I. World trade developments

I. World trade developments The value of world merchandise exports increased by 20 per cent in 2011 while exports of commercial services grew by 11 per cent. Key developments in 2011: a snapshot Trade data List of tables 19 1. Overview 21 2. Trade by region 22 3. Leading traders 26 4. Bilateral trade of leading traders 30 5. Regional trade agreements 37 6. Least-developed countries 41 7. Foreign affiliates statistics 46 12 19 I WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Where to find more online: you can access and download the Excel files for the tables via 11

Merchandise trade flows within regions outperform flows between regions Merchandise exports by region and destination 2011 (US$ billion) 194 480 199 639 234 37 476 Europe 119 1103 North America 15 201 4667 63 382 102 77 Central & South America & the Caribbean 18 140 21 169 21 Africa 146 138 8 205 2 19 200 24% of Central and South 50% America exports sent to North America in 2011 of total world exports are from North America and Europe Where to find more: Tables I.4 and A10 12

158 409 110 24 34 107 12 38 Middle East 117 11 Commonwealth of Independent States 154 242 922 906 189 110 152 Asia 2926 Trade within regions remains strong in North America, Europe and Asia. Europe has the highest level of intraregional trade, with 71 per cent of its exports remaining within Europe in 2011. A total of 53 per cent of Asian trade is exported to Asian countries while nearly 48 per cent of North America s exports are to members of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In South and Central America, 27 per cent of exports went to other countries in the region in 2011. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Africa and the Middle East, the totals were 20 per cent, 13 per cent and 9 per cent respectively. Africa s main destination market for export is the European Union, followed by Asia and North America. A little over half of CIS exports go to Europe and the Middle East s main market is still Asia. Less than a quarter of South and Central America s total exports go to North America and 22 per cent go to Asia. I WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 10 6 660 Africa Asia Commonwealth of Independent States Central & South America & the Caribbean Europe Middle East North America All fi gures are in US$ billion of Middle East products were exported to Asia in 53% 2011 13

Moderate recovery for merchandise exports in 2011 World merchandise exports increased by 5 per cent in volume terms in 2011. World gross domestic product (GDP) expanded by 2.4 per cent. Since 2005, world merchandise trade has grown by 3.7 per cent annually while GDP has risen by 2.3 per cent. Some of the growth in merchandise trade is due to trade in intermediate products that criss-cross national borders before being processed into final products. Volume of world merchandise exports and gross domestic product, 2005-2011 2005-11 3.7 2.3 2005 3.4 6.5 6% Asia s merchandise export volumes grew by 6% in 2011 2006 2007 2008 4.1 3.9 2.3 1.3 6.5 8.6 5% World merchandise import volumes grew by 5% in 2011 2009 2010 2011-15 -12.1-10 -5-2.6 0 3.8 4.9 2.5 5 14.0 10 15 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE (%) VOLUME OF TOTAL EXPORTS GDP Where to find more: Table I.2 14

US remains the leading merchandise trader The United States remains the world s biggest trader in merchandise, with imports and exports totalling US$ 3,746 billion in 2011. Its trade deficit amounted to US$ 785 billion, 5.2 per cent of its GDP. China and Germany rank second and third respectively in merchandise trade. Their trade surpluses were US$ 155 billion and US$ 218 billion respectively in 2011, 2.1 per cent and 6.1 per cent of their GDP. In contrast to 2010, Japan incurred a trade deficit in 2011, amounting to US$ 32 billion. With imports and exports totalling US$ 1,678 billion, it remains the fourth-largest trader in the world. Leading economies of merchandise trade, 2011 IMPORTS US$ BILLION 2700 2300 1900 United States China 40% Germany s trade surplus is 40% higher than China s I WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 1500 1100 700 France Japan Germany The United States was the world s biggest merchandise trader in 2011 300 0 Netherlands 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 EXPORTS US$ BILLION US$ 1,480 bn Exports US$ 2,266 bn Imports Where to find more: Tables A6 and A7 15

World exports of commercial services up by 11% in 2011 The value of world exports of commercial services rose by 11 per cent in 2011 to US$ 4,170 billion, exceeding pre-crisis levels of US$ 3,850 in 2008. Europe showed signs of recovery, with annual growth of 11 per cent in 2011. In contrast, Asian economies saw their growth rate halved compared with 2010, mainly due to slower growth in transportation services and other commercial services. North America s exports of commercial services expanded by 9 per cent in 2011, the same as in 2010, while in Africa exports stagnated following the Arab Spring uprising that began at the end of 2010. The CIS was the most dynamic region, with exports of commercial services increasing by 19 per cent, followed by South and Central America with 13 per cent. Commercial services exports, 2010-2011 World 10 11 11% growth in exports of world commercial services in 2011 CIS C. and S. America and the Caribbean Europe 4 11 13 13 15 19 0% rise in Africa s exports of commercial services in 2011 Asia Middle East North America 11 10 11 9 9 23 Africa 0 12-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 2010 2011 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE (%) Where to find more: Table I.3 16

US remains the leading commercial services trader The United States remained the world s largest trader of commercial services in 2011 with US$ 976 billion of trade, making a surplus of US$ 186 billion. The United Kingdom, which ranked third with US$ 444 billion, recorded also a surplus of US$ 103 billion. Both the United States and the United Kingdom have recorded a surplus in services every year since the 1980s. Germany, the second-largest services trader with US$ 542 billion of trade, recorded a deficit of US$ 36 billion in 2011. Among the leading emerging economies, China remained a net services importer in 2011, while India registered a positive balance, with the value of exports exceeding imports. Leading traders in commercial services, 2011 United States Germany United Kingdom China France Japan India Netherlands Ireland Italy -36-23 -5-9 -54 23 13 15 103 170 182 237 167 143 142 166 137 124 134 118 109 114 105 114 186 253 289 274 395 581 Largest traders in commercial services US$ 976 bn United States US$ 542 bn Germany US$ 444 bn United Kingdom I WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 US$ BILLION EXPORTS IMPORTS BALANCE Where to find more: Table I.9 17

US service supply through affiliates to emerging economies on the rise Services supplied by US majority-owned foreign affiliates to China and India proved more resilient to the global crisis than exports of crossborder services. In 2009, US exports of commercial services to India decreased by 4 per cent. However, services supplied to India through commercial presence (i.e. through US majority-owned foreign affiliates established in India) rose by 34 per cent. Similarly, in China services supplied by US majority-owned foreign affiliates grew by 25 per cent, while exports of commercial services grew by only 2 per cent. In contrast, services supplied through US majority-owned foreign affiliates to Europe and North America declined, following the same pattern as cross-border exports. US services supplied to China and India, 2004-09 Growth of US services supply through affiliates in 2009 US$ BILLION 25 34% in India 20 15 25% in China 10 5 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CHINA (FATS) CHINA (BOP) INDIA (FATS) INDIA (BOP) Where to find more: Tables I.15 and I.26 BOP: Exports of commercial services as measured in the balance of payments (modes 1, 2 and 4). FATS: Outward foreign affiliates statistics (mode 3). 18

List of tables I. World trade developments 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2005-2011 21 Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2005-2011 21 2. Trade by region Table I.3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2005-2011 22 Table I.4 Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2011 23 Table I.5 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2011 24 Table I.6 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2011 25 3. Leading traders Table I.7 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2011 26 Table I.8 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2011 27 Table I.9 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2011 28 Table I.10 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2011 29 I WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 4. Bilateral trade of leading traders Table I.11 Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, 2011 30 Table I.12 Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, 2011 31 Table I.13 Merchandise trade of the European Union (27) by origin and destination, 2011 32 Table I.14 Merchandise trade of Japan by origin and destination, 2011 33 Table I.15 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2010 34 5. Regional trade agreements Table I.16 Merchandise trade of NAFTA countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2011 37 Table I.17 Merchandise trade of MERCOSUR countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2011 38 Table I.18 Merchandise trade of Andean Community countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2011 39 Table I.19 Merchandise trade of ASEAN countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2011 40 6. Least-developed countries Table I.20 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2010 41 Table I.21 Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries, 2011 42 Table I.22 Imports of agricultural products, fuels and manufactures of the European Union (27), Asia and North America from the least-developed countries, 2011 44 19

