications to refereed conferences). One should note that the sum of the number of publications per site and/or delegation is higher than the number of publications for it because a significant number of publications (about 30 %) are authored by researchers from more than one site and/or delegation. This fact in itself is an important indicator that it is increasingly operating as a unity rather than as a collection of research units. In the following, it and CIENCIA paid researchers and their publications are not included 23

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.7 : Distribution of it researchers per site in Figure 2.8 : Distribution of journal papers published in per site 24

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.9 : Distribution of communications in international refereed conferences in per site Figure 2.10: Distribution of patents in per site 25

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.11 : Distribution of it researchers per site/branch in Figure 2.12 : Distribution of journal papers published in per site/branch 26

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.13 : Distribution of communications in international refereed conferences in per delegation Figure 2.14 : Distribution of patents in per delegation 27

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Even if Figures 2.7 to 2.14 are self explanatory, it is interesting to remark that both at the levels of papers in journals of communications in international refereed conferences, site distribution follows very closely research distribution. Differences are considerable at the number of patents (as would be expected given the small number of patents involved). At the level of delegations, some differences are rather more striking, particularly at the level of papers in journals, which could not be seen at the site level. Networks and Synergies it has been trying hard to improve networking not only between its researchers but also with external researchers. Using it database of journal and conference publications in figures 2.15 and 2.16 were produced representing it co-authorship network in. In this figure each researcher is represented by a disk whose colour indicates the researcher scientific area according to the following colour code: Red Wireless Communications; Blue Optical Communications; Orange Networks and Multimedia; Green Basic Sciences and Enabling Technologies. The disk diameter is proportional to the number of connections originated by each node. The existence of a paper authored by two or more researchers is represented by a line linking the nodes involved. The networking strength is apparent in Figure 2.13 and may be better appreciated in Figure 2.14 that was obtained using it database for journal papers for the period 2011. Although most connections involve researchers in the same scientific area, there is a significant number of connections between researchers of different scientific areas, a clear indicator of the synergies it is fostering. Connections with external authors are not shown for clarity. 28

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.15 : Graph showing journal papers co-authorships in 29

ANNUAL REPORT KEY IT INDICATORS Figure 2.16 : Graph showing conference papers co-authorships in 30

ANNUAL REPORT FINANCIAL OUTLINE 3. FINANCIAL OUTLINE Operational income during totalled 6.838k distributed as indicated in Table 1. Major income sources (clients of services and sources of subsidies) are detailed in Table 2. Costs in totalled 6.076k as partially indicated in Table 3. Main asset changes in are listed in Table 4. Sources of Income Amount [k ] Services to third parties 1.454k Subsidies 4.497k Other 753k Table 1 Total operational income in Major clients of services Amount [k ] PT Inovação 546k Huawei Technologies 346K Veniam 161k I.P. Beja 82k Tekever III 82K Brisa 74k 31

ANNUAL REPORT FINANCIAL OUTLINE Main sources of subsidies Amount [k ] Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2.307k Commission of the European Communities 1.062k Universidade de Aveiro 595k Agência de Inovação 517k Table 2 List of major income sources during Costs Amount [k ] Staff 1.304k Researchers 594k Scholarships 2.299k Management Costs 35K Missions 623k Books and journals 58k Consumables 313k Table 3 Major costs in Assets Amount [k ] Increase in tangible assets 477k Depreciation 630k New Technical and Scientific Equipment 444k Table 4 Main asset changes in 32

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 4. RESEARCH AREAS 4.1 Wireless Communications 4.1.1 Area Coordinators Carlos Cardoso Fernandes Nuno Borges de Carvalho 4.1.2 Human Resources Overview Degree Aveiro Coimbra Lisboa Professor Emeritus 0 0 2 Full Professor 4 0 4 Associate Professor 3 1 5 Assistant Professor 11 0 21 PhD 2 1 2 Assistant Lecturer 1 0 0 Post. Doc 18 2 1 PhD Student 23 1 27 (Licenciado) 0 0 1 TOTAL 62 5 63 Table 5 Overview of human resources in the Wireless Communication Area in 33

