AQA. Geography. Questions, mark schemes and commentaries. Amanda Barker, David Redfern and Malcolm Skinner

AQA A2 Gography Qustions, mark schms and commntaris Amanda Barkr, David Rdfrn and Malcolm Skinnr

Contnts Introduction........................................................................................ 3 Plat tctonics and associatd hazards Qustion 1........................................................................................ 7 Qustion 2........................................................................................ 8 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 10 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 11 Wathr and climat and associatd hazards Qustion 1...................................................................................... 13 Qustion 2...................................................................................... 15 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 17 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 18 Ecosystms: chang and challng Qustion 1...................................................................................... 19 Qustion 2...................................................................................... 21 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 23 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 24 World citis Qustion 1...................................................................................... 25 Qustion 2...................................................................................... 27 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 28 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 29 Dvlopmnt and globalisation Qustion 1...................................................................................... 31 Qustion 2...................................................................................... 32 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 34 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 35 Contmporary conflicts and challngs Qustion 1...................................................................................... 37 Qustion 2...................................................................................... 39 Qustion 3...................................................................................... 40 Qustion 4...................................................................................... 41 P01404 Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 2

Introduction This wbsit contains som xampls of th typs of qustions you will fac in th AQA Unit 3 gography xamination at A2. You may wish to us ths qustions as practic qustions in your work or for rvision. Qustions ar in bold typ. Each on has a mark schm togthr with commntary in purpl on how bst to answr it. Sampl studnt answrs to som of th qustions, with xaminr commnts, appar in th AQA A2 Gography Studnt Unit Guid: Unit 3 publishd by Philip Allan Updats. Bfor attmpting to answr any of th qustions, it is important that you undrstand th procsss by which ths qustions will b markd by th xaminr in th ral xamination. Blow is a summary of thos procsss. Gnral marking critria Th philosophy Marking at AQA is positiv rathr than ngativ. This mans that xaminrs crdit matrial you gt right, rathr than dduct marks for what you gt wrong. Examinrs do not start with a modl answr in thir hads, nor do thy compar your answr with a modl answr. Thy crdit you for th way in which you answr th qustion st, awarding mor marks for th appropriat dtail and dpth of rspons that you giv. Lvls marking For all qustions worth mor than 5 marks lvls marking is usd. For qustions with 5 8 marks thr is a maximum of two lvls; for qustions with btwn 9 and 15 marks thr ar thr lvls. For qustions with mor than 15 marks, including th ssays on Unit 3, thr ar four lvls. Evryon involvd in th lvls marking procss (xaminrs, tachrs, studnts) should undrstand th critria for moving from on lvl to th nxt th triggrs. In simpl trms, you should know what you must do to tak your answr from Lvl 1 to Lvl 2, Lvl 2 to Lvl 3, and Lvl 3 to Lvl 4. Although th prcis triggrs will vary from qustion to qustion, thr ar gnral ruls you should follow to nabl you to mak this progrssion. In broad trms th lvls can b dscribd as follows. Lvl 1: you attmpt th qustion to som xtnt, giving a basic rspons An answr at this lvl is likly to: display a basic undrstanding of th topic mak on or two points without support of appropriat xmplification or application of principl giv a basic list of charactristics, rasons and attituds provid a basic account of a cas study, or provid no cas study vidnc giv a rspons to on command of a qustion whr two (or mor) commands ar statd,.g. dscrib and suggst rasons dmonstrat a simplistic styl of writing prhaps lacking clos rlation to th trms of th qustion lack organisation, rlvanc and spcialist vocabulary dmonstrat dficincis in lgibility, splling, grammar and punctuation Lvl 2: you answr th qustion clarly An answr at this lvl is likly to: display a clar undrstanding of th topic mak on or two points supportd by appropriat xmplification Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 3

giv a numbr of charactristics, rasons, attituds ( mor than on ) provid clar us of cas studis giv rsponss to mor than on command,.g. dscrib and xplain dmonstrat a styl of writing which matchs th rquirmnts of th qustion dmonstrat rlvanc and cohrnc with appropriat us of spcialist vocabulary dmonstrat lgibility of txt, and qualitis of splling, grammar and punctuation which nabl clarity of maning Lvl 3: you answr th qustion vry wll An answr at this lvl is likly to: display a dtaild undrstanding of th topic mak svral points with support of appropriat xmplification giv a wid rang of charactristics, rasons, attituds tc. provid dtaild accounts of a rang of cas studis rspond wll to mor than on command dmonstrat vidnc of discussion, valuation, assssmnt and synthsis dmonstrat a sophisticatd styl of writing incorporating masurd and qualifid xplanation and commnt as rquird by th qustion dmonstrat a clar sns of purpos so that th rspons is sn to closly rlat to th rquirmnts of th qustion with confidnt us of spcialist vocabulary dmonstrat lgibility of txt, and qualitis of splling, grammar and punctuation that contribut to complt clarity of maning Lvl 4: you answr th qustion with dpth, flair, crativity and insight In addition to th rquirmnts of Lvl 3, an answr at this lvl is likly to: provid strong vidnc of thorough, dtaild and accurat knowldg, and critical undrstanding of concpts and principls and of spcialist vocabulary giv xplanations, argumnts and assssmnts or valuations that ar dirct, logical, prcptiv, purposful, and show both balanc and flair dmonstrat a high lvl of insight, and an ability to idntify, intrprt and synthsis a wid rang of matrial with crativity dmonstrat vidnc of maturity in undrstanding th rol of valus, attituds and dcision-making procsss Qustion typs Unit 3 has a combination of structurd qustions carrying 25 marks and ssay qustions carrying 40 marks. Structurd qustions Structurd qustions hav a gradint of difficulty. Th initial sub-qustions ar lss dmanding than th latr ons, and thrfor carry fwr marks. Thus sub-qustion (a) oftn uss command words such as commnt on, dscrib or outlin, whil subsqunt qustions may rquir xplanation, xampls and valuation. Stimulus matrials ar usd both dirctly and indirctly. For dirct us, OS maps and photographs ar providd to assss ky skills such as map rading and intrprtation. Charts and sktch maps may b supplid to assss your ability to summaris and rcognis spatial pattrns and trnds. For indirct us, stimulus matrials ar prsntd as a catalyst for assssing your widr knowldg and undrstanding of a topic. Essay qustions Essay qustions hav a numbr of common faturs: thy rquir dscription and xplanation thy rquir som valuation, assssmnt or discussion Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 4

