Mon 4/7 Collect: Power of the Pyramids. Today: Test and INB Check, Start POGIL. Homework: POGIL-due Wed, Guided Reading-Due Fri. Print notes-ch 45 pt 1 for next class. Next class: Notes-Ch 45 pt 1.
Wed. 4/9 Collect: Pogil Today: Notes-Ch 45. Homework: Finish Ch 45 GR and Simberloff article(both due next class). Print out Ch 45 Notes-pt 2. Next class: Quiz-Ch 45. Spring Break homework will be posted on my.ccsd.net
Pg. 180 Ch 45 GR Pg. 181 EK paragraph-ch 45 4A5
In: pg 182 Describe what is meant by the term biological community. How is this different from a biological population?
Pg 183 Chapter 45 Community and Ecosystem Ecology
Community structure species richness Community~ an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction Richness (number of species) Relative abundance (common versus rare species) Species diversity (made up of richness and relative abundance)
Relative abundance
Value of Species Diversity (from Direct Medicines Agricultural Consumptive Indirect Ch 47) Biogeochemical cycles Waste recycling Soil Erosion Regulation of climate
Causes of Species Extinction (from Ch 47) Habitat loss Exotic species http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-threat-of-invasive-species/ Pollution Climate change Overexploitation
Interspecific Interactions Interspecific (interactions between populations of different species within a community): Coevolution-reciprocal evolution of 2 species. May have a positive, negative or neutral effect on a populations density.
Predation Includes parasitism and herbivory. Predator population density and prey population density are closely related. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ schools/gcsebitesize/ science/edexcel_pre_ 2011/environment/po pulationsandpyramids rev5.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ science/edexcel_pre_2011/environment/po pulationsandpyramidsrev5.shtml
Dominant Predators Keystone predators-a predator that maintains species richness in a community by reducing the number of a competitive species, so less competitive species survive.
Predation defense-animals Cryptic (camouflage) coloration Aposematic (warning) coloration Mimicry~ superficial resemblance to another species Batesian~ palatable/ harmless species mimics an unpalatable/ harmful model Mullerian~ 2 or more unpalatable, aposematically colored species resemble each other
Defense against predators-plants Mechanical-structures like thorns Chemical-bad tasting or poisonous compounds.
Competition: a closer look Interspecific vs intraspecific competition. Interference-actual fighting over resources Exploitative-consumption or use of similar resources
Competitive exclusion principle Competitive Exclusion Principle (Lotka / Volterra)~ 2 species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place Gause experiment
Ecological niche~ the sum total of an organism s use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; its ecological role fundamental~ the set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions The Niche realized~ the resources a population actually uses 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical Ex: Barnacle sp. on the coast of Scotland
Competition evidence Resource partitioning~ sympatric species consume slightly different foods or use other resources in slightly different ways Character displacement~ sympatric species tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap Ex: Anolis lizard sp. perching sites in the Dominican Republic Ex: Darwin s finch beak size on the Galapagos Islands
Stability-the tendency of a community to reach and maintain an equilibrium or relative constant condition. Disturbance provides an opportunity for new species to become established. May be naturally occurring or anthropogenic May be large or small scale May be positive or negative Disturbance
Ecological Succession succession~ transition in species composition over ecological time Primary~ begun in lifeless area; no soil, perhaps volcanic activity or retreating glacier Secondary~ an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact Climax community- old view Disturbance driven succession-disturbance causes constant community change
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/ecological-succession-from-pioneer-to-climax-communities.html#lesson
Out How does a biological community illustrate the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?
Fri. 4/11 Collect-Ch 45 GR Today: Quiz-Ch 45, Notes-Ch 45 pt2 Next Class: Labs both classes the week we get back from Spring Break. Homework: Cycles Chart and Cornell notes for Ch. 46 Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere.
Pg. 184 Article: Introduced Species by Simberloff Pg. 185 EK Paragraph 2A3
In: pg. 186 Watch the Bozeman Video on Abiotic and Biotic Factors and write 6 facts.