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Permanent Collaborators Position Degree Name Group Post. Doc. PhD Abdelgader Mahmoud Abdalla Mahmoud Mobile Systems - Av Post. Doc. PhD Mobile Systems - Av Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini Assistant PhD Mobile Networks Av Professor Adão Paulo Soares Silva Full Professor Agregação Afonso Manuel dos Santos Barbosa Antennas and Propagation Lx Post. Doc. PhD Alberto de Jesus Nascimento Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor PhD Alexandre Passos de Almeida Radio Systems Lx Full Professor Agregação Américo Manuel Carapeto Correia Full Professor Agregação Aníbal Manuel de Oliveira Duarte Radio Systems Lx Administrative Aveiro Assistant PhD António José Castelo Branco Radio Systems Lx Professor Rodrigues Assistant PhD Antonio Luis Campos da Silva Antennas and Professor Topa Propagation Lx Associate PhD António Manuel Restani Graça Antennas and Professor Alves Moreira Propagation Lx Assistant PhD Armando Carlos Domingues da Radio Systems Av Professor Rocha Assistant PhD Arnaldo Silva Rodrigues de Radio Systems Av Professor Oliveira Associate Professor PhD Atílio Manuel da Silva Gameiro Mobile Networks Av Full Professor Agregação Carlos Antonio Cardoso Fernandes Antennas and Propagation Lx 34

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group Professor Agregação Carlos Eduardo do Rego da Antennas and Emeritus Costa Salema Propagation Lx Assistant Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor PhD Carlos Gaspar Ribeiro Mobile Networks Av Agregação Carlos Manuel dos Reis Paiva Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD Custódio José Oliveira Peixeiro Antennas and Propagation Lx Post. Doc. PhD Daniel Filipe Marques Castanheira PhD Student MSc Eduardo Jorge da Costa Brás Lima Mobile Networks Av Antennas and Propagation Lx Coordinator Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor PhD Fernando de Sousa Communication Theory Lx PhD Fernando Duarte Nunes Communication Theory Lx PhD Fernando Jose da Silva Velez Radio Systems Lx PhD PhD Filipa Isabel Rodrigues Prudêncio Full Professor Agregação Francisco António Bucho Cercas Antennas and Propagation Lx Radio Systems Lx Assistant PhD Francisco António Taveira Radio Systems Lx Professor Branco Nunes Monteiro Post. Doc. Georgios Mantas Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor MSc Gonçalo Valadão Pattern and Image Analysis Lx Post. Doc. PhD Hugo Miguel Cravo Gomes Radio Systems Av Post. Doc. PhD Issa Tamer Elfergani Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor PhD João Carlos Marques Silva Radio Systems Lx 35

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group Associate Professor Agregação João José Lopes da Costa Freire Wireless Circuits Lx Assistant PhD João Manuel Torres Caldinhas Wireless Circuits Lx Professor Simões Vaz Associate PhD João Nuno Pimentel da Silva Radio Systems Av Professor Matos Assistant Lecturer PhD Jonathan Rodriguez Gonzalez Mobile Systems - Av Post. Doc. PhD Jorge dos Santos Freitas de Oliveira Wireless Circuits Av Associate Agregação Jorge Manuel Lopes Leal Antennas and Professor Rodrigues da Costa Propagation Lx Assistant Professor PhD José André Rocha Sá e Moura Radio Systems Lx Full Professor Agregação José Carlos da Silva Neves Radio Systems Av Full Professor Agregação Jose Carlos Esteves Duarte Pedro Wireless Circuits Av Assistant PhD José Eduardo Charters Ribeiro Radio Systems Lx Professor da Cunha Sanguino Post. Doc. José Manuel Neto Vieira Radio Systems Av Full Professor Agregação Jose Manuel Nunes Leitão Communication Theory Lx Post. Doc. PhD Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq Mobile Systems - Av Post. Doc. PhD Luís Carlos Carneiro Gonçalves Mobile Networks Av Assistant Professor Agregação Luis Filipe Lourenço Bernardo Radio Systems Lx Assistant PhD Marco Alexandre dos Santos Radio Systems Lx Professor Ribeiro Assistant PhD Maria João Ramos Marques Wireless Circuits Lx Professor Coelho Carrilho do Rosário 36