Table I.23 Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, 2010 45 7. Foreign affiliates statistics Table I.24 Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), 2006-2009 46 Table I.25 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities (outward FATS), 2006-2009 47 Table I.26 Services supplied by United States affiliates established abroad (outward FATS) and by foreign affiliates in the United States (inward FATS) by economy of affiliate, 2009 48 20

1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2005-2011 ( change) 2005-11 2009 2010 2011 World merchandise exports 3.5-12.0 14.0 5.0 Agricultural products 4.0-2.0 8.0 4.0 Fuels and mining products 1.5-5.5 5.5 1.5 Manufactures 4.5-15.0 18.5 6.5 World merchandise production 2.0-5.5 4.5 2.5 Agriculture 2.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 Mining 0.5-1.5 2.0 1.5 Manufacturing 2.0-7.5 6.0 3.0 World GDP 2.0-2.5 4.0 2.5 Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2005-2011 I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS ( change) Exports Imports 2005-11 2010 2011 2005-11 2010 2011 3.5 14.0 5.0 World 3.5 14.0 5.0 3.0 15.0 6.0 North America 1.0 15.5 4.5-2.0 8.5 3.0 Canada 3.0 14.5 8.5 3.5 21.5 4.5 Mexico 0.0 23.5 6.5 4.5 15.5 7.0 United States 0.5 15.0 4.0 2.0 5.0 6.0 South and Central America 10.0 23.0 12.0 2.0 11.0 5.0 Europe 1.5 10.0 2.5 2.0 11.5 5.0 European Union (27) 1.0 9.5 2.0-2.0-2.5-4.5 Norway 3.5 9.0 5.0 3.0 9.0 8.5 Switzerland 2.5 9.5 2.5 3.0 6.0 2.0 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 9.0 19.0 16.5 7.5 23.0 6.5 Asia 6.0 18.0 6.5 3.0 12.5 0.5 Australia 5.5 10.0 7.0 12.0 28.5 9.5 China 11.5 22.0 9.5-5.5-16.5 7.0 Hong Kong, China 5.5 17.5 7.0 12.5 25.5 15.5 India 14.0 22.5 9.5 3.0 27.5-0.5 Japan 0.5 10.0 2.0 6.5 19.0 6.5 Six East Asian traders a 3.5 19.0 3.5 a Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Taipei, Chinese) and Thailand. 21

2. Trade by region Table I.3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2005-2011 ( change) Exports Imports 2005-11 2010 2011 2005-11 2010 2011 Merchandise 10 22 20 World 9 21 19 8 23 16 North America 5 23 15 9 21 16 United States 5 23 15 4 23 17 Canada 6 22 15 13 25 27 South and Central America 16 30 25 14 32 27 Brazil 20 43 24 13 22 23 Argentina 17 46 31 7 12 17 Europe 7 13 17 7 12 17 European Union (27) 7 13 17 10 13 20 Switzerland 9 13 18 15 31 34 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 17 25 30 14 32 30 Russian Federation 17 30 30 12 29 33 Ukraine 15 34 36 11 29 17 Africa 14 15 20 11 31 20 South Africa 12 27 29 15 48 38 Nigeria a 18 30 24 15 27 37 Middle East 13 14 18 12 31 45 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 14 12 23 16 19 30 United Arab Emirates a 16 10 24 12 31 18 Asia 13 33 23 16 31 20 China 18 39 25 6 33 7 Japan 9 26 23 Commercial services 9 10 11 World 9 10 11 8 9 9 North America 6 8 8 8 8 9 United States 6 6 7 5 15 11 Canada 7 15 11 11 15 13 South and Central America 15 23 18 16 15 21 Brazil 22 36 22 14 19 8 Argentina 14 16 17 7 4 11 Europe 6 3 9 7 4 11 European Union (27) 6 2 9 12 10 15 Switzerland 11 4 19 15 13 19 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 14 18 19 14 8 20 Russian Federation 15 21 23 13 24 14 Ukraine 12 10 15 7 12 0 Africa 14 11 12 5 17 6 South Africa 8 25 7 5 11-19 Egypt 5 2 0 11 10 Middle East 12 15 10 7 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 8 8 19 16 9 United Arab Emirates 17 12 18 12 23 11 Asia 11 21 14 16 32 7 China 19 22 23 6 10 3 Japan 5 6 7 a Secretariat estimates. 22

Table I.4 Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2011 (Billion dollars and ) Origin Value North America Destination South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World World 2923 749 6881 530 538 672 5133 17816 North America 1103 201 382 15 37 63 476 2282 South and Central America 181 200 138 8 21 18 169 750 Europe 480 119 4667 234 199 194 639 6612 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 43 11 409 154 12 24 117 789 Africa 102 19 205 2 77 21 146 594 Middle East 107 10 158 6 38 110 660 1251 Asia 906 189 922 110 152 242 2926 5538 Share of regional trade flows in each region's total merchandise exports World 16.4 4.2 38.6 3.0 3.0 3.8 28.8 100.0 North America 48.3 8.8 16.7 0.7 1.6 2.8 20.9 100.0 South and Central America 24.2 26.7 18.3 1.1 2.8 2.4 22.5 100.0 Europe 7.3 1.8 70.6 3.5 3.0 2.9 9.7 100.0 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 5.5 1.4 51.8 19.5 1.6 3.0 14.8 100.0 Africa 17.1 3.3 34.5 0.3 13.0 3.6 24.5 100.0 Middle East 8.6 0.8 12.6 0.5 3.0 8.8 52.8 100.0 Asia 16.4 3.4 16.7 2.0 2.8 4.4 52.8 100.0 Share of each region's exports in world merchandise exports to the region World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 North America 37.7 26.9 5.6 2.9 7.0 9.3 9.3 12.8 South and Central America 6.2 26.8 2.0 1.6 4.0 2.7 3.3 4.2 Europe 16.4 15.9 67.8 44.2 37.1 28.9 12.4 37.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 1.5 1.4 5.9 29.1 2.3 3.5 2.3 4.4 Africa 3.5 2.6 3.0 0.3 14.3 3.2 2.8 3.3 Middle East 3.7 1.3 2.3 1.1 7.0 16.4 12.9 7.0 Asia 31.0 25.2 13.4 20.8 28.3 36.0 57.0 31.1 Share of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports World 16.4 4.2 38.6 3.0 3.0 3.8 28.8 100.0 North America 6.2 1.1 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.7 12.8 South and Central America 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.9 4.2 Europe 2.7 0.7 26.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 3.6 37.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.2 0.1 2.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.7 4.4 Africa 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.8 3.3 Middle East 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.6 3.7 7.0 Asia 5.1 1.1 5.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 16.4 31.1 I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 23

Table I.5 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2011 (Billion dollars and ) 1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2011 World 59 84 157 579 1838 3676 7377 17816 Share World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 North America 28.1 24.8 19.9 17.3 16.8 18.0 15.8 12.8 United States 21.7 18.8 14.9 12.3 11.2 12.6 9.8 8.3 Canada 5.5 5.2 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.7 2.5 Mexico 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.0 South and Central America 11.3 9.7 6.4 4.3 4.4 3.0 3.0 4.2 Brazil 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.4 Argentina 2.8 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 Europe 35.1 39.4 47.8 50.9 43.5 45.4 45.9 37.1 Germany a 1.4 5.3 9.3 11.7 9.2 10.3 10.2 8.3 France 3.4 4.8 5.2 6.3 5.2 6.0 5.3 3.3 Italy 1.8 1.8 3.2 3.8 4.0 4.6 4.1 2.9 United Kingdom 11.3 9.0 7.8 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.1 2.7 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b - - - - - 1.5 2.6 4.4 Africa 7.3 6.5 5.7 4.8 4.5 2.5 2.4 3.3 South Africa c 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 Middle East 2.0 2.7 3.2 4.1 6.8 3.5 4.1 7.0 Asia 14.0 13.4 12.5 14.9 19.1 26.1 26.2 31.1 China 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.5 5.9 10.7 Japan 0.4 1.5 3.5 6.4 8.0 9.9 6.4 4.6 India 2.2 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.7 Australia and New Zealand 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.7 Six East Asian Traders 3.4 3.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 9.7 9.6 9.8 Memorandum item: EU d - - 24.5 37.0 31.3 37.4 42.3 33.9 USSR, Former 2.2 3.5 4.6 3.7 5.0 - - - GATT/WTO Members e 63.4 69.6 75.0 84.1 78.4 89.3 94.3 93.8 a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983. b Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(27) in 2011. e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. Value 24