thy always rquir dtaild xmplification using cas studis highr lvls of rspons rquir clar vidnc of synopticity You should rsrv 4 or 5 minuts for thinking tim and for writing a brif plan of your answr. Th plan should outlin th gnral contnt of ach paragraph and th gographical xampls you intnd to us to support your answr. Your answr should hav thr main componnts: an introduction, a main body and a conclusion. Th introduction should (a) dfin any ky trms usd in th qustion, and (b) indicat th broad structur of your answr. It should b brif and businsslik: four or fiv lins should b sufficint. Th main body is whr you dvlop th list of points in your introduction by mans of a sris of paragraphs that follow ach othr in a logical squnc.whn discussing or valuating an issu, and thrfor prsnting a numbr of viwpoints, put ach ida into a sparat paragraph.this will nsur that th radr dos not bcom confusd by your argumnt. Th conclusion should b a brif summary of th points dvlopd in your answr. Whr appropriat, it may nd to includ som valuation or ovrall assssmnt. Finally, all qustions will covr som aspct of th gographical procss summarisd in Figur A. It is important to rcognis which part of th procss th qustion is asking you about. In gnral, th squnc of qustions in an xam is logical.you may b askd to xplain causs, thn to dscrib changs, nxt to idntify problms and finally to suggst solutions. Gographical issus bgin with causs. Procsss thn occur which lad to changs taking plac. Ths can b changs to natural or human systms. Th changs oftn hav consquncs; ths can b positiv or ngativ (problms) for popl and/or th nvironmnt th problms and issus rquir managmnt to find solutions and minimis conflict Figur A Th gographical procss Th ssays in Unit 3 will b markd using a gnric mark schm. This mans that th sam gnral principls will b usd to assss your ssay, only th contxt, contnt and command words will vary. Tabl A illustrats this mark schm. Tabl A Essay mark schm Lvl Marks/40 Assssmnt critria 1 1 10 Th answr shows a basic grasp of concpts and idas, but points lack dvlopmnt or dpth Explanations ar incomplt, argumnts partial and lack cohrnt organisation or rasond conclusions Exampls ar suprficial Thr is no vidnc of synopticity 2 11 20 Th answr is rlvant and accurat, and shows rasonabl knowldg and critical undrstanding of concpts and principls with som us of spcialist vocabulary Argumnts ar not fully dvlopd and th organisation of idas and th us of xampls and gnral thoris show imbalancs Som ability to idntify, intrprt and synthsis som of th matrial Limitd ability to undrstand th rols of valus, attituds and dcision-making procsss Sktch maps/diagrams ar not usd ffctivly Evidnc of synopticity is limitd Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 5

Lvl Marks/40 Assssmnt critria 3 21 30 Sound and frqunt vidnc of thorough, dtaild and accurat knowldg and critical undrstanding of concpts and principls, and of spcialist vocabulary Explanations, argumnts and assssmnts or valuations ar dirct, logical, purposful and gnrally balancd Som ability to idntify, intrprt and synthsis a rang of matrial Som ability to undrstand th rols of valus, attituds and dcision-making procsss Exampls ar dvlopd and sktch maps/diagrams ar usd ffctivly Thr is strong vidnc of synopticity 4 31 40 Strong vidnc of thorough, dtaild and accurat knowldg and critical undrstanding of concpts and principls and of spcialist vocabulary Explanations, argumnts and assssmnts or valuations ar dirct, logical, prcptiv, purposful, and show both balanc and flair Thr is a high lvl of insight, and an ability to idntify, intrprt and synthsis a wid rang of matrial with crativity Evidnc of maturity in undrstanding th rol of valus, attituds and dcisionmaking procsss Exampls ar wll-dvlopd and sktch maps/diagrams ar fully intgratd Th answr is fully synoptic Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 6

Plat tctonics and associatd hazards Qustion 1 a Study Figur 1, which shows th global distribution of arthquaks. Plat margins Earthquak zon Eurasian plat North Amrican plat Mid- Atlantic ridg African plat Indo-Australian plat Pacific plat Cocos plat Nazca plat South Amrican plat Caribban plat Antarctic plat Figur 1 Global distribution of arthquaks Antarctic plat Dscrib th distribution of th arthquaks and attmpt to xplain th pattrn that is shown. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Basic/simpl statmnts with rgard to distribution, mainly nams of countris or aras affctd by arthquaks. Explanation confind to plat boundaris. Widr pictur sn, such as th Pacific Ring of Fir. Som rfrnc to th larg aras whr thr ar no or fw rcordd instancs. Mor dtails on plat boundaris such as th nam, th activity taking plac thr which rsults in arthquaks and activity within fold mountains. Som attmpt to xplain why som aras ar fr/rlativly fr from arthquaks. (5 7 marks) As this qustion is lvls markd, you will rciv only Lvl 1 marks if you dscrib th distribution in picmal form, i.. simply a list of countris/aras. You must dscrib a widr pattrn to rach Lvl 2. Similarly, xplanations must go dpr than simply stating that th arthquaks ar on or nar plat boundaris.you could stat what is happning to caus arthquaks at spcific boundaris (must b thos shown on th map, not arthquaks in gnral) such as on th consrvativ margin in California. b Dscrib th ffcts that a major arthquak can hav on th population of an ara. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Simpl statmnts giving nothing mor than a list of th ffcts. Lvl 2 Rcogniss that ffcts can b dividd into primary and scondary and givs xampls of ach (accpt candidat s own dfinition of primary/scondary as long as it is logical). Links ar clarly mad btwn primary and scondary hazards,.g. ground shaking can caus buildings to fall, Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 7

