Protected Bicycle Lanes in NYC
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- Virgil Dixon
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1 Protected Bicycle Lanes in NYC New York City Department of Transportation Polly Trottenberg, Commissioner September 2014 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 1
2 Overview Since 2007, the New York City Department of Transportation has installed over 30 miles of protected bicycle lanes throughout the city, including several parking protected bicycle lanes on various avenues in Manhattan. The following report contains an analysis of how some of these Manhattan routes have impacted safety, mobility, and economic vitality. Routes were chosen for inclusion if they had at least three years of after safety data available. Safety Crashes with injuries have been reduced by 17% Pedestrian injuries are down by 22% Cyclist injuries show a minor decrease even as bicycle volumes have dramatically increased Total injuries have dropped by 20% 74% decrease in average risk of a serious injury to cyclists from 2001 to 2013 Cyclist injury risk has generally decreased on protected bicycle lane corridors within this study as cyclist volumes rise and cyclist injures decrease Mobility Travel speeds in the Central Business District have remained steady as protected bicycle lanes are added to the roadway network Travel times on Columbus Avenue have improved while vehicle volumes are maintained First Avenue travel speeds remained level through project area Travel times on 8 th Avenue improved by an average of 14% Economic Vitality & Quality of Life When compared to similar corridors streets that received a protected bicycle lane saw a greater increase in retail sales 110 trees have been added to projects within this study area, enhancing the neighborhood through which they run Crossing distances along corridors have been shortened anywhere between 17 and 30 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 2
3 Overview Non-Typical Center Lanes Side Lanes Lanes at Complex Intersections Shared Protected Lanes NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 3
4 Overview Typical: One-way Manhattan Avenues NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 4
5 Overview 7 miles of typical one-way avenue protected bicycle lanes now over 3 years old 12 projects on six avenues Install Year Corridor (Segments) th Avenue (16th-23rd) th Avenue (23rd-31st) th Avenue (Bank-14th) th Avenue (14th-23rd) 2009 Broadway (59-47) 2009 Broadway (33-26) st Avenue (H-34) nd Avenue (2-14) nd Avenue (23-32) th Avenue (23-34) 2010 Broadway (23-18) 2010/11 Columbus Avenue (96-77) The following corridor analysis includes all portions of each corridor that received the protected bicycle lane treatment. Any portion of the corridor that did not receive the treatment was left out even if it received other upgrades at the same time. Analysis includes segments that have three years of after data. NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 5
6 Overview - Design Design of each protected bicycle lane looks similar but there are important distinctions when compared to condition Lane Removal (Y/N) Lane Narrowing (Y/N) Pre-Existing Basic or Buffered Bike Lane Remove or Curbside Rush Hour Vehicle Lane Major network change (Y/N) Differences in Final Designs All Split-Phase Signals vs Primarily Mixing Zones Includes Bus Lane Concrete vs Painted Pedestrian Islands NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 6
7 1. Safety 3yr Data Number of Injuries th Avenue -17% Crashes with Injuries Protected Bicycle Lanes with 3 yrs of Data: vs -25% MV Occupant Injuries -22% Pedestrian Injuries -2% Cyclist Injuries -20% Total Injuries Looking at all corridors combined with at least three years of after data, we find that: Crashes with injuries have been reduced by 17% Pedestrian injuries are down by 22% Cyclist injuries show a minor improvement even as bicycle volumes have dramatically increased Total injuries have dropped by 20% Protected bicycle lane projects with 3 years of after data include the following: 9 th Ave (16 th -31 st ), 8 th Ave (Bank-23 rd, 23 rd -34 th ), Broadway (59 th -47 th, 33 rd -26 th, 23 rd -18 th ), 1 st Avenue (Houston to 34 th ), 2 nd Ave (Houston-34 th ), Columbus Ave (96 th -77 th ) Note: Only sections of projects that included protected bicycle lanes were analyzed Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 7
8 1. Safety NYC Cycling Risk 74% decrease in average risk of a serious injury to cyclists from 2001 to 2013 The New York City Cycling Risk Indicator is calculated as the number of bicyclists killed or severely injured in motor vehicle traffic crashes, divided by the NYC In-Season Cycling Indicator, multiplied by 100. New York City Cycling Risk as of 8/14/2014* In-Season Cycling Indicator Cycling Risk Indicator Sources: NYC In-Season Cycling Indicator. The Indicator is based on weekday 12-hour counts taken between April and October at 6 key cycling locations, indexed to the year 2000 count: Bicyclist fatalities: NYCDOT-NYPD Reconciled Traffic Fatality Database Bicyclist severe injuries: NYSDOT SIMS/ALIS Crash Database (as of 8/14/14) Type A injuries reported in crashes involving bicycles. NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 8 * Preliminary Results - final numbers are subject to change