Table I.6 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2011 (Billion dollars and ) 1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2011 World 62 85 164 594 1882 3786 7695 15077 Share World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 North America 18.5 20.5 16.1 17.2 18.5 21.4 22.4 17.1 United States 13.0 13.9 11.4 12.3 14.3 15.9 16.9 12.5 Canada 4.4 5.5 3.9 4.2 3.4 3.7 3.2 2.6 Mexico 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.8 2.3 2.0 South and Central America 10.4 8.3 6.0 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.5 4.0 Brazil 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.3 Argentina 2.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 Europe 45.3 43.7 52.0 53.3 44.2 44.6 45.0 38.1 Germany a 2.2 4.5 8.0 9.2 8.1 9.0 7.9 6.9 France 5.5 4.9 5.3 6.4 5.6 5.7 5.2 4.0 United Kingdom 13.4 11.0 8.5 6.5 5.3 5.5 5.2 3.5 Italy 2.5 2.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b - - - - - 1.2 1.7 3.0 Africa 8.1 7.0 5.2 3.9 4.6 2.6 2.2 3.1 South Africa c 2.5 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 Middle East 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.7 6.2 3.3 2.8 3.8 Asia 13.9 15.1 14.1 14.9 18.5 23.7 23.5 30.9 China 0.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 2.7 5.4 9.7 Japan 1.1 2.8 4.1 6.5 6.7 6.4 5.0 4.7 India 2.3 1.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 2.6 Australia and New Zealand 2.9 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 Six East Asian Traders 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.9 6.1 10.3 8.6 9.5 Memorandum item: EU d - - 25.5 37.1 31.4 35.3 41.3 34.6 USSR, Former 1.9 3.3 4.3 3.6 4.3 - - - GATT/WTO Members e 58.6 66.9 75.3 85.5 81.3 88.7 94.8 95.9 Value I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983. b Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(27) in 2011. e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 import shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. 25

3. Leading traders Table I.7 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2011 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 China 1898 10.4 20 1 United States 2266 12.3 15 2 United States 1480 8.1 16 2 China 1743 9.5 25 3 Germany 1472 8.1 17 3 Germany 1254 6.8 19 4 Japan 823 4.5 7 4 Japan 855 4.6 23 5 Netherlands 661 3.6 15 5 France 714 3.9 17 6 France 596 3.3 14 6 United Kingdom 638 3.5 14 7 Korea, Republic of 555 3.0 19 7 Netherlands 599 3.2 16 8 Italy 523 2.9 17 8 Italy 557 3.0 14 9 Russian Federation 522 2.9 30 9 Korea, Republic of 524 2.8 23 10 Belgium 477 2.6 17 10 Hong Kong, China 511 2.8 16 retained imports 130 0.7 16 11 United Kingdom 473 2.6 17 11 Canada a 463 2.5 15 12 Hong Kong, China 456 2.5 14 12 India 463 2.5 32 domestic exports 17 0.1 14 re-exports 439 2.4 14 13 Canada 452 2.5 17 13 Belgium 461 2.5 17 14 Singapore 410 2.2 16 14 Spain 374 2.0 14 domestic exports 224 1.2 23 re-exports 186 1.0 10 15 Singapore 366 2.0 18 15 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 365 2.0 45 retained imports 180 1.0 27 16 Mexico 350 1.9 17 16 Mexico 361 2.0 16 17 Spain 309 1.7 21 17 Russian Federation a 324 1.8 30 18 Taipei, Chinese 308 1.7 12 18 Taipei, Chinese 281 1.5 12 19 India 305 1.7 35 19 Australia 244 1.3 21 20 United Arab Emirates b 285 1.6 30 20 Turkey 241 1.3 30 21 Australia 270 1.5 27 21 Brazil 237 1.3 24 22 Brazil 256 1.4 27 22 Thailand 228 1.2 25 23 Switzerland 234 1.3 20 23 Switzerland 208 1.1 18 24 Thailand 229 1.3 17 24 Poland 208 1.1 17 25 Malaysia 227 1.2 14 25 United Arab Emirates b 205 1.1 24 26 Indonesia 201 1.1 27 26 Austria 191 1.0 20 27 Poland 187 1.0 17 27 Malaysia 188 1.0 14 28 Sweden 187 1.0 18 28 Indonesia 177 1.0 31 29 Austria 178 1.0 17 29 Sweden 176 1.0 18 30 Czech Republic 162 0.9 22 30 Czech Republic 152 0.8 20 31 Norway 159 0.9 22 31 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 132 0.7 23 32 Turkey 135 0.7 18 32 South Africa 122 0.7 29 33 Iran b 132 0.7 30 33 Viet Nam 107 0.6 26 34 Ireland 127 0.7 9 34 Hungary 103 0.6 16 35 Nigeria b 116 0.6 38 35 Denmark 98 0.5 15 36 Qatar 114 0.6 53 36 Norway 91 0.5 17 37 Denmark 113 0.6 16 37 Finland 84 0.5 22 38 Hungary 112 0.6 18 38 Ukraine 83 0.4 36 39 Kuwait 104 0.6 54 39 Portugal 80 0.4 6 40 Viet Nam 97 0.5 34 40 Slovak Republic 77 0.4 19 41 South Africa 97 0.5 20 41 Romania 76 0.4 23 42 Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of 93 0.5 41 42 Israel 75 0.4 23 43 Kazakhstan 88 0.5 47 43 Chile 75 0.4 26 44 Argentina 84 0.5 23 44 Argentina 74 0.4 31 45 Iraq b 83 0.5 59 45 Ireland 67 0.4 10 46 Chile 81 0.4 15 46 Philippines 64 0.3 9 47 Slovak Republic 79 0.4 23 47 Iran 62 0.3-4 48 Finland 79 0.4 13 48 Greece 61 0.3-5 49 Algeria 73 0.4 29 49 Egypt 59 0.3 11 50 Ukraine 68 0.4 33 50 Nigeria b 55 0.3 24 Total of above c 16887 92.5 - Total of above c 16851 91.4 - World c 18255 100.0 20 World c 18438 100.0 19 a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note : For annual data 2000-2011, see Appendix A6 and A7 26