braking gas pips which could lad to firs braking out. Svral ffcts can b linkd togthr in a chain; anothr xampl could b ground shaking rsulting in dams cracking, collapsing and lading to flooding downstram. To rach th highr mark lvl, you must do mor than writ a list of ffcts. With many hazards it is important to rcognis that thr ar both primary ffcts and latr scondary ffcts, which may last for a considrabl priod of tim aftr th vnt. It is also ssntial to s that on ffct may b th caus of anothr. If you can link th hazards in this way, your mark will b at th top of th rang. c Discuss th ffctivnss of th mthods usd to lssn th impact of arthquaks on th population of an ara. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts of mthods, in ffct littl mor than a list of th ways popl can attmpt to lssn th impact. Rcogniss that thr can b catgoris, or shows th gnral aim bhind th mthods. Bgins to show how ths mthods work and how ffctiv thy hav bn, prhaps with som small rfrncs to locatd xampls. Shows a clar indication that mthods can b dividd into catgoris and discusss th purposs of such attmpts. Clarly maks critical valuations of th mthods with dtails on how thy can b mad to work. Links mthodology and its ffctivnss with clar rfrncs to locatd xampls. (9 10 marks) As with (b), txt that is ffctivly a list of mthods will rciv crdit only at th lowst lvl. Th ky word in th qustion is ffctivnss, and you must show to what xtnt th mthods you quot work. Although xampls ar not mntiond in th qustion, it is a good ida to link ffctivnss to ral-world situations. If a particular mthod was ffctiv/inffctiv at a crtain vnt, say so, as this will rciv crdit at th highr lvls. Qustion 2 a Study Figur 2 which shows th distribution of tctonic plats and thir movmnts. Eurasian plat C North Amrican plat Eurasian plat C African plat Pacific plat Nazca plat South Amrican plat Indo-Australian plat Transform fault Antarctic plat Dirction of plat movmnt Convrgnt (dstructiv) subduction zons Divrgnt (constructiv) sa-floor sprading Figur 2 Tctonic plats C Consrvativ zons Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 8

Slct on plat boundary whr volcanic activity is taking plac. Nam it, and with th aid of an annotatd diagram(s) xplain what is happning thr as a rsult of th movmnt of th plats. (7 marks) Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl statmnts/labls such as nams of plats and dnsity (but not both). Lablling incomplt. Squnc of vnts from plat movmnt to volcanic activity not stablishd. Plat lablling includs nams and dnsity (figurs would indicat top of lvl answr). Dtails givn, with clar squnc stablishd from movmnt to volcanic activity. Particular dtails givn on volcanic activity. (5 7 marks) Slction is vry important hr. You should choos a boundary with a lot of activity and whr thr is a clar link btwn th plat movmnt and volcanic action.th qustion stats with th aid of diagrams, which mans that you could produc som txt but you MUST draw an annotatd diagram to achiv a rasonabl mark.th most important point concrning th diagram is that th radr must b abl to s th squnc from th initial movmnt of th plat to th ultimat production of volcanic activity. b A tsunami can rsult from tctonic activity. Explain how such larg wavs ar formd and why thy can b so dstructiv. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl statmnts rlating to caus, such as arthquaks or volcanic ruptions. Simpl list of ffcts, with no strss on why tsunamis can b so dvastating. Mor dtaild xplanations as to th caus. Explains why tsunamis can caus such dstruction, particularly th lack of prparation/prcption of th hazard in th past. Dtails on siz, pntration, tc., and indications that tsunamis may consist of mor than on wav. Shows that dbris in watr can also b vry dstructiv. To achiv a mark byond Lvl 1 you must rcognis that formation of a tsunami rquirs mor than an arthquak/volcanic action. You must xplain not only th damag that tsunamis can do, but why thy can b so dstructiv (.g. Indian Ocan tsunami, Dcmbr 2004). Simply listing th ffcts will rciv crdit only at Lvl 1. c Discuss th ways in which popl and organisations hav attmptd to minimis th ffct of volcanic ruptions. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts of rsponss which could apply to any volcanic ruption. Answr littl mor than a short list. Rcogniss that thr can b catgoris, or shows gnral aim bhind th mthods. Bgins to show how such mthods work with som small rfrncs to xampls. Vry clar indication that attmpts can b catgorisd. Rcogniss that volcanic activity will occur and that popl ar unabl to stop it so thir main thrust should b to minimis th ffcts upon thm. Critical valuation mad of th succss of any attmpts mad, with clar rfrnc to xampls. (9 10 marks) As with (c), it is important to us xampls, vn though thr is no rfrnc to thm in th qustion wording. As with all qustions of this typ, you should avoid stating only th mthods that ar applid. Most mthods can b dividd into catgoris and you must Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 9

