ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN BUILDINGS - SWEDISH POLICIES JOHNNY ANDERSSON RAMBÖLL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 1
Code of laws, regulation and AMA Code of laws and regulations that we - Builder/Future Proprietor, Contractor and Consultant have to obey. Different authorities issue regulations Different local authorities control the obedience of these But we also have horizontal demands between the builder and the contractor based on demands in AMA. They are valid when referred to in the contract. EU Parliament Government Authority Local authority FS Ordinance Directive Swedish Laws: Building act Building by-laws BBR - Building regulations Control Supervisor OVK AMA Inspector Building proprietor Contractor Horizontal and vertical demands
Swedish Regulations regarding Energy in Buildings EU DIRECTIVE e.g. 2002/91/EG with revision 2010/31/EG PM I (Energy Declarations) and PM II (Near-Zero Energy Buildings) SWEDISH LAWS: are confirmed by the Swedish Parliament. LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM The Swedish Government commissions the relevant authority (in this case The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning - Boverket) to transform the Planning and Building Act into regulations. Boverket monitors the function of the legislative system and proposes regulatory changes. In these fields Boverket represents Sweden in the European Commission, and works for the implementation of EU directives in the Swedish legislation. Boverket issues statutes and general advices in BBR, Boverket s Building regulations. Latest edition BBR 2012 is valid from Jan 1, 2012. Rules were tightened up due to the EG Directive by 20 % compared to BBR 2011 for: Specific energy use (kwh/m 2 ) Average heat insulation W/m 2,K) Sweden is split up in three climatic zones, I-III, from North to South with different demands KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 3
Regulations for Energy use in Dwellings Sweden is split up in three climate zones, I-III, from North to South with different demands Table 9:2a Dwellings that have a heating method other than electric heating Climate zone I II III The building's specific energy use (kwh per m 2 Atemp and year) Average thermal transmittance (W/m 2 K) 120 100 80 0.60 0.60 0.60 Table 9:2b Dwellings with electric heating Climate zone I II III The building's specific energy use (kwh per m 2 Atemp and year) 130 110 90 Installed power rating for heating [kw] + supplement when Atemp is greater than 130 m 2 5.5 0.035 (Atemp 130) 5.0 0.030 (Atemp 130) 4.5 0.025 (Atemp 130) Average thermal transmittance (W/m 2 K) 0.40 0.40 0.40 KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 4
Regulations for Energy use in Non-Residential Premises Table 9:3a Premises that have a heating method other than electric heating Climate zone I II III The building's specific energy use (kwh per m 2 Atemp and year) + supplement when the supply air flow for extended hygienic reasons is greater than 0.35 l/s per m2 in temperature-controlled spaces. Average thermal transmittance (W/m 2 K) 130 110 90 110 (q average -0.35) 90 (q average -0.35) 70 (q average -0.35) 0.40 0.40 0.40 KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 5
Regulations for Energy use in Non-Residential Premises Table 9:3b Premises with electric heating Climate zone I II III The building's specific energy use (kwh per m 2 A temp and year) + supplement when the supply air flow for extended hygienic reasons is greater than 0.35 l/s per m 2 in temperature-controlled spaces. Installed power rating for heating [kw] + supplement where Atemp is greater than 130 m 2 + supplement when the supply air flow for extended hygienic reasons is greater than 0.35 l/s per m 2 in temperature-controlled spaces. Average thermal transmittance (W/m 2 K) 95 75 55 65 (q average -0.35) 55 (q average -0.35) 45 (q average -0.35) 5.5 5.0 4.5 0.035 (A temp 130) 0.030 (q-0.35)a temp 0.030 (A temp 130) 0,026 (q-0.35)a temp 0.025 (A temp 130) 0,022 (q-0.35)a temp 0.60 0.60 0.60 KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 6
In some cases more electricity may be used General recommendation Examples of special circumstances where more electrical energy and a higher electric power rating can be justified are if geological or other conditions do not permit the installation of a heat pump and no other forms of heating such as district heating or biofuel are possible, or if the requirement for specific energy use is not possible to meet due to culturally and historically justified restrictions. However, in such condition, the values in Table 9:2b should not be exceeded by more than 20 %. Requirement If the building has a heating source other than electric heating, the electric energy to the electrical coolers for comfort cooling is to be multiplied by a factor of 3 when determining the building's specific energy use. The building's specific energy use may be reduced by the energy from solar panels or solar cells located on the main building, outhouse or building site, to the extent that the building can make use of the energy. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 7
