ECO-PILING METHODS. Ong Tiong Siew Group CEO Ryobi Kiso Holdings. Visit our website. 1/63

Introduction Need to move towards more sustainable construction methods in Singapore Characteristics of Eco-friendly piling method Low noise Low vibration Less material used Less removal of soil Overall better cost effectiveness 3/63

Overview Singapore Grout Mix Piling (DCM), 1983 Soil Mix Wall (SMW), 2000 Grouted Press Spun Pile, 2003 Trench-cutting Remixing Deep-Wall (TRD), 2006 Malaysia DCM, 2003 Vietnam DCM, 2012 Australia DCM, 2003 SMW, 2005 In-situ Concrete Wall (ICW), 2005 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piling, 2006 4/63

DEEP CEMENT MIX / GROUT MIX PILING 5/63

DCM Introduction DCM involves the mechanical mixing of in-situ soil with binders such as lime, cement and bentonite, etc Popularised in Japan since the 1950s Commonly used in Singapore. Increasingly popular in Europe, North America and rest of Asia. Applications : Ground Improvement Works Temporary Retaining Structures Foundation for Light Structures Improve Ground Bearing Capacity Prevent Ground Heave Improve Accessibility and Trafficability 6/63

DCM Introduction 1956, our founder, Mr Shuntaro Shiga started R&D on Electric motor top drive auger and subsequently patented it. 1983, Ryobi Kiso Co, Japan first introduced DCM to Singapore With Obayashi Corporation for Treasury Building construction; subsequently adopted for Outram MRT project in 1984. 1997, DCM actively popularised in local construction temporary earth retaining (both reinforced and non-reinforced). Over 90 projects were successfully completed to date 2004, DCM used as a ground strut for a basement construction instead of using CBP as retaining wall (SIA-Lasalle College of Arts) 2009, DCM used on large scale (~2.5million m 3 ) in Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE) by various grouting contractors 7/63

DCM Applications GL Prevent ground heaving Prevent sliding failure caused by high embankment As foundation for light structure Prevent slope stability failure Prevent water seepage Open excavation is possible Improve accessibility 8/63

DCM Method DCM can be installed in multiple configuration which includes: Compound columns system (base grouting) Contiguous piles (wall system). Grids system 9/63

DCM Method Step1 : Setting up auger Rig at pile position Step2 : Augering with the required size auger Step3 : Augering and mixing with pumping of cement grout Step4 : Mixing is by auger rotation as a form of mechanical agitation Step5 : Mixing & withdraw auger in anticlockwise rotation Step6 : Installation of Grout Mix Pile is completed 10/63

DCM Equipment Single Shaft 11/63

DCM Equipment Eco-friendly piling solutions Twin Shaft 12/63

DCM Equipment Triple Shaft 13/63

Advantages Relatively low cost Controllable column sizes (same as auger) from Ø700mm to Ø2200mm. Environmentally friendly (in-situ materials). Less disposal soil (30-40% of soil treated) Low pressure method (5 15 bar) Low vibration. Low noise. Minimum ground heave. High installation speed. Suitable for various type of soil condition. Impermeable retaining wall 14/63

Case Study : MCE C482 15/63

Case Study : MCE C482 SOIL PROFILE N 0 0 0 9 9 9 3 3 10 11 71 16/63

Case Study : MCE C482 SOIL PROFILE 17/63

Case Study : MCE C482 PLAN VEIW O1300 DCM Design GL 103.50 SECTION VEIW 1300 AREA 2.50 m2 1000 Double auger shafts 1000 1000 1000 300 DCM Top 90.535 DCM Toe 81.535 DCM Base Grout Section E2 12.965 m 9.00 m 21.965m GL 103.50 1200 300 1000 1000 1000 DCM Layout DCM Top 90.535 DCM Toe 80.535 DCM Base Grout 10.00 m 12.965 m 22.965m Section E3 18/63

Case Study : MCE C482 Eco-friendly piling solutions DCM Layout Total DCM columns : 6633 Panels, 110,562.5 m3 19/63

Case Study : MCE C482 Quality Review Requirement The coring shall be one cored hole per continuous block, Plus one cored hole per 1,000 linear metres (rounded up to the nearest whole number of cored holes), of DCM columns. TCR must be at least 85% to establish DCM Depth : 99.6% For each Core Run SCR > 85% : 92.7% Mean UCS at 95% Lower Confidence Limit > 800 kpa : 2820.8 kpa Mean Modulus Em at 95% Lower Confidence Limit > 150 MPa : 723.6 MPa 20/63

Case Study : MCE C482 Cored Samples Samples selected here Samples selected here 21/63

Case Study : MCE C482 On Site Operation 22/63

Case Study : MCE C482 On Site Operation 23/63

Past Projects BUCKLAY 18 24/63

Past Projects EASTERN MANSION AT MEYER ROAD 25/63

Past Projects KOVAN AT UPPER SERANGOON 26/63

Past Projects BARTLEY RIDGE 27/63

TRENCH-CUTTING RE-MIXING DEEP WALL (TRD) 28/63

TRD Introduction Pioneered by the Japanese in the 1990s Provides a more uniform soil-mixed wall. Formed by chainsaw like equipment that cut and mixes existing soil with an injected cement and bentonite water. Allow the installation of a continuous improved soil wall without creating an open cut trench. TRD was being used in over 250 projects in Japan. Ryobi Kiso (S) first introduced this method to Singapore in 2006 Until 2008, the only company in Asia outside Japan to commercially utilise the TRD machine for environmental protection engineering projects 29/63

