How the Strength of a Magnet Varies With Temperature Name: Maryanna Betterly School: Berwick Area Middle School Grade: Seventh Year of PJAS: First
Magnetism All materials have magnetism, some more strongly than others. Permanent Magnets have the strongest effects. Permanent Magnets are ferromagnetic and are made from certain materials, such as iron. Magnetic fields are charged by rotating electric charges in opposite direction (Positive and Negative).
Example of Magnetism The Earth is one giant magnet. It has an electric field from electric currents circulating inside the molten metallic core. This is the reason why a compass points north. The magnetic needle aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field.
Hypothesis The highest temperature will attract the most paper clips. Why? Heat causes molecules to speed up. If the magnetic molecules heat up and rotate faster, more things should attract to each other. Example: Water molecules speeding up to turn into steam.
Variables X (Independent): The temperature of the magnet Y (Dependent): How many paper clips the magnet attracted, and maintaining the temperature Constant: The temperature of the magnet, number of paper clips, the same magnet
Materials Notebook and Pencil Large Ceramic Magnet: 4½ inches diameter ring Paper Clips (Vinyl Coated) Pot String Water Stove Ice cubes Paper Plate Freezer Scissors
Numbered Procedure: Freezing Freezing: 1. Put magnet in freezer for one and a half days. 2. Then take the temperature of the magnet. 1. My temperature was 4.5 ºCelsius. 3. Next, put the magnet on top of the paper clips. 4. Remove and count the paper clips. 5. Put magnet in the freezer for ten minutes. 6. Repeat.
Numbered Procedure: Ice Ice: 1. Get a large bowl and put cold water and ice cubes in it. 2. Next put the magnet in the bowl for ten minutes. 3. Take the temperature of the magnet. 1. My temperature was 13.89ºCelsius. 4. Then put the magnet on the paper clip. 5. Remove the paper clips, and count them. 6. Repeat.
Numbered Procedure: Room Room: 1. Let your magnet sit for a half hour for only the first trial. 2. Then take the temperature of the magnet. 1. My temperature was 20.945 ºCelsius. 3. Next put the magnet on the paper clips. 4. Remove the paper clips, and count them. 5. Repeat.
Numbered Procedure: Boiling Boiling: 1. Attach magnet to a piece of string to put the magnet in and out of the pot. 2. Put the magnet in boiling water for ten minutes. 3. Take it out and take the temperature. 1. My temperature was 68.389ºCelsius 4. Place the magnet on the paper clips. 5. Remove the paper clips and count them. 6. Put the magnet in the boiling water for five minutes. 7. Repeat.
Data Freezing Ice Room Boiling Trial 1 451 417 353 353 Trial 2 402 400 354 411 Trial 3 406 388 347 406 Trial 4 372 355 350 427 Trial 5 382 449 337 417
Data Graph 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Freezing Ice Room Boiling
Data Analysis Freezing Ice Room Boiling Average 402.6 401.8 348.2 402.8 Standard Deviation 30.48 34.80 6.83 28.92
Data Analysis Graph 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Average Standard Deviation Freezing Ice Room Boiling
Conclusion My hypothesis was partially supported. The magnet did attract more paper clips when it was extremely hot. However, the magnet attracted a lot of paper clips when it was cold. From doing this experiment I have learned that magnets are more powerful when they are at extreme temperatures.
What I Might Have Done Differently When counting the paper clips I counted them individually. Instead of doing this I should've counted them all once and then subtracted the number of paper clips the magnet didn't attract from that. I also could ve weighed the paper clips (in grams) instead of counting them.
Further Research How the magnet s strength would be in more extreme temperatures than 4.5ºCelsius and 68.389ºCelsius. For example: -80ºCelsius or 150ºCelsius
Citations Lucas, Jim. "What is Magnetism? Magnetic Fields & Magnetic Force." Livescience. Ed. Tanya Lewis. N.p., 28 July 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2016. <http%3a%2f%2fwww.livescience.com%2f38059-magnetism.html>. Science Buddies Staff. "How the Strength of a Magnet Varies with Temperature" Science Buddies. Science Buddies, 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 29 Feb. 2016 <http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fairprojects/project_ideas/phys_p025.shtml>