Table I.8 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2011 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 Extra-EU (27) exports 2133 14.9 19 1 Extra-EU (27) imports 2350 16.2 17 2 China 1898 13.2 20 2 United States 2266 15.6 15 3 United States 1480 10.3 16 3 China 1743 12.0 25 4 Japan 823 5.7 7 4 Japan 855 5.9 23 5 Korea, Republic of 555 3.9 19 5 Korea, Republic of 524 3.6 23 6 Russian Federation 522 3.6 30 6 Hong Kong, China 511 3.5 16 7 Hong Kong, China 456 3.2 14 retained imports 130 0.9 16 domestic exports 17 0.1 14 re-exports 439 3.1 14 7 Canada a 463 3.2 15 8 Canada 452 3.2 17 8 India 463 3.2 32 9 Singapore 410 2.9 16 9 Singapore 366 2.5 18 domestic exports 224 1.6 23 retained imports 180 1.2 27 Singapore re-exports 186 1.3 10 10 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 365 2.5 45 10 Mexico 361 2.5 16 11 Mexico 350 2.4 17 11 Russian Federation a 324 2.2 30 12 Taipei, Chinese 308 2.1 12 12 Taipei, Chinese 281 1.9 12 13 India 305 2.1 35 13 Australia 244 1.7 21 14 United Arab Emirates b 285 2.0 30 14 Turkey 241 1.7 30 15 Australia 270 1.9 27 15 Brazil 237 1.6 24 16 Brazil 256 1.8 27 16 Thailand 228 1.6 25 17 Switzerland 234 1.6 20 17 Switzerland 208 1.4 18 18 Thailand 229 1.6 17 18 United Arab Emirates b 205 1.4 24 19 Malaysia 227 1.6 14 19 Malaysia 188 1.3 14 20 Indonesia 201 1.4 27 20 Indonesia 177 1.2 31 21 Norway 159 1.1 22 21 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 132 0.9 23 22 Turkey 135 0.9 18 22 South Africa 122 0.8 29 23 Iran b 132 0.9 30 23 Viet Nam 107 0.7 26 24 Nigeria b 116 0.8 38 24 Norway 91 0.6 17 25 Qatar 114 0.8 53 25 Ukraine 83 0.6 36 26 Kuwait 104 0.7 54 26 Israel 75 0.5 23 27 Viet Nam 97 0.7 34 27 Chile 75 0.5 26 28 South Africa 97 0.7 20 28 Argentina 74 0.5 31 29 Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of 93 0.6 41 29 Philippines 64 0.4 9 30 Kazakhstan 88 0.6 47 30 Iran 62 0.4-4 31 Argentina 84 0.6 23 31 Egypt 59 0.4 11 32 Iraq b 83 0.6 59 32 Nigeria b 55 0.4 24 33 Chile 81 0.6 15 33 Colombia 55 0.4 34 34 Algeria 73 0.5 29 34 Iraq b 54 0.4 23 35 Ukraine 68 0.5 33 35 Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of b 48 0.3 20 36 Israel 68 0.5 16 36 Algeria 47 0.3 17 37 Angola b 66 0.5 29 37 Belarus 46 0.3 31 38 Colombia 57 0.4 43 38 Morocco 44 0.3 25 39 Philippines 48 0.3-6 39 Pakistan 44 0.3 16 40 Oman 47 0.3 29 40 Peru 38 0.3 26 41 Peru 46 0.3 30 41 Kazakhstan 38 0.3 22 42 Belarus 40 0.3 59 42 Bangladesh 36 0.2 30 43 New Zealand 38 0.3 20 43 Qatar b 30 0.2 29 44 Azerbaijan 34 0.2 30 44 Kuwait 25 0.2 13 45 Egypt 31 0.2 15 45 Ecuador 24 0.2 18 46 Pakistan 25 0.2 18 46 Tunisia 24 0.2 8 47 Bangladesh 24 0.2 27 47 Oman b 24 0.2 19 48 Ecuador 22 0.2 28 48 Croatia 23 0.2 13 49 Morocco 22 0.2 21 49 Angola a b 22 0.2 32 50 Bahrain, Kingdom of 20 0.1 31 50 Panama 22 0.2 30 Total of above c 13871 96.7 - Total of above c 13876 95.5 - I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS World (excl. intra-eu (27)) c 14349 100.0 21 World (excl. intra-eu (27)) c 14532 100.0 20 a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note : For annual data 2000-2011, see Appendix A6 and A7 27

Table I.9 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2011 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 United States 581 13.9 9 1 United States 395 10.0 7 2 United Kingdom 274 6.6 11 2 Germany 289 7.3 10 3 Germany 253 6.1 9 3 China 237 6.0 23 4 China 182 4.4 7 4 United Kingdom 170 4.3 6 5 France 167 4.0 15 5 Japan 166 4.2 7 6 Japan 142 3.4 3 6 France 143 3.6 9 7 Spain 140 3.4 14 7 India 124 3.1 7 8 India 137 3.3 11 8 Netherlands 118 3.0 12 9 Netherlands 134 3.2 16 9 Ireland 114 2.9 7 10 Singapore 129 3.1 15 10 Italy 114 2.9 5 11 Hong Kong, China 121 2.9 14 11 Singapore 114 2.9 18 12 Ireland 109 2.6 12 12 Canada 100 2.5 11 13 Italy 105 2.5 8 13 Korea, Republic of 98 2.5 3 14 Switzerland 94 2.3 15 14 Spain 93 2.4 8 15 Korea, Republic of 94 2.3 9 15 Russian Federation 88 2.2 23 16 Belgium 87 2.1 2 16 Belgium 85 2.1 8 17 Sweden 76 1.8 16 17 Brazil 73 1.8 22 18 Canada 75 1.8 11 18 Australia 60 1.5 19 19 Luxembourg 72 1.7 9 19 Denmark 56 1.4 11 20 Denmark 65 1.6 9 20 Hong Kong, China 56 1.4 10 21 Austria 61 1.5 13 21 Sweden 56 1.4 16 22 Russian Federation 53 1.3 20 22 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 55 1.4 8 23 Australia 51 1.2 8 23 Thailand 51 1.3 14 24 Taipei, Chinese 46 1.1 15 24 United Arab Emirates 49 1.2 18 25 Norway 42 1.0 6 25 Switzerland 47 1.2 19 26 Thailand 41 1.0 20 26 Norway 45 1.1 6 27 Macao, China 40 0.9 38 27 Austria 42 1.1 14 28 Greece 38 0.9 2 28 Taipei, Chinese 41 1.0 11 29 Turkey 38 0.9 11 29 Luxembourg 41 1.0 12 30 Poland 37 0.9 13 30 Malaysia 37 0.9 17 31 Brazil 37 0.9 21 31 Indonesia 32 0.8 24 32 Malaysia 35 0.8 7 32 Poland 31 0.8 4 33 Finland 27 0.7-1 33 Finland 26 0.7-5 34 Israel 27 0.6 11 34 Mexico 25 0.6 15 35 Portugal 26 0.6 14 35 Iran a 25 0.6... 36 Czech Republic 23 0.6 10 36 Nigeria 22 0.6 13 37 Hungary 22 0.5 12 37 Angola a 20 0.5... 38 Indonesia 20 0.5 23 38 Turkey 20 0.5 8 39 Egypt 19 0.5-19 39 Israel 20 0.5 10 40 Ukraine 19 0.5 14 40 South Africa 19 0.5 7 Total of above 3740 89.7 - Total of above 3395 85.9 - World 4170 100.0 11 World 3955 100.0 11 a Secretariat estimate. Note: Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For annual data 2001-2011, see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 28

