Europe s Parking U-Turn Gabrielle Hermann May 17, 2011 POLIS-EPA Workshop Stuttgart, Germany
Introduction 1. Regulatory Mechanisms: 1. Parking Standards: Minimums and Maximums 2. Supply Caps 3. Linking Parking Provision to Transit Access 4. New Residential Parking Requirements 5. On-Street Space Reclamations 2. Economic Mechanisms: 1. On-street Pricing 2. Enforcement 3. Earmarking of Parking Funds 4. Residential Parking Permits 3. Technology: Mobile Phone Parking Payments 4. Physical Design
Regulatory Mechanism Parking Standards Minimums: Least amount of parking developers are required to include based on land use. Maximums: Limit how much parking a developer can include in a construction project.
Regulatory Mechanism Hamburg: Sealed inventory in Central Business District at roughly 30,000 spaces in 1976. Supply Caps Amsterdam: Every spot created off-street should remove a spot from on-street. Zurich: Historic Compromise instituted in 1996 resulted in new public plazas and on-street improvements
Supply Zurich Parking Supply in Kreis 1 (1990 & 2009) 2500 2137 2000 1500 1921 1593 1732 On-Street Parking 1000 500 Off-Street Parking 0 1990 2009 Year
Regulatory Mechanism Linking Parking Provision to Public Transit Paris: 100% discount if a development is 1,600 ft. from a metro stop. Approximately every 1,600 ft. there is a metro. Strasbourg: 50% discount for centrally located neighborhoods or neighborhoods less than 1,600 ft. from a public transportation stop. Dutch ABC Location Policy Zurich Transit Access Plot
Dutch ABC Location Policy: Transit Access & Parking Discounts Location Description Regulation A B C Excellent public transport facilities, surrounding main train stations Good public transport and also good accessibility by car Mainly well accessible by car 1 parking place per 250 m2 1 parking space per 125 m2 Tailor made, no norms
Zurich Transit Access Plot RED: Very good access to public transport YELLOW: Good access to public transport BORDER LINE: Emphasizes the capacity gaps
Parking Requirements Based on Access to Transit Area Minimum (%) Maximum (%) *Maximum 2 (%) A 10 10 10 B 25 45 50 C 40 70 75 D 60 95 105 Remaining Areas 70 115 130 *Related to clean air regulations and road capacity
Percentage of Mode Share Zurich Mode Split Trend (2000 & 2005) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 2000 2005 0
Regulatory Mechanisms New Residential Parking Requirements City Amsterdam Antwerp Barcelona Copenhagen Hamburg Madrid Munich Stockholm Strasbourg Vienna Minimum Residential Standards 1 spot/housing unit + 0.2 added for guests 1.1 spots/dwelling unit 1 spot/2-6 apartments (depending on area) 1 spot/100 sq. meters 0.2/living unit in CBD, 0.8/living unit outside CBD 1 spot/unit 1 spot/unit 0.14 spots/room 0.5 spots/apartment if within 500 meters of PT, 1 spot/apartment otherwise 1 spot/dwelling
Regulatory Mechanism: On-Street Space Reclamations Paris 4,000 removed to accommodate 1,451 new Velib stations that hold about 20,000 public rental bikes. 70+ miles of new bicycle lanes installed. Space was also reallocated for motorcycle parking, bicycle parking, disabled parking and tramway corridor access.
Paris On-Street Parking Supply Trend 175.000 Number of On-Street Parking Spaces in Paris s U P P L Y 170.000 165.000 160.000 155.000 Overall on-street parking supply was reduced by 9% (14,300 spaces) 150.000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Data Data Source: Source: Paris Paris Transport Transport and and Travel Travel Report Report (2007) (2007)
Free Parking Spaces in Paris 60.000 s U P P L Y 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Data Source: Paris Transport and Travel Report (2007) 95% of free spots were turned into paid parking spaces
Street Reclamations Play Street Antwerp, Belgium
Street Reclamations Play Street Copenhagen
Before After Zurich, Switzerland
Breda, The Netherlands BEFORE AFTER
Economic Mechanism Pricing Matters Grosvenor Square in London Photo from TRL
On-Street Price Comparison City City Center Hourly Cost (Euro) Amsterdam 5.00 London 4.00 Stockholm 3.87 Copenhagen 3.86 Paris 3.60 Barcelona 2.85 Antwerp 1.50-3.50 (Progressive) Munich 2.50 Hamburg 2.00 Strasbourg 1.60 Vienna 1.20 Zurich Progressive (see next slide)
Zurich Progressive Parking Charges 5.00 CHF 4.00 CHF +1.00 2.00 CHF +2.00 +2.00 0.50 CHF +1.50 +1.50 +1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 30 60 90 120 Price of Parking (CHF) Time (minutes)
Two-Wheeler Parking London (Westminster): Can park for free in car parks. On-street payments can only be made by mobile. Paris: 15% on-street parking dedicated to motorbikes (will be increased to 30%) 2% of mode share Barcelona: Highest number after Rome Motorbikes permitted to park on some sidewalks Likely introduction of parking fee scheme in city center Motorbikes allowed to use bus lanes
Amsterdam Scan Car 6 cameras (3 on each side) Moves at 40 km/hr Takes 160 photos/sec 3 wardens on scooters follow 98% accuracy Economic Mechanism Enforcement
Economic Mechanisms Earmarking of Parking Funds London: Freedom Passes elderly and disabled ride for free Barcelona: Bicing Bicycle Share Program first city to use 100% of surplus from on-street parking fees to finance a public bicycle sharing scheme Bicing. Antwerp to follow. Antwerp: Parking fines are invested into public transport Photo: barna_based via flickr
Economic Mechanisms: Residential Parking Schemes Place Mixte experimental program that opens lorry parking to residential vehicles overnight in Paris Residential parking permit may be forfeited for a 1 year transit pass in Amsterdam (as of 2009) Carfree Housing in London CO2-based residential permits (several boroughs in London)
London Borough of Camden CO2 Based Residential Parking Permit Costs Vehicle Cylinder Capacity (cc) CO2 Emissions (g/km) 3 month 6 month 12 months 0-1299 up to 150 30.50 48.00 82.00 Motor Vehicle 1300-1849 151-185 35.50 56.50 97.50 1850-2449 186-224 41.00 67.50 118.00 2450+ 225+ 53.00 89.00 159.00 Motorcycle n/a n/a n/a 25.00 47.00 Electric Vehicle n/a n/a 6.50 12.00 22.50
Technology Mobile Phone Parking Payments London (Westminster): Verrus gets 10% of revenue Lost 200,000 a week from theft before going cashless Stockholm: EasyPark gets 3% of revenue Customer pays subscription fee to EasyPark of 3 per month and a per parking transaction fee of 50 euro cents Amsterdam: Parkmobile/Parkline/SMS Parking get 4-5% of the revenue All payments in 2010 will require license plate input.
Physical Design Paris Bollard Measure Approximately 335,000 bollards installed on the edge of sidewalks to prevent cars from illegally parking. > $20 million invested in this initiative since 2001 Bollard costs approximately $33-$52 each + $41 each for the labor to install them
Parking Protected Cycle Path Münster, Germany
Using Parking for Street Calming Zurich, Switzerland
The walking distance to a parking place has to be at least as long as the walking distance to the public transport stop Hermann Knoflacher, Inventor of Walkmobile
Thank You Gabrielle Hermann Consultant Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Report can be found online at www.itdp.org gabrielle.hermann@sustrans.info