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group Associate PhD Mário Gonçalo Mestre Verissimo Antennas and Professor Silveirinha Propagation Co Associate PhD Mário Pedro Guerreiro Marques Radio Systems Lx Professor da Silva Assistant Professor PhD Nuno Manuel Branco Souto Radio Systems Lx Full Professor Agregação Nuno Miguel Gonçalves Borges de Carvalho Radio Systems Av Full Professor Paulo da Costa Luis da Fonseca Pinto Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor Assistant Professor PhD Paulo Gustavo Martins da Silva Radio Systems Lx PhD Paulo Jorge Coelho Marques Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor Paulo Miguel de Araújo Borges Montezuma de Carvalho Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor PhD Pedro Joaquim Amaro Sebastiao Radio Systems Lx Assistant PhD Pedro Manuel de Almeida Radio Systems Lx Professor Carvalho Vieira Assistant Professor PhD Pedro Miguel da Silva Cabral Wireless Circuits Av Post. Doc. PhD Pedro Miguel Duarte Cruz Radio Systems Av Post. Doc. PhD Pedro Miguel Ferreira de Oliveira Pedrosa Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor PhD Pedro Miguel Ribeiro Lavrador Wireless Circuits Av Assistant PhD Pedro Nuno Mendonça dos Wireless Circuits Lx Professor Santos Assistant Professor PhD Pedro Renato Tavares Pinho Radio Systems Av 37

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group Coordinator PhD Rafael Ferreira da Silva Antennas and Professor Caldeirinha Propagation Lr Post. Doc. PhD Rogério Pais Dionísio Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student MSc Rui Filipe Rosa Paulo Radio Systems Lx Associate PhD Rui Miguel Henriques Dias Radio Systems Lx Professor Morgado Dinis Post. Doc. PhD Sara Helena Marques Teodoro Mobile Networks Av Post. Doc. Seiamak Vahid Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor PhD Sérgio de Almeida Matos Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD PhD Sérgio Ivan Fernandes Lopes Radio Systems Av PhD PhD Stanislav Maslovski Antennas and Propagation Co Post. Doc. Sylvain Lannebère Antennas and Propagation Co Assistant Professor PhD Telmo Reis Cunha Wireless Circuits Av Post. Doc. PhD Tiago André Nogueira Morgado Antennas and Propagation Co Post. Doc. Tipu Ramrehka Mobile Systems - Av Post. Doc. Wael Dghais Mobile Systems - Av Post. Doc. PhD Wonhoon Jang Radio Systems Av Table 6 Permanent collaborators working in the Wireless Communications Area in Other Collaborators Position Degree Name Group PhD Student Alireza Esfahani Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student MSc Alírio de Jesus Soares Boaventura Radio Systems Av 38

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group PhD Student MSc Ana Catarina Caniço Cruz Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD Student MSc Andela Zaric Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD Student MSc André Eduardo Ponciano Martins Radio Systems Lx PhD Student André Isidoro Prata Radio Systems Av PhD Student Licenciatura António Abreu Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Student MSc António Eduardo Carreiro Furtado Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor PhD Antonio Navarro Rodrigues Mobile Networks Av PhD Student MSc Carlos Alberto Barreiro Mendes Antennas and Propagation Lx Assistant Carlos Leme Wireless Circuits Lx Professor Associate PhD Carlos Manuel Gutierrez Sá da Radio Systems Lx Professor Costa PhD Student Carlos Miguel Sendas Pires Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc David Crespo Ferreira Antennas and Propagation Lr PhD Student MSc David Emanuel Dias Fernandes Antennas and Propagation Co PhD Student Diogo Carlos Alcobia Ribeiro Radio Systems Av PhD Student PhD Student Eduardo Daniel Castañeda Trujillo Emanuel José Soares Bordalo Teixeira Mobile Networks Av Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Fábio José Silva Amaral Radio Systems Lx Assistant PhD Fernando Manuel Ascenso Wireless Circuits Lx Professor Fortes 39

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group PhD Student MSc Fernando Santos Azevedo Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Student MSc Filipe Alexandre da Silva Rodrigues Radio Systems Av PhD Student Filipe Jorge Bolas Casal Ribeiro Radio Systems Lx PhD Student Firooz B. Saghezchi Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor PhD Francisco Alberto Sena da Silva Communication Theory Lx PhD Student Hamed Hasani Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD Student Hélio Silva Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student MSc Hugo Almeida e Marques Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student MSc Joana Rita Alves dos Santos Silva Antennas and Propagation Lx Assistant PhD João Carlos Roquete Fidalgo Antennas and Professor Canto Propagation Lx PhD Student João Francisco Martinho Lêdo Radio Systems Lx Guerreiro PhD Student MSc João Gabriel Rodrigues de Oliveira PhD Student MSc João Manuel de Almeida Monteiro Felício Radio Systems Lx Antennas and Propagation Lx PhD Student MSc João Paulo Martins Radio Systems Av PhD Student João Ricardo Vitorino Reis Antennas and Propagation Lr PhD Student MSc João Tavares Radio Systems Av PhD Student MSc Joaquim Manuel C.S. Bastos Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student Jorge Miguel da Silva Tavares Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor Associate Professor PhD Jorge Paulo Alves Torres Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Jose Fernando da Rocha Pereira Radio Systems Av 40

