Reduce Reuse Recycle - Regenerate AAR4610 Energy- and Environment-friendly project design
Sustainable use of materials & structures in architectural design A life cycle perspective: Temporary Permanent Heritage Indoors Outdoors
Site: Marienborg (Trondheim)
Teachers: Annemie Wyckmans + Per Monsen Topic: Most of the buildings of the future are built already. How to reuse, transform and expand on the existing mass of buildings? Focus on the life cycle of materials and sites, energy and useability Case: Marienborg in Trondheim: urban plan to buildings and green structures Teaching In modules, according to the phases of the different scale considerations Number of students: 20 Studytrip: Hamburg or Paris Language: English (+ guidance in Norwegian if preferred) Compulsory: Students who take AAR4610 will also need to take the theory course AAR4915 resource use in buildings
Examples from past courses
AAR4610 ENERGI OG MILJØ VÅR 2007 FERNANDO DIAZ SOLER
When we start conceiving a project the fi rst consideration is about the site. We are not thinking just in a physical place, I would call it context. This context has to do with the physical place of course (mountains, rivers, buildings, vegetation ), but also with relation with populations, economy systems, inhabitants costumes, memories, place resources, program infi nite factors that the architect has to recognize and organize. With all these factors or contents we formulize a concept which is formalized by the idea. In all our exercises we have been dealing with all this factors. However the main goal in this course has been to make environmental friendly architecture. In any case the fi nal objective is always is always the same, to make good architecture. Future expanding
Climate analyses To find a good solution for each place our approach must to come from the general to the detail. Thus we start for example with the location going from the country to region city or village. Each country use to have a determinate temperatures or humidity in the air but this climate is different between its regions. In the region exist different climates too depending on the geography so one village situated in a valley has different climate than one situated in the top of the mountain or next to the fiord. Still in the same village you can find different microclimates according to the orientation, buildings shade or vegetation. To design a window in certain façade, a terrace or garden we have to know how this microclimate works so we can protect ourselves or take advantage of the situation. There are some factors that we can modify and some we can not. For example temperatures, precipitations or hours of light are fixed but wind or sun shading is possible to modify taking easy solutions. These analyses are very useful and easy to make. We can deduce with a map from where is coming the strongest wind, which are the more exposed buildings etc A good analysis of wind and sun is the beginning of a successful solution.
An environmental friendly solution has also a lot to do with the resources of the area. I think the question before start to design is: what materials do I have in the area? What are the techniques that folk know to use? ok, then I have to make a good building with this material and this constructive system It has no sense to work with concrete in a place where there s only wood factories and people who is use to work with wood. In some places is possible to use any material but still there will be some factors that make better one from the other. These factors vary from the kind of building, intention or budget. Until now the main point has been the economy but a new factor is rising strongly. Respect to the environment. Usually it makes more expensive the solution but more and more is required the use of material whose production is as less polluting as possible. Is important to know how the material works. How to fi x it to other materials and which constructive techniques are the appropriate. The fi nal image of a building is completely dependent of the material which is made. Not just because texture or colour but the way of working with it and put things together. In Veiskillet we decide to change the material and constructive system to get better insulation, quality and durability. We chose massive wood and a new constructive system based in the connexion between the cladding and massive wood structural walls through the insulation with nails. With this system we reduce the cold bridges to a few points so the heat lost is very low. We realised that we couldn t work with the same details. New details gave us new expressions. NEW SYSTEM NEW DETAILING
Any site has its own personality. Then an environmental position is to recognise the qualities in the place, don t destroy them. Buildings have the possibility to establish new connections, relations and spaces than give qualities to the site they are occupying. They are not independent objects left anywhere, they have context and they have a role in it. After analysed the context we can write down some intentions we want to get in our project. These intentions don t have form yet. They will be formalized by the idea or concept. It has been said in the modern movement form follows the function. That could be understood like the program give you the form what is not right. I think the concept give the form and the concept is a conclusion of this context analyse where the program is one of its part. I have observed how different groups have solved the problem of the different projects. Some made a study of the program separating in different volumes different functions and fi nding a system to connect them. So the form was given by the program. Other groups found the concept fi rst independently of the program and adapting a posteriori the program inside. These two different ways to solve the project are valid. However in my opinion the fi rst approach is more successful since the personality of the site is very strong. There are others situations where the program takes the whole protagonism. In campus hotel we decided to place a sculpture in the slope. The building was not very big and the landscape quite open so the site permitted this sculpture. Here form was conceived before the program too, the proportion and surface were in mind from the beginning. In the last project instead of place an object in the landscape we decide to hide it, the context was different. The program was too big and the slope too small to place an object.