Calculation at design phase and verification when finished General recommendation The requirements in Section 9:2 should be verified by calculating the predicted specific energy use of the building and average thermal transmittance at the design stage, and by measuring specific energy use in the finished building. Furthermore, for electrically heated buildings the installed power rating for heating should be calculated at the design stage and be verified in the finished building through the summation of power ratings. With respect to these requirements, the inspection plan should be drawn up to ensure the final certificate can be confirmed before measuring, and the building thereby can be put in use. When calculating the building s predicted specific energy use, appropriate safety margins should be applied to ensure the requirement for the building s specific energy use is met when the building is put in use. Calculations should be carried out based on the climate of the location, the intended indoor temperature, and normal consumption of domestic hot water and airing. The building's energy use should be measured over a continuous period of 12 months, completed at the latest 24 months after the building is put in use. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 8
9:51 Heating and cooling installations HVAC systems Heating and cooling installations in buildings shall be designed in such a way that they provide adequate efficiency during normal operation. General recommendation The installations should be designed in such a way that calibration, testing, inspection, supervision, servicing and exchange can be easily effected and adequate efficiency maintained. The need for cooling shall be minimized through design and technical measures. General recommendation To reduce the demand for cooling in the building, further measures should be considered such as the selection of window size, window location, sun shading, sunlight protection glass, electric efficient lighting and equipment to reduce internal heat loads, night cooling and accumulation of cold in the building structure. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 9
Handy abbreviations of long names: Compulsory inspection of ventilation systems is ruled by: OVK Obligatorisk ventilationskontroll Ductwork airtightness is specified in AMA Allmän Material och Arbetsbeskrivning Which means General Material and Workmanship Specifications KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 10
OVK REGULAR COMPULSORY INSPECTION OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS Why?: Inferior ventilation is a common cause for sick buildings Many Swedish and Nordic studies showed that defective and badly maintained ventilation systems and insufficient airflows was a main reason for sick buildings. One large study showed e.g. that this resulted in health problems for children in schools and day nurseries. SBS Sick Building Syndrome was changed to Healthy Buildings (Stockholm 1988) Problems were changed to Solutions KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 11
A new building law requiring ventilation control Consequently, 1991 a compulsory system for ventilation control (OVK) started in Sweden with aim to control and improve the function of ventilation installations. The ordinance (1991:1273) requires that the ventilation in most types of buildings has to be controlled before the installations are taken in to operation and then regularly at recurrent inspections. According to the Swedish national environmental legislation in the year 2020 all buildings shall be healthy and have a good indoor environment. One of the intermediate goals within the frame of good indoor climate is that: all buildings where people stay often or during a longer time shall 2015 at the latest have been proven to have a functioning ventilation system. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 12
Regular inspection intervals The stipulated inspection intervals depend on the type and use of the building and type of ventilation system: Type of building and ventilation system Day nurseries, schools and hospitals Block of flats and offices with FT-ventilation Block of flats and offices with F-ventilation Block of flats and offices with S-ventilation One and two dwelling-houses with FT-ventilation Inspection intervals 3 years 3 years 6 years 6 years only first inspection (new buildings) FT = Supply and extract F = Extract S = natural ventilation KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 13
AMA vs. Authority regulations as BBR The AMA requirements cannot change, but are complementary, to statutory rules, regulations and specified building standards laid down by the authorities. There is a difference between the two: Authorities are mostly focussed on reducing the risk of injuries to people while AMA (not having to deal with that) is instead focussed on reducing property damages and LCC-costs. Common interest areas for both are achieve sustainability and low energy use. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 14