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group PhD Student José Maria Sousa do Vale Marçal Communication Theory Lx PhD Student MSc José Miguel da Silva Bergano Radio Systems Av PhD Student MSc Luís Carlos Barruncho dos Santos Gonçalves Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Luís Miguel Mendes Wireless Circuits Lx Assistant Professor Licenciatura Manuel Dinis Radio Systems Av PhD Student PhD Student Manuel Joaquim Campos Mendes Nunes Duarte Marco António da Mota Carvalho Silva Pereira Wireless Circuits Av Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Student Professor Emeritus Mário Jorge Simão de Assunção Wireless Circuits Lx Agregação Mario Jose de Almeida Lanca Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Student MSc Miguel António Frade Duarte Radio Systems Lx PhD PhD Miguel Ramos Pereira Radio Systems Lx PhD Student Mrinalinee Pandey Wireless Circuits Lx PhD Student MSc Muhammad Alam Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student Nelson José Valente da Silva Radio Systems Av PhD Student MSc Nuno Cota Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Nuno Miguel Abreu Luís Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Nuno Miguel de Figueiredo Garrido Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Nuno Ricardo Cordeiro Leonor Antennas and Propagation Lr Assistant Professor PhD Pedro Miguel Figueiredo Amaral Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Ricardo Dias Fernandes Radio Systems Av 41

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Position Degree Name Group PhD Student MSc Ricardo Miguel Romão Gonçalves Radio Systems Av PhD Student Riccardo Bassoli Mobile Systems - Av Assistant Professor Rodolfo Alexandre Duarte Oliveira Radio Systems Lx PhD Student Rodolfo Vitorino Gomes Antennas and Propagation Lr PhD Student Rui Jorge Ferreira Esteves Radio Systems Lx Assistant Professor PhD Rui Miguel Neto Marinheiro Radio Systems Lx PhD PhD Sérgio Carlos da Conceição Pires Radio Systems Av PhD Student Sérgio Morgadinho Rebelo Antennas and Propagation Lr PhD Student Slavisa Tomic Radio Systems Lx PhD Student Sofia de Almeida Carvalhão Sousa Radio Systems Lx PhD Student MSc Susana Mota Radio Systems Av Associate PhD Telmo Rui Carvalhinho Cunha Antennas and Professor Fernandes Propagation Lr PhD Student MSc Tiago Miguel Valente Varum Radio Systems Av PhD Student MSc Valdemar Monteiro Mobile Systems - Av PhD Student Victor Sucasas Iglésias Mobile Systems - Av Table 7 Non-permanent collaborators working in the Wireless Communications Area in 42

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 4.1.3 Summary of Research Achievements 4.1.3.1 Contributing groups Antennas and Propagation - Lx Antennas and Propagation - Co Antennas and Propagation - Lr Mobile Networks Av Mobile Systems - Av Radio Systems - Av Radio Systems - Lx Wireless Circuits Av Wireless Circuits - Lx 4.1.3.2 Antennas and Applications Work on antennas has been focused on the following main topics: antennas for UWB systems, antennas for body-area networks, RFID antennas, antennas for microwave imaging and antennas for microwave and mm-wave applications with emphasis on Ka-band communication satellites. 4.1.3.2.1 Antennas for UWB, localization and body-area network applications Analysis of polarization diversity in UWB antennas both in simulation and experimental work. Ultrawide band antenna efficiency measurements and simulation. Extension of Johnston's method for the evaluation of UWB antenna efficiency; Design of near-body low-profile UWB antennas for indoor localization applications and for communications. Performance of UWB antennas in the proximity of the human body or implanted under the skin; 43