When we decided to adopt a sustainable or energy effi cient solution we are refusing some ways that directly affect to the form. For example we are concern that building should have as less exterior surface as possible because the energy lost and the amount of used materials in facade. Compact buildings will need always less energy for cooling or heating than others. Heat transmission is depending on two main factors: temperature difference and exposed surface. So if we want to separate two spaces with different temperatures the heat lost will increase if the temperature difference or separating surface increases. Each material has its own heat transmission coeffi cient. The heat lost decreases when the element thickness increases. With these principles we have to keep constant temperature (and humidity) in the interior to feel comfortable. To obtain this we can use heating and cooling systems which consume energy or passive system like sun shading or natural ventilation which not. The problem is to keep inside constant factors which are different from the outside. If we compare the building to the human body is easy to understand. Our body needs constant temperature. We spend energy to maintain this temperature at 36,5ºC. When is hot outside we swept to lower the over temperature or if there is cold we use clothes. In the fi rst case we are using energy to sweep but in the second we are not. This is a passive solution. Our goal today is to avoid the maximum energy use in favour of passive solutions. For example in Norway is senseless to have cooling systems. However if we have a glass façade facing south we will have over heating in summer sunny days. The passive solution them is to use sun control shading to avoid this overheating when is needed instead of using cooling systems. One passive concept is the double glass façade. We know that one normal wall is ten times better insulated than the best window. With the double glass façade we are protecting the weakest point of the building in cold climates. The outside is always colder than the air in the double façade which is colder than the interior ambient. We are preventing also the overheating with natural ventilation in de facade. In Kalvisnet and campushostell project have been used the concept of thermal zoning. It based in the different uses and temperatures for each space. In Kalvisnet the exhibition area woks like a doble façade. super insulated roof soil - grass surface fibre cloth filtration layer water proof foil pressure proof insulation < 400mm integrated cold bridge barrier double glazed south facade and solar shading manually controlled roller blinds for summer shading prevents overheating - 50 % see-through opening window to prevent overheating manually controlled blinds for winter shading sliding windows 2m wide U-value less than 1,0 outer glass of double facade ventilation supply air - slow speed 20º 16º double glass construction Thermal zones in Kalvskinnet and Campushotel. opening window to avoid overheating
We have seen working with the engineers that the most heat lost is because the ventilation. The air must to be changed when is exhausted. If we replace this warm exhaust air with cold air we will have to warm again the new one which requires a lot of energy. Some solutions are to pre-warm the air in the ground or use heat exchangers. This air ventilation system requires also big pipes so is very important to take them into consideration from the beginning of the design process. Today is more and more common the integration in the design solar panels and solar catchers. In Norway is an expensive solution because there aren t too many shiny days. In Kalvskinnet we can observe these decisions from the beginning. The spine of the building is a technical wall surrounding the building in the back and on the sides. This double wall contains all of the major technical, restrooms, elevators, kitchens, storage and stairs. This makes it possible to play with more flexible and general plans. All the air is transported in the technical wall and driven to the front façade through the roof and floor. In any moment the pipes are crossing the double spaces, rooms Because the connexion between space the exhaust air is recovered on top of the building and driven to the heat exchanger in the technical. We save a lot of energy in warming up the new air. work space work space work space open work space technical room exhibition storage