TEMPERATURE
Temperature Data Daily Temperature High 90 F Low 60 F Daily Temperature Range? Difference between High & Low for Day Daily Average Temperature? Mid-point between High & Low for Day
Temperature Data Monthly Temperature Average of all Daily Temperatures in a Month Annual Temperature Annual Temperature Range? Difference between Hottest & Coldest Month Annual Mean Temperature? Average of all 12 Monthly Temperatures
Isotherm Map Isotherm = Equal Temperature Line that connects same temperature
Temperature Gradient Isotherm distance Close = Rapid change Wide = Gradual Change
Controls of Temperature Latitude Land & Water contrast Ocean Current circulation Altitude Geographic Position Cloud Cover & Albedo
Latitude Latitude most affects Temp. Solar Radiation Annual Temp. Range Greater in Higher Latitudes
Latitude Solar Radiation Low Sun Angles in High Latitudes Lower Temperature
Latitude Solar Radiation High Sun Angles in Low Latitudes Higher Temperature
Land & Water Contrasts Land surface Heats & Cools Faster to greater extremes to lesser depth Ocean Heats & Cools Slower Ocean Circulates (Fluid) Distributes Heat Evaporation Cooling
Land & Water Contrasts Differential Heating = Specific Heat Water absorbs more Energy without Heating Land Heats more with less Energy
Land & Water Contrasts Heating Characteristics Interior Locations Extreme Temp. Coastal Locations Moderate Temp. San Diego & Dallas are same Latitude Why different Temp.?
Land & Water Contrasts Same Latitude in Canada Vancouver Marine Winnipeg Continental 5 F warmer in Summer 36 F colder in Winter
Land & Water Contrasts Northern Hemisphere Land Hemisphere Greater Temp. range More Continental climate Southern Hemisphere Water Hemisphere Less Temp. range More Marine climate
Ocean Currents Atmospheric Circulation 75% of Heat Transfer Oceanic Circulation Winds propel Currents
Ocean Currents Currents & Wind transfer heat Equalizes Latitudinal energy imbalance
Wind & Ocean Currents Northern Hemisphere Clockwise Southern Hemisphere Counter-Clockwise
Ocean Currents Equatorial current... Warm Flows West Warm currents West Cold currents East
Ocean Currents Similar Latitude in South America Rio de Janeiro Warm current Arica, Chile Cold current 10 F difference throughout year
Altitude Vertical Temperature (Troposphere) Temperature Cools with Altitude Normal Lapse Rate 3.6 F / 1,000
Altitude Near Equator in South America (Ecuador) Guayaquil Sea Level Quito 9,200 20 F difference throughout year
Geographical Position Coastal Location relative to Winds Windward coast Temperature moderated by ocean air Leeward coast Greater Temperature range Greater heating and cooling
Windward & Leeward Coasts Same Latitude in U.S.A. Eureka, CA Windward Coast New York City Leeward Coast 34 F greater Temp. Range Summer & Winter
Topographical Barrier Topographical Barrier (Mountains) Windward slope Marine Temperature moderated Leeward slope Continental Greater Temperature range West East
Topographical Barrier Same Latitude in Washington Separated by Cascade Range Seattle Windward side Spokane Leeward side 20 F Greater Temp. Range
Cloud Cover & Albedo Clouds have High Albedo Daytime Reflects Solar Radiation Cooler Air below Night Retains Earth Radiation Reduces Temp. Loss Reduces Temperature Range Daily Temp. Cycle Monthly Temp. Cycle
Cloud Cover & Albedo Daily Temperature Range Clear Greater Temp. Range Overcast Less Temp. Range
Cloud Cover & Albedo Monsoon Cloud cover lowers summer heat Highest Temp. Dryer month prior to rains
Temperature Cycles When warmest & coldest during Day Year Due to Net Heat Balance between Solar Radiation Earth Radiation Lag from Peak & Low for Solar Radiation
Daily Net Radiation If Solar Radiation > Earth Radiation Earth Warms up during Daytime Earth then Warms the Air Warmest Time of Day?
Daily Net Radiation If Earth Radiation > Solar Radiation Earth Cools off during Nighttime Air Cools off Coolest Time of Day?
Daily Temperature Cycle Warmest time of day 2 to 5 pm Coldest time of day Sunrise
Daily Temperature Cycle
Daily Temperature Cycle Influenced by Land/Water Location Inland Temp. Large Temp. Range Riverside (Oct. 9) High = 83 F Low = 58 F Range =? Coastal Temp. Small Temp. Range Santa Monica (Oct. 9) High = 73 F Low = 60 F Range =?
Daily Temperature Cycle Record Daily Range in Inland Desert Record: 126 F in Day 26 F at Night
Annual Temperature Cycle Warmest & Coldest months differ from Summer & Winter Solstices Warmest = July-August Coldest = January-February Lag due to Net Heat Balance between Solar Radiation Earth Radiation
Annual Temperature Cycle Influenced by Land/Water Location Inland Rapid Heating & Cooling Hottest Month? After Summer Solstice July Coldest Month? After Winter Solstice January Coastal Slower Heating & Cooling Hottest Month? August Coldest Month? February
Annual Temperature Range Difference between Hottest Month Coldest Month Influenced by Latitude Proximity to Coast
Annual Temperature Range Largest in High Latitude & Inland Yakutsk, Siberia 68 F in July 45 F in January Range? = 113
Annual Temperature Range Smallest in Low Latitude & Coastal Manaus, Brazil 79 F in July 82 F in January Range?
Temperature Sea Level Map is most affected by Latitude Decreases from Equator to Poles More extreme in Continental interiors
Temperature Sea Level January Shifts South from Equator 90 Sun Angle at 23½ S Northern Hemisphere Colder inland
Temperature Sea Level July Shifts North from Equator 90 Sun Angle at 23½ N Northern Hemisphere Hotter inland
Annual Temperature Range Largest Range No. Hemisphere > 110 F in Siberia Smallest Range Along Equator < 5 F
Annual Temperature Range No. Hemisphere More Land Inland extremes So. Hemisphere More Ocean Moderated
Seasonal Latitudinal Shift Seasonal Migration of 60 F Isotherm Shifts most over continents Summer North Winter South
Record Temperatures High = 136 F in Libya Low = 130 F in Antarctica Annual Range = 113 F in Siberia
Measuring Temperature Mechanical Thermometers Temperature Change Water Maximum Temperature Mercury Minimum Temperature Alcohol (Horizontal)
Measuring Temperature Mechanical Thermometer Bimetal strip Thermograph Electrical Thermometer Thermal Resistor Thermistor Used in airborne Radiosondes
Measuring Temperature Instrument Shelter Thermometer inside White Box Provides Shade Vents 4 Above Ground Over Grassy area
Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Scale Freezing = 32 F Boiling = 212 F Celsius Scale 100 between Freezing = 0 C Boiling = 100 C Kelvin Scale Measures from Absolute Zero Lowest possible Temperature 273 C (= 0 Kelvin)
Temperature Applications Degree-Days Energy demand/consumption Heating Below 65 F Cooling Above 65 F Growing Crops Difference between Daily Mean Temperature Base Temperature of Crop Determines Harvest date
Temperature & Comfort Affects Human comfort Sunshine Humidity Heat Index Wind Chill Feels colder during Winter
Urban Heat Islands Cities Higher Temp. than in rural areas Buildings... Absorb heat Heating& AC