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Systematic study of the previously developed UWB antenna (XETS antenna), aiming at its integration into an automated design tool for full-wave Electromagnetic solvers; RFID antennas for automated blood-stock management and integration in patient safety systems in hospitals and e-care applications; a full system prototype was developed, which won the IEEE APS Student Design Contest; Design of UWB antennas for microwave medical imaging of breast tissue. Development of appropriate phantoms, both numerical and experimental. Experimental characterization of phantom electrical characteristics. 4.1.3.2.2 Satellite antenas (Ground Antennas and Space Borne) Developments on low-cost dielectric lens-based mechanical steerable beam antennas for dual-band Ka ground terminal satellite services: - Concepts based on shaped dielectric antenna, involving the design of a dual-band ridged horn antenna and launcher in the Ka-band and assembly with the lens; prototype fabrication and test; - Concepts based on flat zone-plate lens, involving the design of phase delay printed elements; prototype fabrication and test; Design of dual-band multi-beam feeds for satellite Ka-band reflectors for satellite deck installation based on the "shared aperture" concept: - Concept based on metamaterial Fabry-Perot cavity antenna, with improved tolerance to fabrication accuracy and enhanced performance; - Concept based on shaped dielectric lens with virtual foci; Analysis, design, optimization, fabrication and test of components, microstrip patch antenna elements and arrays for space applications at 44

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Ka band using suspended stripline technology and substrate integrated waveguide technology (SIW); analysis, design, optimization, fabrication and test of frequency selective structures. 4.1.3.2.3 Antennas for multi-gigabit wireless networks - Development of small shaped lenses for multi-gigabit wireless LANs exploring 3D printing fabrication technology and integration with mmwave ICs at 60 GHz, 120 GHz and beyond in cooperation with University of Nice and a SME in France; - Characterization of the complex permittivity of 3D printed samples at mm-waves; 4.1.3.2.4 Other antenna related topics On-going work on novel antenna beam steering for wireless applications - development of a demonstrable prototype for beam steering using metamaterials, including a 2D transmitarray beamsteering using stacked tunable metamaterials; Participation in the European COST Action IC1301 WIPE - Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics, with the topic of Hybrid FSS and Rectenna design for wireless power harvesting; 4.1.3.3 Waves and Propagation Work in this sub-area focused on studies of the effects of vegetation media on the propagation of radiowaves, RF measurement systems at micro- and millimeter wave frequencies, in addition to building scatter and site shielding techniques studies, in close collaboration with University of Vigo (Spain) and University of South Wales (United Kingdom). 45

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 4.1.3.3.1 Radiowave propagation modelling Propagation through vegetation - Proposal of a time-varying radiowave model in vegetation media at micro- and millimeter wave frequencies. The model is based on the discrete (Radiative Energy Transfer) theory extended to include channel dynamics, for various vegetation species and frequencies; - On-going work on the development of a 2D ray-tracing based model for micro- and millimeter-wave propagation through vegetation; RF transparency control of building wall structures, including a review on the electromagnetic characterization of building materials at micro- and millimeter wave frequencies, a square loop and square slot frequency selective surface (FSS) parametric study for equivalent circuit model optimization and a dual-band single-layer FSS for Wi-Fi applications; On-going work on the design and development of a millimetre wave wireless radio System prototype for Giga-bit/second multimedia application, intended for 5G, including the performance and evaluation of OFDM and SC -FDE over an AWGN propagation channel under RF impairments using Simulink at 60 GHz, in addition to the performance and evaluation of OFDM over multipath fading channels under RF impairments; Improvement of a multi-frequency swept-time delay cross-correlation channel sounder for propagation studies and SAR imagery at 5G frequencies. 46

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 4.1.3.3.2 Electromagnetics of Complex Media Characterization and applications of metamaterials: - Study of the electrodynamics of moving media. Quantum friction in moving media. Spontaneous parity-time symmetry breaking in moving media; - Discovery of electromagnetic instabilities in moving media. Optical amplification induced by the mechanical motion of polarizable neutral bodies or atoms; - Study of optical forces in metamaterials. Proposal of novel mechanisms for unusual optical manipulations. Demonstration of "optical conveyorbelts" with chiral light; - Quadrupolar metamaterials: electrodynamics, homogenization and boundary conditions; - Graphene and semiconductors superlattices. Nonlinear effects in zerogap semiconductor superlattices. Graphene wormhole. Homogenization of artificial graphene (2D electron gas); - Experimental demonstration of a reverse rainbow with a nonlocal metamaterial; - Trapping light in plasmonic nanostructures. Embedded eigenvalue states with infinite lifetimes in bounded structures; - Giant radiative heat transfer in metamaterials. Super-Planckian thermal emission in far field; - Experimental characterization of the reflectivity level of previously designed thermal blankets for telecommunication satellites based on multi-layer band gap technology (a joint project with HPS-P and ESA); 47