Notes-Ch. 45 Pt 2 Pg. 187
Ecosystem Ecology- Studying organisms in their environment organism population community ecosystem biosphere
Ecosystem All the organisms in a community(biotic factors) plus abiotic factors(non living). ecosystems are transformers of energy & processors of matter Ecosystems are self-sustaining what is needed? capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients
Ecosystem inputs nutrients cycle energy flows through biosphere inputs energy nutrients
Energy flows through ecosystems sun secondary consumers (carnivores) loss of energy primary consumers (herbivores) loss of energy producers (plants)
Primary Production http://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chemosynthe 31
Food chains Level 4 Tertiary consumer sun Trophic levels feeding relationships start with energy from the sun captured by plants 1 st level of all food chains food chains usually go up only 4 or 5 levels inefficiency of energy transfer all levels connect to decomposers top carnivore Level 3 Secondary consumer Level 2 Primary consumer Level 1 Producer Decomposers carnivore heterotrophs herbivore autotrophs Bacteria Fungi
Humans in food chains Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations how much energy does it take to feed a human? if we are meat eaters? if we are vegetarian? What is your ecological footprint?!
Food webs Food chains are linked together into food webs Who eats whom? a species may weave into web at more than one level bears humans eating meat? eating plants?
Ecosystems- Matter and Energy 35
Inefficiency of energy transfer sun Loss of energy between levels of food chain To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! 17% growth only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 33% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces) energy lost to daily living
1 100 Ecological pyramid sun Loss of energy between levels of food chain can feed fewer animals in each level Numbers 100,000 1,000,000,000
Biomass Pyramids I think this slide should go up with the other pyramid slides even though it s about populations 39
Pyramid of Numbers 40
Primary Production made by Primary Producers Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of time. Then the plant must use some energy to supports its own processes with cellular respiration such as growth, opening and closing it s stomata, etc. What is left over in that same amount of time is net primary productivity which is the energy available to be used by another organism. 41
http://www.theenergylibrary.com/files/images/energ 42
Primary Production 43
Ecosystem inputs nutrients cycle constant energy flows input of through energy biosphere nutrients can only cycle inputs energy nutrients
Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers consumers producers decomposers nutrients made available to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic reservoir geologic processes
Carbon cycle CO 2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion of fuels Industry and home Plants Animals Dissolved CO 2 Bicarbonates Photosynthesis Animals Plants and algae Deposition of dead material Carbonates in sediment Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)
Nitrogen cycle Carnivores Atmospheric nitrogen Herbivores Birds Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Fish excretion loss to deep sediments Death, excretion, feces Decomposing bacteria amino acids Ammonifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates Plants Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Denitrifying bacteria
Phosphorus cycle Loss in drainage Plants Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) Phosphates in solution Land animals Soluble soil phosphate Urine Rocks and minerals Animal tissue and feces Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Animal tissue and feces Aquatic animals Plants and algae Precipitates Loss to deep sediment
Water cycle Water vapor Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation Solar energy Oceans Lakes Runoff Percolation in soil Groundwater Aquifer
Transpiration
Breaking the water cycle Deforestation breaks the water cycle groundwater is not transpired to the atmosphere, so precipitation is not created forest desert desertification
Concentration of nitrate (mg/l ) Effects of deforestation 40% increase in runoff loss of water 60x loss in nitrogen 10x loss in calcium 80 40 4 2 nitrate levels in runoff Deforestation loss into surface water loss out of ecosystem! 0 1965 1966 Year 1967 1968
Pg. 188 Nutrient Cycles Chart Pg. 189 Do a set of Cornell Notes for Spring Break PPT #1(Ch. 46 Major Ecosytems of the Biosphere) Include at least 3 pictures or graphics from the ppt. Posted on my.ccsd.net
Out Use the 2 following diagrams to answer the Energy in the Ecosystem Questions and tape in here.
4 Fig. 1 3 2 1
Fig. 2 4 3 2 1
Tues. 4/22 Collect: Nutrient Cycles Chart Today: Energy Transfer Lab Next Class: Transpiration Lab please come properly dressed and prepared. Homework: Finish Energy Transfer Lab. INB check and Test over Ch. 45-46 will be Mon. 4/28. Any test corrections must be done this week by Friday.
Thurs. 4/25 Collect: Energy Transfer Lab Today: Transpiration Lab pt 1 Next Class: Test and INB check Homework: Finish Transpiration Lab, experimental organizer for pt 2 of Transpiration Lab INB check and Test over Ch. 45-46 will be Mon. 4/28. Any test corrections must be done this week by Friday.