9 1. Safety Individual Project Risk Cyclist injury risk has generally decreased on protected bicycle lane corridors within this study as cyclist volume rises and cyclist injuries decrease Project Corridor Miles Cyclist Risk Change 9th Avenue (16th-23rd) % Broadway (59th-47th) % 1st Avenue (1st-34th) % 2nd Avenue (2nd-14th) % 2nd Avenue (23rd-34th) % 8th Avenue (23rd-34th) % Broadway (23rd-18th) % Columbus Avenue (96th-77th) % For volume and safety details for each of the above corridors see appendix The cyclist risk measure was calculated as a relative rate of injury per cyclist during the 3-year before period and the 3-year after period. To generate the cyclist risk measure, the number of injuries recorded in the project area over the entire investigation period was normalized by the number of cyclists measured on the facility over a 12-hour period representative of April-October cycling conditions. The percent change of the cyclist risk measure between the before period and the after period provides the effect of the individual NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 9 project on the cyclist risk of injury. See individual project slides in appendix for data sources. 9
10 2. Mobility Central Business District Travel speeds in the Central Business District have remained steady as protected bicycle lanes are added to the roadway network Weekday Manhattan CBD Taxi Speeds 8:00a-6:00p Between 2009 and 2012 Manhattan saw a 9% increase in private sector jobs, with increases projected to continue Note: CBD includes all projects in study except Columbus Avenue Source: NYC TLC Data includes all weekday yellow taxi trips from 8am-6pm taken in the Manhattan CBD (from Bowling Green to 59th St, river to river), excludes New Year s Day, Memorial NEW YORK Day, CITY Independence DEPARTMENT Day, OF Labor TRANSPORTATION Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. 10 Job Data Source: NYC Economic Development Corporation
11 Average Weekday Vehicle Volume Protected Bicycle Lane Analysis 2. Mobility Columbus Avenue 5-6 am 6-7 am 7-8 am 8-9 am 9-10 am am 11 am -12 pm 12-1pm 1-2 pm 2-3 pm 3-4 pm 4-5 pm 5-6 pm 6-7 pm 7-8 pm 8-9 pm 9-10 pm pm 11 pm -12 am Travel times on Columbus Avenue have improved while vehicle volumes are maintained 1400 Vehicle Volumes (Columbus Ave, W 96 St to W 95 St) AM Peak Average Travel Time (Columbus Ave, W 96 St to W 77 St, 7:00a 10:00a) % Note: volume data collected June 4-10, data collected February 23- March 1, travel times collected July 25, data collected July 19, Results are average travel times between 7:00a and 10:00a, 2 runs per hour. NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Travel Time (minutes.seconds) 11
12 2. Mobility First Avenue First Avenue travel speeds remained level through project area 18.0 Average Weekday Taxi Speeds, 9am-4pm 16.0 BIKE FACILITIES INSTALLED th St - 23rd St 23rd St - 34th St 34th St - 40th St 40th St - 59th St 11/ /2010 Source: NYC TLC All weekday trips taken where at least 80% of trip was on stated route. Weekdays 9a-4p, November 2009 vs November 2010 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 12
13 2. Mobility Eighth Avenue Travel Time Travel times on 8 th Avenue improved post-implementation by an average of 14% 7:12 Weekday Travel Times (Eighth Ave, W 23 St to W 34 St) 6:00 6:01-21% 4:48 3:36 2:24 2:47-13% 2:25 4:44 3:38-13% 3:10 4:20-14% 3:43 1:12 8 th Avenue 0:00 AM Peak Average (7am - 10am) Mid-day Average (10am - 2pm) PM Peak Average (4pm - 7pm) Daily Average (7am - 8pm) data collected September 30 to October 1, 2009 and October 6 to October 8, data collected November 16 to November 18, NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 13
14 3. Economic Impact Retail Sales % Increase in Sales When compared to similar corridors streets that received a protected bicycle lane saw a greater increase in retail sales 50% 40% 47% Change in Sales Percent Increase in Combined Sales vs 2-Year Construction 43% Project Area Comparison Site 1 Comparison Site 2 30% 20% 23% 20% 10% 12% 9% 0% 9th Ave (W 23- W 31st Sts) Columbus Ave (W 77- W 96 Sts) Source: NYC DOT (December 2013), The Economic Benefits of Sustainable Streets. 9 th Ave Comparison Site 1 = 10 th Ave (16-26 Sts), Comparison Site 2 = 7 th Ave (16-23 Sts). Columbus Ave Comparison Site 1 = Amsterdam Ave (77-96 Sts), Comparison Site 2 = Columbus Ave (70-77 Sts). NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 14
15 3. Quality of Life 110 trees have been added to projects within this study area, enhancing the neighborhoods through which they run Crossing distances shortened anywhere between 17 and 30 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 15