us thm, bcaus this givs a clarr insight into how popl hop to minimis th ffct of such hazards. Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for th ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as follows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 Th hazards prsntd by arthquaks and volcanic activity hav th gratst impact on th poorst mmbrs of th world s population. To what xtnt do you agr with this viw? (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: th concpt of a hazard an undrstanding of volcanos and arthquaks as hazards and th xtnt to which thy impact upon human conomis and socitis th possibility of managmnt aras at risk compard with th incom/conomic dvlopmnt of th popl living thr variations in th capacity to adapt to/manag procsss and impacts varying impacts on diffrnt groups within th sam population, such as th vulnrability of informal sttlmnts cas study matrial/xampls Synopticity This could mrg with som of th following: a critical undrstanding of th procsss that produc volcanic and arthquak hazard vnts and th contxt in which thy ar producd undrstanding th contxt of varying timscals (frquncy tc.) an undrstanding of th impact of volcanic and arthquak vnts an undrstanding of th vulnrability of diffrnt populations to ths hazards a critical undrstanding of th vulnrability of diffrnt rgions, particularly th diffrncs btwn richr and poorr aras and th contrast btwn urban and rural nvironmnts undrstanding th capacity and willingnss of popl to dal with ths hazards vidnc of bradth/dpth of cas study matrial Th qustion rquirs a discussion and th rspons should rach a viw. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is masurd and rasonabl, and rlatd to th contnt of th answr. To answr this qustion you should carfully rad th abov bullt points to gt an ida of what your discussion should involv. Th obvious conclusion is that th statmnt is mainly corrct. Poor popl ar not abl to prpar for or manag hazards in th sam way that popl in richr countris can. Richr countris can build structurs to withstand arthquaks, warning of volcanic ruptions is bttr and popl ar bttr placd to do somthing about it.you could also argu, though, that th ovrall montary cost to richr Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 10

populations is much highr as thr is mor to los. You could dvlop this thm, showing how an arthquak in India dos not hav th sam cost in financial trms as on, say, in Los Angls In trms of loss of lif and impact upon an ara s conomy, howvr, you would hav to argu th opposit. Hazard vnts in poorr countris oftn hav a long rcovry priod, with hlp ndd from richr aras. If California, for xampl, suffrs an arthquak, fdral aid and othr forms of hlp ar almost always immdiatly availabl, but th ffctivnss of this vry much dpnds on th scal of th vnt. Qustion 4 To what xtnt do you agr with th viw that th hazards rsulting from arthquaks and volcanic activity cannot b managd but mrly adaptd to. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: a rviw of th two gomorphological procsss with som dtaild dscription and xplanation th xtnt to which arthquaks and volcanic activity impact upon human affairs ithr intrmittntly or prsistntly th scal of th procsss and thir rol in th opration of widr natural systms th potntial for managmnt th potntial to adapt to th procsss, with risk accptanc bing justifiabl in crtain contxts managmnt, in trms of lvls of dvlopmnt, tchnical capacity, typs of conomy and cultural disposition Synopticity This could b achivd by som of th following: a critical undrstanding of th procsss that produc volcanic and arthquak hazard vnts and th contxt in which thy ar producd undrstanding th frquncy of vnts and how this impacts on populations an undrstanding of th impacts of arthquak and volcanic vnts a critical undrstanding of how such vnts can b prpard for and possibly managd a critical undrstanding of th vulnrability of diffrnt popls an undrstanding of th ability of popl to rspond dpnding upon thir lvls of walth, tchnical capacity and thir cultural disposition an undrstanding of th prcption of risk takn by various popls and how thy rspond givn thir prcptions vidnc of bradth/dpth of cas study matrial Th qustion clarly rquirs a discussion and th rspons should rach a viw. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th matrial undr discussion. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion. You should undrstand what managmnt ntails in th contxt of ths hazards. It is difficult to act dirctly against a spcific arthquak vnt, although prparation in arthquak-pron aras will sav livs and infrastructur whn an vnt happns. Volcanic activity cannot b prvntd ithr, but warnings can b givn to vacuat populations and popl can act to control lava flows. Again, this dpnds upon th scal of th disastr. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 11

An ovrall conclusion will probably b that it is not rally possibl to manag ths hazards in trms of trying to control or vn stop thm, but som tchniqus can mitigat th ffcts. You could also intrprt th qustion as implying that popl in som aras simply accpt that th ara is pron to such hazards and fl that, with som prparation, thy can liv with th situation. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 12

Wathr and climat and associatd hazards Qustion 1 Figur 3 is a synoptic chart showing wathr conditions for 12 00 hours GMT on a July day ovr north Africa, southrn Europ and th middl ast. 24 21 29 22 40 N 0 24 16 23 16 37 05 26 24 High 1024 30 23 42 03 23 13 20 18 26 21 19 19 22 15 0 km 1,000 28 15 19 29 28 19 28 23 39 04 0 0 37 16 41 15 29 22 1020 33 10 Low 26 19 1008 25 23 25 20 32 10 41 06 29 15 1012 27 16 1016 1012 30 22 41 02 29 20 35 13 31 19 33 09 27 25 19 23 25 19 27 17 29 14 37 07 32 14 34 14 44 06 28 23 24 18 39 12 Low 41 11 33 17 37 11 1004 21 11 48 04 37 16 47 03 28 24 36 10 36 23 35 05 Tropic of Cancr 1000 1012 High 40 N Low Equator 39 27 1004 1008 31 24 Dry bulb tmpratur Dw point Figur 3 Synoptic chart a Us Figur 3 to account for th diffrncs in th wathr in Africa btwn th quator and th Tropic of Cancr. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl and gnralisd statmnts that prdominantly dscrib diffrncs in th wathr btwn th quator and th Tropic of Cancr. Mor undrstanding hr of th rasons why th wathr in th ara btwn th two locations diffrs. Expct rfrnc to and undrstanding of at last two aspcts of th wathr for 7 marks. (5 7 marks) Th ky hr is to mak sur that you rfr to diffrncs in trms of tmpratur (dry bulb and dw point), wind spds, cloud conditions and humidity. Having dscribd th diffrncs you should thn try to xplain thm in trms of th vidnc givn on th map.this will rlat to diffrncs in prssur and associatd pattrns of air movmnt. b Explain why som climats within th tropics xprinc both a distinct wt and dry sason, yt othrs show vry littl sasonal variation. (8 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 13

Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl and gnralisd dscriptiv statmnts comparing th quatorial climat with on othr tropical climat. A hint of undrstanding is displayd, most likly rlatd to th angl of incidnc of th sun, and its ffct on tmpraturs within th tropics. A clar answr which xplains why sasonal diffrncs in tmpratur, prcipitation and/or wind dirction occur furthr away from th Equator. An undrstanding of global prssur and circulation is convyd. This qustion rquirs an undrstanding of th variations in prssur pattrns and winds in tropical rgions.you should xplain ths variations with rfrncs to th following: Clos to th quator th climat shows uniformity throughout th yar, oftn with littl sasonal diffrnc in tmpratur or prcipitation. This is bcaus this latitudinal blt lis undr th influnc of th doldrums low prssur all yar round. Tropical continntal climats ar xprincd btwn 5º and 15ºN and S of th quator, mainly in Africa and ast cntral South Amrica. Thy ar influncd by th trad winds and subtropical high prssur for part of th yar (dry sason) and low prssur whn th ITCZ movs in lin with th ovrhad sun for th rst of th yar. Th tropical monsoon climat is xprincd in som tropical latituds, whr sasonal wind pattrns xrt a hug influnc on prcipitation pattrns.this climat is bst dvlopd ovr southast Asia and northrn Australia. For on sason th winds blow from th sa to th land, bringing havy rainfall, and for anothr sason th sourc of th winds is from th land, giving littl or no rain. c Assss th possibl ffcts of global warming on a tropical rgion you hav studid. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts rlating to on or mor vagu tropical rgion. No dpth to th answr. Limitd us of xmplification and/or sns of plac. Som dtail and dpth rlating to on clarly dfind climat typ/rgion, with dvlopmnt of at last on of th listd bullt points blow, including simpl valuation/assssmnt of th ffct/s. Fully dvlopd answr, with sound assssmnt of at last two of th bullt points blow rlating to th statd climat. Locations usd to laborat ar accurat. (9 10 marks) B clar in your idntification of th chosn tropical rgion and rlat th possibl impacts of global warming to that ara.th mor spcific your answr th bttr, but in gnral trms you should considr rfrncs to: tmpratur chang prcipitation lvls (total amounts and variability) impact on rivr discharg lvls sa lvl chang impact on biodivrsity (fauna and flora) impact on human activitis Th ky command of th qustion is assss hnc you should giv an ovrviw of th impact basd on your prvious argumnt. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 14

Qustion 2 Tabls 1 and 2 show climat data for Grnwich, London, and Tnby, on th Wlsh coast (1971 2000 avrags). Tabl 1 Grnwich, London (altitud 7 m) Month Max tmp Min tmp Days of air Sunshin hours Rainfall (ºC) (ºC) frost (hours) (mm) Jan 7.9 2.4 7.4 45.9 51.9 Fb 8.2 2.2 7.4 66.1 34.0 Mar 10.9 3.8 2.9 103.2 42.0 Apr 13.3 5.2 1.1 147.0 45.2 May 17.2 8.0 0.1 185.4 47.2 Jun 20.2 11.1 0.0 180.6 53.0 Jul 22.8 13.6 0.0 190.3 38.3 Aug 22.6 13.3 0.0 194.4 47.3 Spt 19.3 10.9 0.0 139.2 56.9 Oct 15.2 8.0 0.3 109.7 61.5 Nov 10.9 4.8 3.0 60.6 52.3 Dc 8.8 3.3 6.9 37.8 54.0 Tabl 2 Tnby, south Wals (altitud 5 m) Month Max tmp Min tmp Days of air Sunshin hours Rainfall (ºC) (ºC) frost (hours) (mm) Jan 8.5 3.1 3.2 58.0 115.4 Fb 8.0 2.8 3.1 75.4 90.1 Mar 9.7 3.8 0.6 115.6 87.2 Apr 11.7 4.7 0.3 184.8 61.3 May 14.8 7.4 0.0 218.2 51.5 Jun 17.3 9.9 0.0 205.8 66.6 Jul 19.5 12.0 0.0 218.9 52.7 Aug 19.3 11.8 0.0 200.6 92.7 Spt 17.1 10.3 0.0 149.1 101.6 Oct 14.2 8.3 0.0 106.0 131.3 Nov 11.2 5.3 0.4 71.7 129.9 Dc 9.5 4.0 1.9 49.9 126.4 a Dscrib and suggst rasons for th diffrncs in th climats of Grnwich and Tnby. (7 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 15

Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Straightforward dscription of climat diffrncs with littl attmpt to us th valus in support. Explanation is basic. Clar dscription and xplanation of climatic diffrncs using valus from th figurs.two or mor aspcts of th climat must b xplaind for full marks. (5 7 marks) Not thr ar two commands for this qustion. You must rspond clarly to both to accss Lvl 2. In ach cas diffrncs should form th focus of your answr. Diffrncs should b idntifid in trms of tmpratur, days of air frost, sunshin hours and rainfall. Explanation could involv factors such as distanc from th sa, location in a larg urban ara or othrwis (urban climat) and rlativ position within th UK (ast vrsus wst). b Explain how th wathr xprincd in th British Isls is influncd by its global position. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl and gnralisd dscriptiv statmnts about th wathr will b givn with prhaps just a tokn xplanation in rlation to Britain s latitud or coastal location. A clar dscription and xplanation of two or mor aspcts of th wathr, showing good undrstanding of atmosphric procsss. A rang of influncs can b citd hr: Latitud Th British Isls is locatd in th tmprat mid-latituds, roughly btwn 50º and 60ºN. Latitud has a strong influnc on tmpratur. Air masss Britain can b affctd by polar or tropical air masss which will dprss or rais tmpraturs. Additionally, whn a continntal air mass locats itslf ovr Britain dry wathr is th norm, but whn a moist maritim air mass is locatd ovr th ara, humidity is highr and prcipitation occurs. Ocan currnt Th British Isls is locatd on th wstrn margin of a major continnt, undr th influnc of a warm ocan currnt. Its coastal location modifis both summr and wintr tmpraturs bcaus of th diffrntial hat capacitis of land and sa. Summr tmpraturs ar lowr than might b xpctd, wintr tmpraturs highr. Wstrly winds affct prcipitation as wll as tmpratur. Subtropical and sub-polar air masss mt in ths latituds, giving ris to low-prssur wathr systms and frqunt prcipitation. c Evaluat th influnc of ocanic circulation on global climats. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 A simpl apprciation of th influnc of warm and cold ocan currnts on climat. No dpth to th answr and limitd us of locations. A clar answr, whr a good undrstanding of th influnc of ocanic circulation on global climats is dmonstratd. On othr influnc, probably latitud, will b notd, but valuation will b implicit. Mor dtaild knowldg and undrstanding of th factors influncing global climats, using locations is shown.th candidat is abl to highlight th most important factors and undrstands that ocanic circulation is of lssr importanc than othr factors. (9 10 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 16

Not th ky command of this qustion valuat. Your conclusion should giv an ovrall statmnt of th rol of ocan currnts on global climats. Th ovrriding influnc on global climats is latitud, and distanc from th sa/continntality is anothr important factor. Ocan currnts do play a part, but this is rlativly minor and is most markd on th wstrn sids of continnts. ENSO has an important influnc on th climat of placs bordring th Pacific Ocan, and th Gulf Stram influncs th mid-latituds on th wst coast of th Atlantic Ocan. Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for th ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as folows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 Assss th impact on human activity of th wathr associatd with th varying air masss affcting th British Isls. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this answr might includ: knowldg that th climat of th British Isls is influncd by svral distinctiv air masss, ach bringing with it a rang of wathr conditions dtaild accounts of th wathr associatd with ach of th arctic, polar maritim, polar continntal, tropical maritim and tropical continntal air masss dtaild accounts of th impacts of ths wathr pattrns on human activity rfrncs to xampls of significant impact Synopticity Synopticity can b achivd by: undrstanding th atmosphric procsss associatd with air masss from diffrnt gographical sourc rgions vidnc of bradth/dpth of cas study matrial undrstanding that som impacts of th wathr ar positiv, othrs ngativ assssmnt may compar th impacts of th wathr associatd with diffrnt air masss in th UK, a dvlopd country, with thos in a lss dvlopd country thr may b assssmnt of th impacts of diffrnt air masss on contrasting rgions within th British Isls,.g. a prdominantly rural rgion compard with a prdominantly urban rgion This qustion rquirs an analytical approach. Th answr should b brokn down into its constitunt parts, with an in-dpth account givn of ach lmnt. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion.you should hav a clar ida of th concpt of air masss and th varying wathr pattrns associatd with thm.tak not Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 17

of th ky command assss an ovrall assssmnt of th xtnt to which human activity is influncd by wathr is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Qustion 4 Critically valuat th xtnt to which conomic activity can modify both wathr pattrns and climatic trnds. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this answr might includ: knowldg that urbanisation and th dvlopmnt of mgacitis hav had a markd ffct on th wathr in such built-up aras; for xampl, tmpratur (th hat island ffct), prcipitation (incrasd frquncy and intnsity, fogs and thundrstorms), wind (spd, dirction and frquncy), air quality ( particulat pollution and photochmical smog) an valuation of th xtnt of variation in urban climats in rlation to city siz/ara/ population/location/lvl of conomic dvlopmnt rfrncs to climat chang: global warming in rcnt dcads has bn blamd on human activity in particular th burning of fossil fuls and dforstation; som may dbat whthr th vidnc points towards human activity causing rcnt changs to global climats or indd whthr global warming is a natural vnt, or thy might choos to disagr with th vidnc altogthr Synopticity Synopticity mrgs with th following: vidnc in th bradth/dpth of supporting cas study matrial dtaild critical undrstanding of th diffrntiation btwn wathr and climat and th varying lvls of impacts in th dvloping and mor dvlopd parts of th world rcognition of th complxity of th issu of global warming and som rcognition of th dbat around th issu an awarnss of th intrrlationships of th various aspcts covrd in th qustion This qustion rquirs an valuativ approach and th rspons should rach a viw. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion.you should hav a clar ida of th concpt of wathr and climat modification and th varying wathr pattrns associatd with human conomic activity. Tak not of th ky command critically valuat an ovrall valuation of th xtnt to which human activity can modify wathr/climat is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 18