AMA General Material and Workmanship Specifications A SIXTY YEAR OLD SYSTEM FOR SPECIFYING QUALITY AMA is a tool for the employer (developer/future proprietor) to specify his demands on the new building and its installations The demands are specified in measurable units and in such a way that the tenderers and contractors understand them and are able to calculate a price. If the demands are not specified the normal rule is that the contractor has the right to choose an alternative that will fulfil the demands (e.g. material in heat exchangers) at (to him!) lowest cost. Thus as an employer you have to state what you want, check that you get it, and be prepared to pay the price for it! KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 15
The roles of AMA Practically all buildings and their installations in Sweden are performed according to the quality requirements in AMA The AMA requirements are made valid when they are referred to in the contract between the owner and the contractor. The owner and the contractor nearly always agree on the AMA requirements The owner and the contractor need to understand the AMA requirements AIVC Brussels 2012 - Johnny Andersson 16
AMA Rules AMA requirements are made valid when they are referred to in the project contract between the owner and the contractor. The requirements shall be expressed in measurable terms combined with control methods with known (and possible low) measurement errors. Two AMA rules are relevant for ductwork tightness: Express your requirements in measurable terms and control that you have got it! and the other: The costs and risks for the contractor to fulfil the requirements in the contract shall be possible to calculate. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 17
VVS AMA (HVAC) COVERS DUCTWORK AIRTIGHTNESS The need for tight ventilation ductwork systems was identified in Sweden already in the early sixties. Sweden has thus a long and unbroken tradition of demanding and controlling the tightness of ventilation ductwork as specified in the HVACpart of AMA. During this long period, since 1966, we have raised the tightness requirements in tact with technology improvements (to a great extent influenced by the AMA requirements) and increased energy costs. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 18
Often the duct manufacturers initially objected to the increased demands but as soon as one of them quickly announced that e.g.: We can meet the new AMA requirements, the rest of the gang was forced to follow! So - in course of time they all agreed and accepted the new requirements and followed the example of the leader! KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 19
Why tight ducts? Duct leakage is detrimental to: Energy efficiency the fan has to supply both the nominal flow and the leakage Indoor climate (and productivity), Indoor air quality, and sometimes even to Health (SBS is often related to too low air flows). However, as we found in a EU project, in some countries designers, installers, building managers and owners, often ignore the benefits of airtight duct systems. This has (probably) lead to poor ductwork installations in a large fraction of the building stock. In these countries, installation is (probably) often undertaken using conventional in situ sealing techniques (e.g. tape or mastic), and therefore the ductwork airtightness is very much dependent upon the workers skills. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 20
Tightness classes in Eurovent (AMA) and ASHRAE A ductwork system is not specified to be tight instead the permissible leakage rate at a specified test pressure is stated as a tightness class that is possible to measure! And, according to AMA, if this is not fulfilled when checked, the contractor has to redo his job until found OK! Tightness classes in Eurovent (AMA): A: lowest class B: 3 times tighter than A C: 9 times tighter than A D: 27 times tighter than A In USA (ASHRAE) the classes: CL48: lowest class CL24: 2 times tighter than CL 48 etcetera. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 21
Occurrence Q:Why this large difference between the countries? The EU-project SAVE-DUCT found that duct systems in Belgium and in France were typically 3 times leakier than EUROVENT Class A, see Figure 4. Typical duct systems in Sweden fulfilled the requirements for EUROVENT Class B and C and were thus between 25 50 times tighter than those in Belgium and France. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Class D Class C Class B Class A 3*Class A 9*Class A 27*Class A France Belgium Sweden A: most probably because Sweden has required tight ducts since the early sixties whereas in the two other countries tightness of ductwork is normally neither required nor tested. KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 22 More
Thank you! KTH GeoEnergy 2012 Johnny Andersson 23