TRD Method GROUT PLANT Crawler Crane T R D Industrial waste Excavator TRD-WALL Cutter Post Sand layer Clay layer 30/63

TRD Method 31/63

TRD Construction 32/63

TRD Advantages Low noise. Low vibration. Improve speed of construction. Less material used and disposed. Better quality control. Suitable for various types of soil condition by vertical mixing. No open trench cutting. High Impermeability 33/63

TRD wall Case Study: Sungei Serangoon Sungei Serangoon Effluent runoff Protection of seepage (Prevent effluent from being flowed into the river) 34/63

Case Study: Sungei Serangoon Quality Review a) Requirements Permeability < 1.0 x 10-9 m/s Unconfined Compressive Strength (Qu) 125 KPa b) Permeability test results c) On site permeability test pictures 35/63

Case Study: Sungei Serangoon On site Operations 36/63

GROUTED PRESS SPUN PILE 37/63

Introduction Press Grouted Spun Pile method spearheaded by Ryobi Kiso Generally used in areas where stringent vibration limits are required Overcome ground subsidence of bored hole with conventional boring of pile holes Stabilising grout improves shaft friction while setting of pile by hydraulic hammer enhances end bearing capacity Applications Foundation Piles Impervious contiguous Spun Pile Retaining Wall Sub-structural Wall Grout Spun pile Spun pile Soil 38/63

Field Construction Soil augered to required depth Spun pile lowered and pressed. 39/63

Field Construction Completed Piles 40/63

Field Construction Welding Sensors and extensometers 41/63

Field Construction Test monitoring 42/63

Advantages Minimum noise and vibration problems. Enhanced shaft friction. Higher reliability on toe bearing. Improved toe bearing. Ease of construction for larger diameter pile. Marginal spoil problem. Lesser impact to adjacent built structures. 43/63

Test Pile Summary Eco-friendly piling solutions Soil properties and preliminary pile design Case Study : Buckley Rd Designed load = 219 T Pile diameter = 600 mm Thickness = 100 mm Pile length = 23.5 m Instrumentation details 44/63

Case Study : Buckley Rd Loads (kn) 0 5 10 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 2190 4380 6570 Failure criteria (after Davisson, 1972) Settlement (mm) 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Load settlement curve Load distribution along pile axis (third cycle) 45/63

Case Study : Buckley Rd Loads (kn) Skin friction (kpa) 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 0 100 200 300 400 Pile head settlement (mm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Total bearing Shaft resistace End bearing Depth (m) 5 10 15 20 2190 3285 4380 4927.5 5475 6022.5 6570 40 45 25 Load movement curve (third cycle) Skin friction along pile (third cycle) 46/63

Case Study : Buckley Rd Cycle Pile head settlements Residual settl. Recovery 1 st (219 T) 6.26 mm 0 mm 100% 2 nd (438 T) 15.64 mm 0.5 mm 96.7% 3 rd (657 T) 41.50 mm 20.25 mm 51.2% Total shaft resistance at 3 rd cycle = 435.9 T (66.3%) 9.84 t/m 2 Total toe bearing at 3 rd cycle = 221.1 T(33.7%) 782.12 t/m 2 47/63

IN-SITU CONCRETE WALL (ICW) 48/63

ICW Introduction Compile Australia has developed a trenching machine to construct a cast in-situ concrete wall (ICW) Used for basement excavations In-situ concrete wall is typically 300mm thick and intended as a permanent load-bearing structural component Over 60 projects to date 49/63

ICW Method Eco-friendly piling solutions 1. A trenching machine is attached to a 40-tonne track excavator and controlled by an excavator operator. 2. Trenching machine drilled to designed depth and progressively excavates the trench. 50/63

ICW Method 3. Concrete is poured into the trench excavated directly behind the trenching machine auger to form a permanent and stable concrete wall. 4. The high-strength concrete mix is designed with a very high slump so that reinforcing bars may be inserted into the poured concrete as the machine progresses. 51/63

ICW Construction Eco-friendly piling solutions 52/63

Advantages Low noise Minimal vibration Able to install closer to boundaries where existing structures require retaining High production rate can cast over 30 lineal meters in one shift Less material wastage and overbreak. Good wall finish 53/63

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AUGER (CFA) 54/63

CFA Introduction CFA first introduced about 50 years ago Widely used in western countries (US, Europe and Australia) Applications: Foundation Piles / Secant Piles/ Contiguous Bored Pile Pile size commonly 300-1200mm diameter and up to 41m deep. (1500mm recently introduced) 55/63

Generally consist of 3 phases: CFA Method 56/63

CFA Method 1) Continuous Flight Auger drilled to target depth 57/63

CFA Method 2) Concrete is pumped to the rig through flexible and fixed hose. Auger is extracted in the process. 58/63

CFA Method 3) Reinforcing steel cage is placed into the correct depth 59/63

CFA Method Eco-friendly piling solutions 4) Completed Piles 60/63

Advantages Low vibration Low noise Less slurry produced. Faster installation (up to 3 times faster than current method) Less wastage Safer (Less lifting operations, No exposed bore hole, better housekeeping) 61/63

Conclusion Important to adopt eco-friendly methods of piling in today s dense urban environment As a leading foundation specialist in Singapore, Ryobi Kiso has capabilities to introduce new ecofriendly piling methods 62/63

END Youtube link - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0auqv4fllku 63/63