Ecosystms: chang and challng Qustion 1 Figur 4 is a kit diagram illustrating th rsults of vgtation quadrat sampling along a sand and shingl ridg in south Dvon. Pionr spcis Maritim spcialists 50 0 50 0 50 Prcntag of vgtation sampld at ach station Madow plants 0 50 Shrubs 0 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Station numbr along transct Saward Landward Figur 4 Kit diagram showing th rsults of vgtation sampling, south Dvon a Dscrib and suggst rasons for th changs shown in Figur 4. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl and gnralisd statmnts that dscrib how spcis chang inland, with only limitd xplanation offrd, most likly along th lins of conditions bcoming lss harsh inland from th sa. No prcis us of th kit diagram. Clar dscription of th changs in both xtnt and varity of spcis inland, dmonstrating an undrstanding of why ths changs occur.th answr may show knowldg of particular spcis within srs, or thr may b us of pr cnt valus dtrmind from th kit diagram. (5 7 marks) Not thr ar two commands for this qustion, dscrib and suggst rasons, and that both commands must b rspondd to clarly to accss Lvl 2. In ach cas changs should form th focus of your answr. Diffrncs should b idntifid in trms of distanc from th sa, spcis variation and rlativ proportions of shrubs. Explanation could involv factors such as soil quality, nutrint lvls, soil moistur lvls and plant succssion procsss. b Examin th circumstancs undr which succssion towards climatic climax can b arrstd. (8 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 19

Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 A basic rspons that dscribs ithr a plagioclimax or a scondary succssion in vagu trms.thr may b som confusion in th dfinitions. Th rspons dmonstrats clar knowldg and undrstanding of ithr a plagioclimax, a scondary succssion or both.thr may b rfrnc to accurat xampls or locations. Plant succssions can b stoppd from raching th climatic climax, or dflctd towards a diffrnt climax, by human intrfrnc. Th rsulting vgtation is known as a plagioclimax. Exampls of human activity that crat plagioclimaxs ar: dforstation or afforstation animal grazing or trampling fir claranc A scondary succssion is a succssion that dvlops on land that has prviously bn vgtatd. For xampl, an ara might hav bn clard for farming, but latr abandond. This abandond land bcoms colonisd in a scondary succssion. Scondary succssion can also follow natural vnts such as a chang in climat, a disas, a mudflow, a volcanic ruption or a spontanous fir, which can b th rsult of lightning. You should rfr to a rang of th abov in ordr to accss th highr lvl. c Analys th factors that ar most rsponsibl for variations in biodivrsity at a global scal. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts concntrating on th impact of diffrnt typs of habitat in rlation to th numbr and typ of animal and plant spcis. Ovr-rlianc on on biom, such as th tropical rainforst. Som dtail and dpth rlating to on factor, most likly climat, in rlation to at last two bioms. Fully dvlopd answr, with good laboration of both physical and human influncs using accurat locations in rlation to th bioms statd. (9 10 marks) Climat is th ovrriding factor as it has an important influnc on soil typ and vgtation. Ths thr factors combind hav th gratst impact globally on biodivrsity. Tropical rainforst and monsoon forst ar high-nrgy bioms but th savanna grasslands hav a lowr nt primary productivity (NPP). All bioms, rgardlss of which continnt thy occur on, show similaritis in climat, soils, plants and animal lif. Lownrgy bioms ar th tundra in th high latituds and th hot dsrts in th low latituds. Hr, th vgtation is scant and NPP is low, biodivrsity among animals, birds and inscts is lowr bcaus thr is lss food availabl for th hrbivors, and this has an ffct on th highr trophic lvls.th gratst biodivrsity xists within th tropical rainforsts half th world s gn pool is thought to xist thr.tropical rainforsts hav bn stabl cosystms for up to 100 million yars and, until rcntly, hav continud to gain nw spcis in thir undisturbd stat. Human activity has gratly dpltd biodivrsity in som bioms; dforstation of th rainforsts and of th tropical monsoon forsts provids a good xampl of this. In mor Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 20

dvlopd countris (.g. th UK) vry littl of th natural vgtation rmains and so biodivrsity has bn affctd gratly. In som mor xtrm latituds th natural nvironmnt has bn lss affctd by human activity. Th introduction of alin spcis, usually initiatd by human activity, has had an normous impact on biodivrsity in som aras. Ensur that you giv an ovrall analysis of a rang of factors to accss th highst lvl of rspons. Qustion 2 Figur 5(a) and (b) dmonstrats sasonal diffrncs in th nutrint cycl for a dciduous wood in England. (a) Lat autumn (b) Lat spring Biomass Biomass Littr Littr Soil Stors Transfrs Soil Figur 5 Th nutrint cycl a Idntify and commnt on th sasonal variations in nutrint cycling btwn lat autumn and lat spring. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Dscription prdominantly of diffrncs in th thr stors btwn th sasons, xpct rfrnc to on of th transfrs using an accurat trm for 4 marks. Accurat dscription of th rlativ sizs of all thr transfrs and stors.th most ffctiv rsponss will also show knowldg of inputs and outputs. (5 7 marks) You should provid a dscription of th rlativ sizs of th stors, and dmonstrat an undrstanding of th trms biomass, littr and soil. You should also commnt on th comparativ siz of th transfr flows as thy chang sasonally.th bst rsponss will also show an undrstanding of inputs and outputs (not shown on th diagrams), for xampl runoff and laching ar likly to b gratr outsid of th growing sason, in lat autumn, and wathring mor rapid during spring. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 21