Table I.10 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2011 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 Extra-EU (27) exports 784 24.7 11 1 Extra-EU (27) imports 644 21.1 9 2 United States 581 18.3 9 2 United States 395 12.9 7 3 China 182 5.8 7 3 China 237 7.7 23 4 Japan 142 4.5 3 4 Japan 166 5.4 7 5 India 137 4.3 11 5 India 124 4.1 7 6 Singapore 129 4.1 15 6 Singapore 114 3.7 18 7 Hong Kong, China 121 3.8 14 7 Canada 100 3.3 11 8 Switzerland 94 3.0 15 8 Korea, Republic of 98 3.2 3 9 Korea, Republic of 94 3.0 9 9 Russian Federation 88 2.9 23 10 Canada 75 2.3 11 10 Brazil 73 2.4 22 11 Russian Federation 53 1.7 20 11 Australia 60 1.9 19 12 Australia 51 1.6 8 12 Hong Kong, China 56 1.8 10 13 Taipei, Chinese 46 1.5 15 13 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 55 1.8 8 14 Norway 42 1.3 6 14 Thailand 51 1.7 14 15 Thailand 41 1.3 20 15 United Arab Emirates 49 1.6 18 16 Macao, China 40 1.2 38 16 Switzerland 47 1.5 19 17 Turkey 38 1.2 11 17 Norway 45 1.5 6 18 Brazil 37 1.2 21 18 Taipei, Chinese 41 1.4 11 19 Malaysia 35 1.1 7 19 Malaysia 37 1.2 17 20 Israel 27 0.8 11 20 Indonesia 32 1.0 24 21 Indonesia 20 0.6 23 21 Mexico 25 0.8 15 22 Egypt 19 0.6-19 22 Iran a 25 0.8... 23 Ukraine 19 0.6 14 23 Nigeria 22 0.7 13 24 Lebanon a 18 0.6... 24 Angola a 20 0.7... 25 Philippines 15 0.5 10 25 Turkey 20 0.6 8 26 Mexico 15 0.5 1 26 Israel 20 0.6 10 27 South Africa 14 0.5 6 27 South Africa 19 0.6 7 28 Argentina 14 0.4 8 28 Kuwait 16 0.5 15 29 Morocco 14 0.4 12 29 Argentina 16 0.5 17 30 Croatia 12 0.4 10 30 Qatar 16 0.5 103 31 Chile 12 0.4 14 31 Lebanon a 15 0.5... 32 United Arab Emirates 12 0.4 9 32 Ukraine 14 0.5 15 33 Cuba a 12 0.4... 33 Chile 14 0.4 18 34 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 11 0.4 7 34 Egypt 13 0.4 0 35 New Zealand 10 0.3 11 35 Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of 12 0.4 13 36 Kuwait 10 0.3 9 36 Viet Nam 12 0.4 20 37 Iran a 9 0.3... 37 Philippines 12 0.4 4 38 Viet Nam 9 0.3 19 38 Algeria 11 0.4-4 39 Syrian Arab Republic a 8 0.2... 39 New Zealand 11 0.4 17 40 Panama 7 0.2 18 40 Kazakhstan 11 0.4-3 Total of above 3010 94.9 - Total of above 2835 92.8 - World (excl. intra-eu (27)) 3170 100.0 11 World (excl. intra-eu (27)) 3055 100.0 12 I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Secretariat estimate. Note: Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For annual data 2001-2011, see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 29

4. Bilateral trade of leading traders Table I.11 Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, 2011 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports a Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 Region Region World 452440 100.0 100.0 23 17 World 462635 100.0 100.0 22 59 North America 337369 84.6 74.6 22 15 North America 258684 61.3 55.9 23 13 Asia 49391 6.5 10.9 23 29 Asia 93656 17.3 20.2 22 12 Europe 45888 6.5 10.1 29 19 Europe 63084 14.0 13.6 13 16 South and Central America 8628 1.1 1.9 37 19 South and Central America 19220 3.1 4.2 36 20 Middle East 3664 0.5 0.8-18 10 Africa 14905 1.8 3.2 42 51 Africa 3524 0.5 0.8 12 7 Middle East 7970 1.0 1.7 43 50 CIS 1916 0.2 0.4 33 25 CIS 5117 0.6 1.1 12 7 Economy Economy United States 331738 83.9 73.3 22 15 United States 223133 55.1 48.2 20 13 European Union (27) 40312 5.7 8.9 28 21 European Union (27) 52591 11.8 11.4 17 13 China 16957 1.7 3.7 31 32 China 48657 7.6 10.5 24 13 Japan 10776 2.1 2.4 22 21 Mexico 24807 3.7 5.4 48 16 Mexico 5530 0.8 1.2 15 14 Japan 13193 3.8 2.9 20 1 Above 5 405312 94.2 89.6 - - Above 5 362382 81.9 78.3 - - Korea, Republic of 5135 0.6 1.1 16 43 Korea, Republic of 6674 1.4 1.4 14 12 Hong Kong, China 2990 0.3 0.7 39 64 Algeria 5543 1.1 1.2 5 59 Brazil 2869 0.3 0.6 77 15 Taipei, Chinese 4983 1.0 1.1 31 29 Norway 2845 0.4 0.6 58 16 Peru 4455 0.3 1.0 40 26 India 2645 0.2 0.6 6 32 Norway 4389 1.6 0.9-12 59 Australia 1917 0.4 0.4 9 13 Canada b 3973 0.9 0.9 31 4 Taipei, Chinese 1764 0.3 0.4 29 41 Brazil 3919 0.8 0.8 41 23 Indonesia 1661 0.2 0.4 21 61 Switzerland 3196 0.5 0.7-6 12 Russian Federation 1512 0.1 0.3 48 31 Kazakhstan 2885 0.0 0.6 49 30 United Arab Emirates 1372 0.1 0.3-3 24 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 2774 0.4 0.6 46 41 Turkey 1284 0.1 0.3 4 57 Thailand 2703 0.5 0.6 16 16 Switzerland 1151 0.2 0.3 43-23 India 2561 0.5 0.6 17 24 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 868 0.1 0.2-7 -9 Nigeria 2518 0.0 0.5 302 55 Thailand 847 0.1 0.2 27 34 Iraq 2490 0.3 0.5 65 34 Chile 827 0.1 0.2 1 45 Angola 2470 0.1 0.5 31 57 Singapore 812 0.1 0.2-15 0 Argentina 2385 0.1 0.5 145 58 Malaysia 769 0.1 0.2 10 1 Malaysia 2162 0.7 0.5 9-3 Colombia 768 0.1 0.2 20 23 Chile 1931 0.4 0.4 19 6 Egypt 718 0.1 0.2 9 18 Australia 1786 0.4 0.4 10 14 Pakistan 696 0.1 0.2 48 31 Singapore 1572 0.2 0.3 9 42 South Africa 690 0.1 0.2 16 51 Indonesia 1444 0.2 0.3 38 18 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 613 0.2 0.1 2 13 Viet Nam 1346 0.1 0.3 23 18 Bangladesh 557 0.0 0.1 5-4 Russian Federation 1299 0.4 0.3 18-19 Philippines 545 0.1 0.1 42-16 Turkey 1134 0.2 0.2 25 64 Peru 521 0.1 0.1 23 13 Bangladesh 1072 0.1 0.2 14 32 Argentina 500 0.0 0.1 80 81 Israel 993 0.2 0.2 17 2 Cuba 467 0.1 0.1 36 23 South Africa 934 0.2 0.2 25 34 Israel 401 0.1 0.1 22 7 Philippines 925 0.2 0.2 33 7 New Zealand 385 0.1 0.1 18 23 United Arab Emirates 910 0.0 0.2-13 Trinidad and Tobago 345 0.0 0.1 25 19 Colombia 808 0.1 0.2 8 16 Viet Nam 339 0.0 0.1 33 32 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 741 0.5 0.2-6 -3 Sri Lanka 306 0.0 0.1 15-10 Cuba 710 0.1 0.2 44 12 Morocco 303 0.0 0.1-45 67 Côte d'ivoire 636 0.0 0.1 108 56 Ecuador 284 0.0 0.1 8 11 Equatorial Guinea 636 0.1 0.1 113-2 Ghana 269 0.0 0.1 25 55 New Zealand 556 0.1 0.1 9 28 Above 40 445288 99.3 98.4 - - Above 40 441894 96.1 95.5 - - a Imports are valued f.o.b. b In 2011, Canada reported imports from Canada accounting for nearly 1 percent of its total merchandise imports. 30

