Renewable energy directive Christine Maass, Climate and Pollution Agency
EUs 20/20/20-goals for 2020 20 % reduction of GHG-emissions (1990-2020) EU ETS (EU Emission Trading System) 20 % renewable energy in 2020 RED 20 % energy efficiency Ecodesign, energi efficiency directive, labeling etc.
EUs Renewable Energy Directive (RED) Increase of EU`s percentage of renewable energy from 8.5 % in 2005 to 20 % in 2020 Norway`s target is an increase from 60.1 % to 67.5 % In addition, all countries are to reach 10 % renewables in the transport sector
Why an increase in renewable energy supply? Security of supply / selv-sufficiency Economic growth within the EU Increased employment Fight climate change
Distribution of the burden (and the benefits?)
Renewable-% for Norway in 2005 (in TWh): Hydro power Other renewable el Renewable heat Biofuel Wind power District heating Heat pumps 120,7 + 0,4 + 0,3 + 1,1 + 12,7 + 3,2 + 0 230,5 = 138,6 230,5 = 60,1 % Gross energy consumption (Source: Bøeng, SSB)
How to increase the renewable-% Increase renewable energy production Keep energy consumption constant (or decrease consumption) «Increasing energy consumption» assumes that for every new TWh of renewables, the energy consumption increases with 1 TWh. «Decreasing energy consumption» assumes that the energy consumption decreases with 1 TWh for each new TWh of renewable energy.
Renewable-% for Norway in 2009 (in TWh): 2005 nominator New wind Renewable heat Biofuel New hydro District heating Heat pumps 138,6 + 5,9 + 0,5 + 0,4-1,0 + 1,4 + 1,1 230,5-5,1 = 146,7 225,5 = 65,05 % 2005 denominator Reduced energy consumption 5 % increase due to new hydro power and reduced energy use
Renewable-% for Norway in 2010 (in TWh): New renewable el Renewable heat Biofuel 2009 nominator District heating Heat pumps 146,7 + 0,2 + 0,3 + 1,5 + 0,3 + 0,2 225,5 + 19,0 = 149,3 244,5 = 61,06 % 2009 denominator Increased energy consumption 4 % reduction due to increased energy consumption
What happens towards 2020? El-certificates will give 13.2 TWh of increased renewable electricity Increases the renewable-% to 66.5 %, given no increase in energy consumption from 2010 to 2020 (the goal is 67.5 %)
Renewable-% for Norway in 2020 (in TWh): 2010 nominator Heat pumps Renewable heat El-certificates District heating Biofuel 149,3 + 13,2 +? +? +? +? 244,5 +/-? = 67,5 % 2010 denominator Increased or decreased energy consumption in the industry, transport and building sectors?
Renewable target for Norway how to get there? El-certificates give a push towards increased production of renewable electricity (increase of nominator) It is important to limit the growth of the total energy consumption (the denominator) Industry Transport Heating of buildings Increased energy efficiency is important
Increased production of renewable electricity + energy efficiency = true? El-certificates will lead to a surplus of electricity within Norway up to 2020 This can lead to lower prices, and therefore lower profitability of energy efficiency measures This can in turn lead to an increase in energy consumption
Renewable-% for transport 10 % = Renewable energy used in the transport sector Energy used in the transport sector Electricity used for road transport is multiplied with 2,5 Biofuels have to fullfill sustainability criteria in order to count Biofuels produced from waste and residues count double
Norway`s renewable-% for transport
Many countries within the EU are heavily dependent on biodiesel 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Annet Elektrisitet Bioetanol Biodiesel 2 0 EU* Danmark Tyskland Sverige Norge * Romania mangler splitt på kategoriene, derfor adderer tallene ikke opp til 10%
Sustainability criteria for biofuels Reduced GHGemissions 35 % until 2017 50 % from 2017 60 % for new facilities Raw materials not from areas with high biodiversity primary forest nature protection areas grassland peat land
Typical GHG-emissions from biofuels 35 % reduction 50 % reduction These are standard values from the RED, some biofuels can have very different emissions dependent on the production pathway
Direct land use change (LUC) Food production Forest
Direct land use change (LUC) Food production Biofuel production Forest Direct land use change Included in the sustainability criteria
Indirect land use change (ILUC) Food production Forest Forest
Indirekte arealbruksendringer (indirect land use change, ILUC) Food production Biofuel production Forest Forest
Indirekte arealbruksendringer (indirect land use change, ILUC) Food production Biofuel production Forest Food production Forest Indirect land use change Not included yet in EUs sustainability criteria
GHG-emissions from biofuels including ILUC-factors (suggested in 2011, but not adopted) The bad The good! 35 % reduction The ugly? 50 % reduction
ILUC indirect land use change New directive proposed in october 2012 (not yet adopted): 1. Increased GHG-reduction requirement 2. Only half of the 10 %-goal for the transport sector can be fullfilled using biofuels that are produced from food crops 3. Some biofuels count fourfold, f.ex. biogas 4. Member states have to report on ILUC
Paradox sustainability criteria
Summary Limiting the growth of the total energy consumption is important, but difficult! We need biofuels in order to reduce GHG-emissions and reach the renewable target for the transport sector. Biofuels: the good, the bad, the ugly.
Thank you for the attention!