16 Design 2 nd Avenue (14 th Street to 23 rd Street) : Four moving lanes, standard curbside bus lane 2010: Four moving lanes, curbside buffered bike lane, upgraded bus-only lane 2013: Three moving lanes, parking protected bicycle lane, refurbished bus lanes NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION The Evolution of a Parking Protected Bicycle Lane
17 Design 2 nd Avenue (14 th Street to 23 rd Street) Reduction of vehicle volumes as users apparently shifted to other modes allowed for the 2013 upgrade: AM vehicle volumes (-11.8%) PM vehicle volumes (-15.3%) M15 Bus Ridership (+9%) NEW YORK Bicycle CITY DEPARTMENT Volumes OF TRANSPORTATION (+60%)
18 Design 2 nd Avenue (14 th Street to 23 rd Street) Final Design Elements Parking protected Mixing zones Painted pedestrian safety islands Bus only red lanes Bus only overhead guide signs Painted pedestrian safety islands provide flexibility for maintenance and constructability NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
19 Appendix NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 19
20 9 th Avenue (16 th Street to 23 rd Street) 70 wide No Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal; Lane Narrowing Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Crashes w/ Injuries -48% Bike Volume +65% Left turn signal phase with bike signal on 9 th Avenue Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: 9 th Ave btwn 18 th and 19 th St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 20
21 9 th Avenue (23 rd Street to 31 st Street) 70 wide No Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Crashes w/ Injuries -43% Left turn signal phase with bike signal on 9 th Avenue NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 21 Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database
22 8 th Avenue (Bank Street to 14 th Street) 56 wide Pre-Existing Buffered Bike Lane No Lane Removal; No Lane Narrowing Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Crashes w/ Injuries -4% 8 th Avenue at Bleecker Street NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database 22
23 8 th Avenue (14 th Street to 23 rd Street) 70 wide Pre-Existing Buffered Bike Lane Part-Time Lane Removal; Lane Narrowing Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Crashes w/ Injuries -20% 8 th Avenue at 19 th Street NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database 23
24 8 th Avenue (23 rd Street to 34 th Street) 70 wide Pre-Existing Bike Lane No Lane Removal; Lane Narrowing Primarily Mixing Zones Crashes w/ Injuries -2% Bicycle Volumes +9% 8 th Avenue at 26 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: 8 th Ave btwn 28 th and 29 th St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 24
25 1 st Avenue (1 st Street to 34 th Street) 70 wide No Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Primarily Mixing Zones Exterior Bus Lane Crashes w/ Injuries -7% Bicycle Volumes +160% 1 st Avenue at 6 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: 1 st Ave btwn St Marks Pl and 9 th St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 25
26 Columbus Avenue (96 th Street to 77 th Street) 60 Wide No Pre-Existing Bike Lane No Lane Removal; Lane Narrowing Primarily Mixing Zones Crashes w/ Injuries -27% Bicycle Volume +51% Mixing zone on Columbus Avenue Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: Columbus Ave btwn 90 th and 91 st St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 26
27 2 nd Avenue (2 nd Street to 14 th Street) 57 Wide Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Primarily Mixing Zones Exterior Bus Lanes Crashes w/ Injuries -4% Bicycle Volume +49% 2 nd Avenue at 10 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: 2nd Ave btwn St Marks Pl and 9 th St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 27
28 2 nd Avenue (23 rd Street to 34 th Street) 70 Wide No Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal; Lane Narrowing Primarily Mixing Zones Upgraded Exterior Bus Lane Crashes w/ Injuries -7% Bicycle Volumes +60% 2 nd Avenue at 28 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: 2 nd Ave btwn 22 nd and 21 st St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 28
29 Broadway (47 th Street to 59 th Street) 59 Wide Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Major Traffic Network Change Crashes w/ Injuries -18% Bicycle Volume +108% Broadway Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: Broadway btwn 50 th St and 51 st St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 29
30 Broadway (26 th Street to 33 rd Street) 41 Wide Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Split Phase Signals at All Turning Conflicts Major Traffic Network Change Crashes w/ Injuries -45% Broadway at 29 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 30
31 Broadway (18 th Street to 23 rd Street) 44 Wide Pre-Existing Bike Lane Lane Removal Primarily Mixing Zones Major Traffic Network Change Crashes w/ Injuries -33% Bicycle Volume +28% Broadway at 20 th Street Crash Data Source: NYPD AIS/TAMS Crash Database NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Count Data: Broadway btwn 18 th and 19 th St, average of before vs after 12 hour counts taken between April and October 31
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