Table I.12 Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, 2011 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 Region Region World 1480432 100.0 100.0 21 16 World 2265894 100.0 100.0 23 15 North America 479841 36.7 32.4 24 16 Asia 841716 36.8 37.1 23 10 Asia 412148 26.8 27.8 28 13 North America 585684 26.8 25.8 26 14 Europe 315721 22.7 21.3 11 14 Europe 416485 20.0 18.4 14 16 South and Central America 166285 7.9 11.2 27 21 South and Central America 178846 7.5 7.9 20 31 Middle East 58356 3.5 3.9 9 20 Middle East 106282 3.8 4.7 26 38 Africa 33204 1.7 2.2 16 16 Africa 94857 3.9 4.2 35 8 CIS 12908 0.6 0.9 14 40 CIS 42025 1.1 1.9 34 30 Economy Economy Canada 280710 23.4 19.0 21 13 China 417303 15.0 18.4 24 9 European Union (27) 269137 20.7 18.2 9 12 European Union (27) 375512 18.4 16.6 14 15 Mexico 197544 13.3 13.3 27 21 Canada 319101 16.8 14.1 23 14 China 103878 4.6 7.0 32 13 Mexico 265347 10.0 11.7 30 14 Japan 66160 6.1 4.5 18 9 Japan 132442 8.2 5.8 26 7 Above 5 917429 68.1 62.0 - - Above 5 1509705 68.4 66.6 - - Korea, Republic of 43505 3.1 2.9 36 12 Korea, Republic of 58580 2.6 2.6 25 16 Brazil 42943 1.7 2.9 35 21 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 48760 1.7 2.2 40 49 Hong Kong, China 36489 1.8 2.5 26 37 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 43863 2.0 1.9 16 31 Singapore 31374 2.3 2.1 31 8 Taipei, Chinese 42651 2.1 1.9 27 15 Australia 27512 1.7 1.9 11 26 India 37468 1.1 1.7 39 22 Taipei, Chinese 25896 2.4 1.7 41-1 Russian Federation 35511 0.9 1.6 40 34 Switzerland 24446 1.2 1.7 18 18 Nigeria 34348 1.4 1.5 59 10 India 21628 0.9 1.5 17 13 Brazil 32472 1.5 1.4 19 30 United Arab Emirates 15886 0.9 1.1-4 37 Malaysia 26485 2.0 1.2 11-1 Chile 15873 0.6 1.1 16 46 Thailand 25746 1.2 1.1 19 9 Turkey 14632 0.5 1.0 49 39 Switzerland 24868 0.8 1.1 20 28 Colombia 14315 0.6 1.0 27 19 Colombia 23721 0.5 1.0 37 46 Malaysia 14217 1.2 1.0 34 2 Israel 23250 1.0 1.0 12 10 Israel 13956 1.1 0.9 18 24 Indonesia 19992 0.7 0.9 27 15 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 13820 0.8 0.9 7 19 Singapore 19363 0.9 0.9 12 9 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 12351 0.7 0.8 14 16 Viet Nam 18454 0.4 0.8 22 16 Thailand 10927 0.8 0.7 30 22 Iraq 17365 0.6 0.8 30 38 Argentina 9878 0.5 0.7 33 33 Algeria 14913 0.6 0.7 34 0 Peru 8319 0.3 0.6 37 23 Angola 13833 0.5 0.6 27 13 Russian Federation 8285 0.4 0.6 11 39 Costa Rica 10370 0.2 0.5 54 16 Panama 8248 0.2 0.6 39 36 Australia 10361 0.4 0.5 7 18 Philippines 7706 0.8 0.5 28 4 Ecuador 10034 0.4 0.4 40 28 Indonesia 7415 0.3 0.5 36 7 Chile 9728 0.4 0.4 16 27 Dominican Republic 7346 0.5 0.5 24 12 South Africa 9648 0.3 0.4 40 16 South Africa 7294 0.4 0.5 26 30 Philippines 9480 0.6 0.4 18 14 Guatemala 6205 0.3 0.4 14 39 Norway 8563 0.4 0.4 22 19 Egypt 6183 0.4 0.4 30-10 Trinidad and Tobago 8513 0.5 0.4 25 21 Honduras 6139 0.4 0.4 36 33 Kuwait 8010 0.3 0.4 41 43 Costa Rica 6118 0.4 0.4 10 18 Peru 6537 0.3 0.3 21 22 Ecuador 6040 0.2 0.4 39 11 Turkey 5463 0.3 0.2 15 24 Nigeria 4815 0.2 0.3 10 19 Bangladesh 5082 0.2 0.2 17 12 Viet Nam 4341 0.1 0.3 19 17 Argentina 4732 0.3 0.2-3 18 Norway 3632 0.2 0.2 13 17 Honduras 4692 0.2 0.2 18 14 New Zealand 3497 0.3 0.2 31 24 Gabon 4659 0.2 0.2 77 105 Bahamas 3418 0.2 0.2 31 6 Hong Kong, China 4412 0.5 0.2 21-1 Above 40 1412078 96.4 95.4 - - Above 40 2191633 96.7 96.7 - - I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 31

Table I.13 Merchandise trade of the European Union (27) by origin and destination, 2011 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 Region Region World 6038597 100.0 100.0 12 17 World 6255558 100.0 100.0 13 17 Europe 4293810 73.5 71.1 10 17 Europe 4239897 70.3 67.8 10 16 Asia 575412 7.5 9.5 24 21 Asia 824999 12.3 13.2 21 10 North America 433089 8.9 7.2 15 15 CIS 356204 5.6 5.7 28 36 CIS 210719 2.5 3.5 22 30 North America 307863 4.2 4.9 10 16 Africa 183490 2.6 3.0 10 13 Africa 203123 3.1 3.2 19 15 Middle East 159228 2.7 2.6 9 15 Middle East 138009 2.0 2.2 38 44 South and Central America 109472 1.3 1.8 32 21 South and Central America 132179 1.8 2.1 20 22 Economy Economy European Union (27) 3905709 67.8 64.7 10 16 European Union (27) a 3905709 65.2 62.4 10 16 United States 362942 7.7 6.0 13 13 China 406867 4.7 6.5 25 9 Switzerland 169376 2.5 2.8 13 21 United States 256584 4.8 4.1 7 14 China 189644 1.6 3.1 31 26 Russian Federation 277571 3.3 4.4 29 31 Russian Federation 150924 1.7 2.5 25 32 Switzerland 126973 2.0 2.0 7 15 Above 5 4778596 81.4 79.1 - - Above 5 4973705 80.1 79.5 - - Turkey 101192 1.4 1.7 32 25 Norway 130209 2.0 2.1 10 24 Japan 68149 1.3 1.1 16 17 Japan 93933 2.2 1.5 10 8 Norway 64815 1.0 1.1 6 17 Turkey 66258 1.1 1.1 11 18 India 56272 0.7 0.9 21 22 Korea, Republic of 50273 1.0 0.8 16-3 United Arab Emirates 45451 0.8 0.8 6 24 Brazil 52705 0.7 0.8 22 22 Brazil 49734 0.5 0.8 38 20 India 54853 0.6 0.9 24 25 Korea, Republic of 45179 0.6 0.7 23 22 Taipei, Chinese 33419 0.7 0.5 28 4 Canada 41228 0.7 0.7 16 17 Algeria 38567 0.6 0.6 15 38 Australia 42887 0.6 0.7 17 21 Libya 14530 0.6 0.2 33-63 Hong Kong, China 42013 0.6 0.7 30 18 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 39150 0.7 0.6 33 81 Singapore 37762 0.5 0.6 14 17 Canada 31837 0.5 0.5 20 19 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 36779 0.5 0.6 16 20 Malaysia 29299 0.5 0.5 35 6 South Africa 35685 0.6 0.6 27 26 Singapore 26383 0.5 0.4 22 6 Mexico 33152 0.5 0.5 27 17 South Africa 24740 0.5 0.4 14 4 Ukraine 29496 0.4 0.5 18 28 Thailand 24417 0.4 0.4 15 6 Algeria 23952 0.3 0.4 0 16 Kazakhstan 31832 0.3 0.5 40 51 Israel 23458 0.4 0.4 20 23 Nigeria 33617 0.2 0.5 32 75 Taipei, Chinese 22564 0.4 0.4 40 15 Indonesia 22510 0.3 0.4 13 22 Morocco 21116 0.4 0.3 9 16 Iran 22749 0.3 0.4 47 18 Egypt 19409 0.3 0.3 12-1 Mexico 22658 0.3 0.4 25 30 Iran 14602 0.4 0.2 3-3 Ukraine 20977 0.3 0.3 38 38 Croatia 15969 0.3 0.3-9 17 Israel 17623 0.3 0.3 19 20 Malaysia 16586 0.3 0.3 11 11 Hong Kong, China 14172 0.3 0.2 7 0 Tunisia 15216 0.2 0.3 17 3 Australia 16401 0.3 0.3 15 26 Nigeria 17360 0.2 0.3 10 23 Chile 15255 0.2 0.2 20 22 Thailand 16502 0.2 0.3 24 25 Viet Nam 17840 0.2 0.3 17 40 Serbia 11925 0.1 0.2 7 21 Azerbaijan 20660 0.1 0.3 26 60 Argentina 11580 0.1 0.2 48 18 Argentina 14858 0.2 0.2 8 20 Indonesia 10235 0.1 0.2 16 21 Tunisia 13747 0.2 0.2 13 9 Chile 10651 0.1 0.2 27 33 Morocco 12113 0.3 0.2 12 18 Belarus 10046 0.1 0.2 26 14 Egypt 13248 0.2 0.2 11 38 Kazakhstan 8351 0.1 0.1-6 21 United Arab Emirates 12321 0.3 0.2 47 60 Libya 2924 0.1 0.0 1-67 Iraq 13171 0.1 0.2 6 39 Qatar 6800 0.1 0.1-4 -4 Qatar 18700 0.0 0.3 136 79 Gibraltar 11057 0.1 0.2 35 72 Bangladesh 11954 0.1 0.2 9 35 Above 40 5798689 96.5 96.0 - - Above 40 6050685 97.0 96.7 - - a The figures are affected by the "INTRASTAT" system of recording trade between EU member States. Intra-EU (27) imports are under-recorded. To compensate for this under-recording, intra-eu (27) exports have been used to obtain total (World) imports. 32

