Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry 13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups 13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers 13-11. Carbohydrates 13-12. Photosynthesis 13-13. Lipids 13-14. Proteins 13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life 1 1
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon. The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes. 2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow. 3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated. 4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures. 2 2
13-3. 3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillation Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst. 3 3
13-3. 3. Petroleum Products Polymerization-the making of plastics Vinyl 4 4
13-3. 3. Petroleum Products 5 5
13-4. Structural Formulas Methane 1 carbon Ethane 2 carbons Propane 3 carbons Butane 4 carbons Pentane 5 carbons Hexane 6 carbons Heptane 7 carbons Octane 8 carbons Alkanes or Hydrocarbons 6 6
Table 13.1 7 7
13-4. Structural Formulas Functional Groups Alkenes Ethene 2 carbons Propene 3 carbons Butene 4 carbons Pentene 5 carbons Hexene 6 carbons Heptene 7 carbons Octene 8 carbons Alkynes Acetylene 2 carbons Propyne 3 carbons Butyne 4 carbons Pentyne 5 carbons Hexyne 6 carbons Heptyne 7 carbons Octyne 9 carbons 8 8
Fig. 13.9, etc. Acetylene gas welding and cutting. 9 9
13-4. Structural Formulas Functional Groups Alcohols Ethanol 2 carbons Propanol 3 carbons Butanol 4 carbons Pentanol 5 carbons Hexanole 6 carbons Heptanol 7 carbons Octanol 8 carbons 10 10
13-4. Structural Formulas Functional Groups Ethers oxygen in the middle Aldehydes Double bond O with H on end 11 11
13-4. Structural Formulas Functional Groups Ketones Double bond O in middle Carboxylic Acids Double bond O with OH 12 12
13-4. Structural Formulas Functional Groups Amines NH 2 on end Esters Double bond O with O both in middle 13 13
Table 13.2 14 14
13-5. Isomers Optical Isomers http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm Structural Isomers http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds). 15 15
13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings. 16 16
13-10 Polymers A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling.. 17 17
Table 13.3 18 18
13-10 Polymers.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers. 19 19
13-10 Polymers.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware. 20 20
13-11. 11. Carbohydrates D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose D-Glucose (an aldose) α-d-glucose β-d-glucose β-d-glucose (chair form) 21 21
13.11 Polysaccharides Sucrose Lactose Maltose Amylopectin 22 22
13.11 Polysaccharides Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants. 23 23
13.12 Photosynthesis 24 24
13.12 Photosynthesis 25 25
13-13. 13. Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid 26 26
13-13. 13. Lipids 27 27
13-14. 14. Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins: On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds: 28 28
13-15 15 Soil Nitrogen 29 29
13-16. 16. Nucleic Acids. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation. 30 30
13-17 17. Origin of Life 31 31
Lecture Quiz 13 1. What is the primary product we get from oil? 2. Give an example of an alcohol. 3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons? 4. What is another name for sugars? 5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. 32 32
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Lecture Quiz 13 1. What is the primary product we get from oil? gasoline 2. Give an example of an alcohol. CH 3 OH 3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons? octane 4. What is another name for sugars? carbohydrates 5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. Cellulose, starch, sucrose or table sugar 34 34
Lecture Quiz 13 1. What are 3 products we get from oil? 2. Give an example of a polymer. 3. What would be the name of an alkane with 4 carbons? 4. What is another name for carbohydrates? 5. Give an example of a lipid. 35 35
Lecture Quiz 13 1. What are 3 products we get from oil? 2. Give an example of a polymer. 3. What would be the name of an alkane with 4 carbons? butane 4. What is another name for carbohydrates? sugars 5. Give an example of a lipid. soap, cholesterol 36 36