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS - Design of a new electromagnetic sensor for the detection of structural flaws in the Terahertz band; - Proposal of a new device built on metamaterials for the generation of Terahertz waves which is capable of producing electromagnetic waves in the Terahertz range from a pump signal of higher frequency; - Participation in COST Action "Tera-MIR Radiation: Materials, Generation, Detection and Applications" devoted to advance novel materials, concepts and devices for generating and detecting THz (0.3 THz to 10 THz) and Mid Infrared (10 THz to 100 THz). Study bi-isotropic media - Geometrical representation of Tellegen media in the Riemann sphere. Geometrical interpretations of duality transformations applied to Tellegen media. Characterization of the most general subsets of Tellegen media that can be simultaneously reduced to simple isotropic media with the same duality transformation. Solution of complex problems involving Tellegen media using duality transformations. Image theory for the solution of radiation problems involving Tellegen stratified structures; - Photonic crystals formed by nonreciprocal materials (Tellegen media or ferrites) and chiral media. Spectral asymmetry of the band diagrams and its consequences. Mm-wave passive devices - Design, fabrication and test of a compact high selectivity dual-band filter for Ka-band, using waveguide E-plane split-ring resonator structure. 4.1.3.4 Circuits and systems for wireless communications 4.1.3.4.1 RF circuit design and measurement - Modelling and characterization of critical passive structures has continued leading to a new process of obtained on wafer measurements 48

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS with less inaccuracy due to the microprobes positioning validated up to 40 GHz on a 0.13 mm CMOS technology. On this subject a PhD Thesis was concluded and will be discussed at IST in, and 2 papers were sent for possible publication on a Journal; - A voltage tuned 28 GHz high-pass active filter and different version of active inductors in 0.25mm SiGe BiCMOS technology was fabricated and tested including on noise and large signal behaviour. Comparison between simulation and measurements were performed. A paper on active inductors was sent for possible publication on a Journal; - A study on the highest frequency of operation of active inductors with a CMOS 0.13 mm Si Technology was performed and a grounded active inductor was obtained up to 16 GHz. On this subject an MSc Thesis was concluded and presented at B.I.T Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, on May. After, a study of floating active inductors on the same technology has started on the mainframe of the PhD work of the same student, presently as an IST PhD student; - The complete design of a CMOS monolithic transceiver prototype for wireless sensor networks was concluded. The chip will be sent for fabrication at the beginning of. This transceiver presents state of the art performance at the simulation level. The design gathered the work developed under three MSc theses and a PhD thesis on going, and the contribution of other three researchers; - The study of new control, strategies and analog design techniques to increase the switching frequency of inductor based dc-dc converters up to 500 MHz was continued. Preliminary results in a 130 nm CMOS process indicate the viability of the proposal. An MSc thesis is currently going on fully integrated dc-dc converters; - An MSc thesis started on the implementation of a low cost Vector Network Analyser up to 40 GHz. The study of new topologies to obtain the necessary wide band couplers and down converters will be performed. 49

ANNUAL REPORT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 4.1.3.4.2 Non-linear circuits and devices Nonlinear Device Modeling - High-power GaN HEMT transistor models specially conceived to accurately reproduce the power and efficiency load-pull contours were developed; - A special emphasis was also put on the study and modeling of the GaN HEMT trapping effects, namely the drain-lag. First versions of submicrosecond gate and drain pulsers were designed and implemented; - Using the identified drain-lag trapping effects, a first physically supported explanation was proposed for the so-called soft-compression of GaN HEMT transistors. Nonlinear Circuit Simulation Techniques - An extensive study, analysis and experimental comparison between different multirate numerical RF simulation techniques was conducted to improve recently proposed CAD tools specially conceived for the simulation of nonlinear RF circuits whose stimuli are turned off for unknown periods of time; - An innovative mixed time-frequency CAD tool, for the efficient simulation of the same category of circuits was developed. Power Amplifier Design - High-power Si LDMOS and GaN HEMT based Doherty amplifier modeling for accurate efficiency and nonlinear distortion (dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM) predictions; - The first explanation on the class-b power amplifier efficiency dependence on the load resistance was proposed and then an innovative method was conceived for the prediction of the drain efficiency load-pull contours of power transistors biased for class B operation; 50