Table I.14 Merchandise trade of Japan by origin and destination, 2011 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 2011 2005 2011 2010 2011 Region Region World 822564 100.0 100.0 33 7 World 854998 100.0 100.0 26 23 Asia 482969 51.0 58.7 37 7 Asia 442550 49.9 51.8 28 22 North America 146824 25.5 17.8 27 5 Middle East 161154 16.9 18.8 28 36 Europe 109819 15.7 13.4 21 11 North America 93078 14.9 10.9 15 12 South and Central America 17843 1.6 2.2 47 0 Europe 91331 12.7 10.7 12 20 Middle East 24562 2.8 3.0 17-3 South and Central America 29275 2.4 3.4 45 28 Africa 9899 1.2 1.2 26-2 CIS 20005 1.3 2.3 78 17 CIS 13760 0.9 1.7 122 51 Africa 17106 1.9 2.0 28 46 Economy Economy China 162062 13.5 19.7 36 8 China 183818 21.0 21.5 25 20 United States 127679 22.9 15.5 26 6 European Union (27) 80228 11.4 9.4 12 21 European Union (27) 95909 14.8 11.7 20 10 United States 76141 12.7 8.9 14 10 Korea, Republic of 66167 7.8 8.0 32 6 Australia 56472 4.7 6.6 29 26 Taipei, Chinese 50961 7.3 6.2 44-3 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 50514 5.6 5.9 23 40 Above 5 502778 66.2 61.1 - - Above 5 447173 55.3 52.3 - - Hong Kong, China a 42954 6.0 5.2 33 2 United Arab Emirates 42909 4.9 5.0 29 46 Thailand 37531 3.8 4.6 54 10 Korea, Republic of 39798 4.7 4.7 30 39 Singapore 27265 3.1 3.3 22 8 Indonesia 34061 4.0 4.0 29 21 Malaysia 18796 2.1 2.3 37 7 Malaysia 30463 2.8 3.6 36 34 Australia 17818 2.1 2.2 30 12 Qatar 30083 2.1 3.5 37 38 Indonesia 17739 1.5 2.2 71 11 Thailand 24508 3.0 2.9 31 17 Panama 14939 1.2 1.8 21-4 Taipei, Chinese 23254 3.5 2.7 26 1 Russian Federation 11819 0.8 1.4 144 48 Russian Federation 18972 1.2 2.2 82 18 Philippines 11229 1.5 1.4 35 1 Kuwait 13113 1.5 1.5 15 27 India 11079 0.6 1.3 43 23 Canada 12954 1.7 1.5 19 19 Mexico 10229 1.2 1.2 39 8 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 12902 2.0 1.5 20 15 Viet Nam 9595 0.6 1.2 25 17 Brazil 12795 0.9 1.5 55 30 Switzerland 9230 0.4 1.1 24 19 Viet Nam 11556 0.9 1.4 17 41 Canada 8911 1.5 1.1 20-4 Chile 9977 1.0 1.2 43 32 United Arab Emirates 7438 0.8 0.9 13 1 Philippines 8921 1.5 1.0 23 13 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 6497 0.7 0.8 20 0 Singapore 8671 1.3 1.0 34 6 Brazil 6207 0.5 0.8 46 0 South Africa 8427 1.1 1.0 44 17 South Africa 4316 0.6 0.5 47 13 Switzerland 7837 1.0 0.9 8 15 Liberia 3300 0.2 0.4 32 69 India 6812 0.6 0.8 52 20 Turkey 3071 0.4 0.4 59 20 Brunei Darussalam 5542 0.4 0.6 19 40 Oman 2796 0.2 0.3 34-11 Oman 5145 0.5 0.6 37 14 Chile 2346 0.2 0.3 103-14 Mexico 3984 0.5 0.5 24 14 Israel 2181 0.2 0.3 56 23 Iraq 3728 0.1 0.4 143 9 New Zealand 1925 0.4 0.2 26 1 New Zealand 3106 0.5 0.4 27 15 Marshall Islands 1868 0.0 0.2 138-6 Peru 2393 0.1 0.3 28 13 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1709 0.2 0.2 27-18 Norway 2350 0.2 0.3 18 21 Pakistan 1699 0.3 0.2 30 29 Sudan 2264 0.4 0.3 13 86 Colombia 1497 0.1 0.2 60 20 Nigeria 1657 0.2 0.2 1 206 Norway 1427 0.2 0.2 5 29 Hong Kong, China 1543 0.3 0.2 38 1 Kuwait 1349 0.2 0.2 16-5 Equatorial Guinea 1323 0.0 0.2-54 268 Egypt 1344 0.1 0.2 7-8 Israel 1081 0.2 0.1 2 30 Bangladesh 1075 0.1 0.1 34 5 Argentina 1078 0.1 0.1 58 8 Qatar 1019 0.2 0.1-30 -11 Papua New Guinea 944 0.1 0.1 42-3 Argentina 977 0.1 0.1 41 14 Egypt 875 0.0 0.1 52 90 Sri Lanka 945 0.1 0.1 209 50 Kazakhstan 763 0.1 0.1 81 27 Above 40 806900 98.3 98.1 - - Above 40 842964 98.7 98.6 - - I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Includes significant shipments recorded as exports to Hong Kong, China with China as final destination. 33

Table I.15 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2010 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Value Share change Value Share change 2010 2010 2005-10 2009 2010 2010 2010 2005-10 2009 2010 European Union (27) World 1604379 100.0 6-13 4 World 1419238 100.0 6-12 2 European Union (27) 899923 56.1 6-14 2 European Union (27) 828036 58.3 5-12 1 United States 168349 10.5 2-15 2 United States 172830 12.2 4-11 0 Switzerland 93115 5.8 8-9 4 Switzerland 67897 4.8 8-9 2 Russian Federation 30531 1.9 15-18 19 China 21637 1.5 12-15 14 China 29521 1.8 14-11 11 Japan 19628 1.4 5-24 10 Above 5 1221439 76.1 - - - Above 5 1110028 78.2 - - - Japan 25812 1.6 1-14 5 Russian Federation 18534 1.3 9-23 18 Norway 24353 1.5 6-11 1 Turkey 18200 1.3 5-15 14 Australia 18874 1.2 12-8 13 Norway 13836 1.0 4-19 -1 Singapore 17505 1.1 10-14 13 Singapore 12397 0.9 11-17 14 Canada 17358 1.1 9-11 14 Canada 12229 0.9 6-18 9 India 14193 0.9 17-3 14 India 11420 0.8 13-14 13 Brazil 12915 0.8 17-12 -1 Hong Kong, China 9831 0.7 8-22 7 Hong Kong, China 11713 0.7 2-24 15 Australia 8914 0.6 4-15 11 Turkey 10534 0.7 12-10 18 Egypt 8783 0.6 7-14 10 Korea, Republic of 9966 0.6 6-28 17 Brazil 7475 0.5 9-7 -14 Above 15 1384662 86.3 - - - Above 15 1231647 86.8 - - - United States World 532142 100.0 8-6 8 World 369907 100.0 6-7 6 European Union (27) 169098 31.8... -12-1 European Union (27) 125399 33.9... -12 2 Canada 50521 9.5 9-5 18 Bermuda 31740 8.6 21 36-6 Japan 44750 8.4 2-4 12 Canada 25579 6.9 3-11 15 Mexico 24110 4.5 2-11 4 Japan 23541 6.4 3-14 12 China 21135 4.0 20 6 32 Switzerland 19665 5.3 10-2 6 Above 5 309614 58.2 - - - Above 5 225924 61.1 - - - Switzerland 20313 3.8 12-5 8 Mexico 13730 3.7-1 -13 1 Brazil 16515 3.1 23 8 26 India 13661 3.7 22-1 11 Korea, Republic of 15105 2.8 10-1 18 China 9967 2.7 10-12 22 Australia 13168 2.5 12 0 10 Korea, Republic of 7756 2.1 6-12 21 Bermuda 11061 2.1 18 14 1 Hong Kong, China 6492 1.8 5-20 12 India 10319 1.9 15-4 5 Taipei, Chinese 6330 1.7 0-22 24 Singapore 9709 1.8 12-3 38 Australia 5600 1.5 4-6 5 Taipei, Chinese 9292 1.7 10 7 44 Brazil 5232 1.4 22 2 5 Hong Kong, China 5507 1.0 8-1 -4 Israel 4044 1.1 11 1 3 Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of 5013 0.9 14 3-3 Singapore 3771 1.0 1-9 8 Above 15 425616 80.0 - - - Above 15 302507 81.8 - - - China a World 170248 100.0 18-12 32 World 192174 100.0 18 0 22 Hong Kong, China 49426 29.0... -11 33 Hong Kong, China 33777 17.6... 0 28 European Union (27) 18508 10.9... -19 8 European Union (27) 28500 14.8... -14 40 Japan 11439 6.7... -12 20 United States 21135 11.0... -33 35 United States 9967 5.9... -64 22 Japan 18233 9.5... 3 20 Taipei, Chinese 7568 4.4... -2 18 Korea, Republic of 11233 5.8... -3 11 Above 5 96908 56.9 - - - Above 5 112878 58.7 - - - Korea, Republic of 6845 4.0... -28 22 Australia 8161 4.2... -14 36 Singapore 6186 3.6... -4 19 Macao, China 5304 2.8... -3-26 Macao, China 2920 1.7... -30-3 Taipei, Chinese 5082 2.6... 12 112 Australia 1635 1.0... -25 49 Singapore 4806 2.5... 17 20 Above 9 114495 67.3 - - - Above 9 136231 70.9 - - - 34

Table I.15 (continued) Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2010 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Value Share change Value Share change 2010 2010 2005-10 2009 2010 2010 2010 2005-10 2009 2010 Japan World 138705 100.0 6-14 10 World 155611 100.0 5-12 6 United States 36232 26.1... -7 6 United States 44530 28.6... -9 7 European Union (27) 33368 24.1... -21 0 European Union (27) 32374 20.8... -9 2 Singapore 12837 9.3... -25 23 China 8915 5.7... -1 2 China 10155 7.3... -13 29 Singapore 8086 5.2... -24 17 Taipei, Chinese 9229 6.7... 0 37 Korea, Republic of 6652 4.3... -28 13 Above 5 101819 73.4 - - - Above 5 100557 64.6 - - - Indonesia 3451 2.5... -12 91 Hong Kong, China 5466 3.5... -27 14 Korea, Republic of 3414 2.5... -19-10 Taipei, Chinese 4642 3.0... -16 24 Thailand 2951 2.1... -49 15 Australia 3615 2.3... -4 6 Australia 2607 1.9... 23-5 Thailand 3051 2.0... -6 6 Switzerland 2257 1.6... -32 22 Switzerland 2783 1.8... -16 5 Canada 2109 1.5... -41 3 United Arab Emirates 1971 1.3... -21-46 India 2071 1.5... -19 60 Indonesia 1814 1.2... -4 7 Hong Kong, China 2061 1.5... -27 Canada 1687 1.1... -9 20 Brazil 1138 0.8... 12 23 Philippines 1686 1.1... -14 14 Malaysia 1069 0.8... 122 Russian Federation 1445 0.9... 86 56 Above 15 124945 90.1 - - - Above 15 128716 82.7 - - - Hong Kong, China b World 106089 100.0 11-6 23 World 50855 100.0 8-7 16 China 29670 28.0 13 1 30 China 13481 26.5 8-3 16 United States 22253 21.0 12-7 23 European Union (27) 8623 17.0... -8 14 European Union (27) 19552 18.4... -8 22 United States 7384 14.5 8-5 13 Japan 6205 5.8 7-8 14 Japan 4139 8.1 7-13 21 Taipei, Chinese 4453 4.2 0-19 16 Singapore 3055 6.0 16-6 20 Above 5 82133 77.4 - - - Above 5 36682 72.1 - - - Australia 2881 2.7 14-8 23 Australia 2562 5.0 4-6 19 Singapore 2835 2.7 10-4 15 Taipei, Chinese 2228 4.4 10-5 22 Korea, Republic of 2531 2.4 11-20 28 Canada 1346 2.6 7-20 20 Canada 1612 1.5 10-19 22 Thailand 900 1.8-1 -17 13 Malaysia 1356 1.3 12-11 22 Korea, Republic of 892 1.8 2-7 19 Switzerland 1329 1.3 16-3 53 Macao, China 804 1.6 12 2 18 India 1264 1.2 18 4 31 India 802 1.6 18-15 26 Indonesia 971 0.9 18-9 107 Malaysia 769 1.5 10 2 8 Thailand 930 0.9 5-10 27 Switzerland 420 0.8 12 2 21 Philippines 788 0.7 8-3 15 Philippines 420 0.8 4-24 16 Above 15 98630 93.0 - - - Above 15 47825 94.0 - - - Korea, Republic of World 86266 100.0 12-19 19 World 94956 100.0 10-17 19 China 13728 15.9 18-26 41 United States 25642 27.0 9-8 19 United States 13055 15.1 3-18 15 European Union (27) 17884 18.8 11-20 12 Japan 10780 12.5 10-10 27 China 10585 11.1 11-19 23 European Union (27) 9778 11.3 8-34 28 Japan 8972 9.4 4-22 20 United Arab Emirates 5040 5.8 53 148-8 Hong Kong, China 4633 4.9 13-38 28 Above 5 52381 60.7 - - - Above 5 67716 71.3 - - - Hong Kong, China 4142 4.8 8-28 33 Singapore 3655 3.8 7-30 29 Singapore 3452 4.0 20-23 16 Australia 2387 2.5 11-8 44 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 2172 2.5 26 41-11 Viet Nam 2100 2.2 22-5 33 Taipei, Chinese 1953 2.3 6-40 55 United Arab Emirates 1751 1.8 29-2 34 India 1649 1.9 27 13 26 Canada 1569 1.7 4-11 21 Viet Nam 1532 1.8 32-21 13 Indonesia 1520 1.6 18-5 28 Australia 1394 1.6 23 76 11 Taipei, Chinese 1347 1.4 11-19 36 Russian Federation 1339 1.6 24-47 73 Philippines 1290 1.4 9-37 108 Thailand 1304 1.5 7-15 12 Thailand 1193 1.3 4-20 34 Malaysia 1004 1.2 13-28 50 India 817 0.9 20 8 15 Above 15 72323 83.8 - - - Above 15 85344 89.9 - - - I World TRADE DEVELOPMENTS 35