b Suggst rasons for th variations idntifid in (a). Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Prdominantly basic rasons why thr ar changs in rlativ sizs of th stors; it is unlikly that th corrct trminology for transfrs will b usd. Basic xplanation might b offrd, prhaps an undrstanding of why laf fall occurs during th autumn. Clar undrstanding why diffrncs in both stors and transfrs occur btwn th sasons.thr may b mor prcis us of dtail,.g. tmpratur valus might b usd to xplain th start of th growing sason. This qustion focuss on rasons only. Thr ar a numbr of rasons for th changs, which ar linkd to sasonal variations in th influnc of th following: tmpraturs: having an impact on both laf covrag and rats of dcomposition th activity of soil fauna such as arthworms th rats of growth of vgtation and th associatd uptak of nutrints by vgtation th rlativ rats of wathring physical and chmical A good answr will show th links btwn ths factors. c Evaluat th succss of consrvation masurs in rlation to on or mor fragil cosystms you hav studid. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Th rspons is likly to giv a gnralisd dscription of consrvation stratgis, such as th cration of National Parks or othr typs of protctd ara within a gnral nvironmnt, such as a rainforst.thr will b littl or no attmpt to valuat th succss of consrvation masurs. Som dtail and dpth rlating to on clarly dfind fragil nvironmnt, with dvlopmnt of at last on consrvation stratgy, including simpl valuation/assssmnt of th ffctivnss of this. Fully dvlopd answr, with sound assssmnt of th succss of consrvation masurs rlating to th fragil nvironmnt. Locations usd to laborat ar accurat. (9 10 marks) You should b sur of th maning of th two ky trms of this qustion: consrvation th protction and possibl nhancmnt of natural nvironmnts to nsur thir survival for futur us fragil nvironmnt on that is asily disturbd and difficult to rstor onc dstroyd According to th Unitd Nations, fragil nvironmnts includ arid and smi-arid aras, mountainous aras, polar locations, frshwatr and intrtidal wtlands, rainforsts and coral rfs. Many ar rgional in scop, transcnding national boundaris; othrs ar at a smallr scal in isolatd and fragmntd pockts. You should nsur that you clarly outlin and dscrib th consrvation masurs that hav takn plac in your chosn ara(s), and xprss a judgmnt as to whthr or not thy hav bn succssful. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 22

Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for th ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as follows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 With rfrnc to on tropical biom, valuat th rol and xtnt of human activitis in modifying its charactristics. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this answr might includ: an outlin of th main charactristics of th biom, in trms of climat, vgtation, soils and biodivrsity a discussion of a rang of human activitis in th biom, which will dpnd upon th biom slctd; dforstation is likly to b a common thm, as ar sttlmnt/agricultural land us and consrvation an xploration of th impact of climat chang causd by human activity on th biom would also b rlvant, which is likly to b valuatd as having an impact throughout th ntir biom Synopticity Synopticity mrgs with th following: contrasts in human activity in rlation to lvls of conomic dvlopmnt btwn rgions/countris locatd within th biom vidnc of bradth/dpth of cas study matrial usd in support dtaild critical undrstanding of th impact of at last on human activity on th biom clar distinction btwn th rol of human activitis and th xtnt to which human activity modifis th chosn biom This qustion rquirs an valuativ approach and th rspons should rach a viw. Any conclusion is crditabl as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points to gt a clar insight into what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion. You should hav a clar ida of th concpt of vgtation chang rsulting from human activity, and b awar that th qustion rquirs a discussion of both rol and xtnt.tak not of th ky command valuat an ovrall valuation of th xtnt to which human activity can modify vgtation charactristics is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 23

Qustion 4 Discuss th rlativ importanc of physical and human factors in accounting for changs to vgtation ovr tim in on or mor cosystms you hav studid in th British Isls. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this answr might includ: th factors causing succssion towards climatic climax of a rang of plant communitis found in th British Isls, including at last on of lithosr, psammosr, hydrosr or halosr th charactristics of th climatic climax community, th tmprat dciduous woodland biom and th xtnt to which this has bn modifid; thr might b som undrstanding of rgional diffrncs in th biom,.g. th typs of location whr ash is th dominant spcis rathr than oak th human factors affcting plant succssions: scondary succssion and plagioclimax changs to cosystms rsulting from urbanisation, colonisation of wastland; th dvlopmnt of distinctiv cologis along routways and in th urban rural fring th impact of consrvation in a varity of sttings: urban and rural, and natural nvironmnts such as sand duns Synopticity Synopticity mrgs with th following: an undrstanding of both physical and human factors in rlation to changs in plant communitis ovr tim, ithr short or long trm awarnss of th intrrlationships btwn physical and human factors us of dtaild cas study support (bradth and dpth) from contrasting cosystms, manmad and natural valuativ commnts rlating to th rlativ importanc of physical and human factors ovr th short and long trm Th qustion clarly rquirs a discussion approach and th rspons should rach a viw rgarding rlativ importanc of th two factors. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th matrial undr discussion. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion.you should hav a clar ida of th concpt of vgtation chang rsulting from both physical and natural causs as wll as from human activitis.tak not of th ky command discuss an ovrall statmnt of rlativ importanc of th two factors is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 24

World citis Qustion 1 a Study Figur 6 which shows th global distribution of two typs of city. Minnapolis San Francisco Los Angls Toronto Mxico City Caracas Montral Boston Chicago Nw York Washington Atlanta Dallas Miami Houston London Brussls Paris Frankfurt Madrid Gnva Barclona Amstrdam Dussldorf Milan Zurich Moscow Hamburg Stockholm Copnhagn Brlin Munich Rom Warsaw Pragu Budapst Istanbul Bijing Soul Tokyo Shanghai Hong Kong Osaka Taipi Bangkok Manila Kuala Lumpur Jakarta Singapor Santiago São Paulo Bunos Airs Johannsburg Sydny Mlbourn World citis Othr important citis Figur 6 World citis and othr important citis, 2005 Dscrib and commnt on th distribution of th two typs of city shown in Figur 6. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl listing of citis by continnt; rcognition that thr ar variations in th totals of citis by continnt. Basic rcognition of typs of city shown and thir distribution. Commntary is lacking or simplistic. Commntary that rflcts on th distributions shown that may suggst som contributory factor,.g. lvl of dvlopmnt. Critical commnts on th data shown. Ovrall a mor sophisticatd rspons. (5 7 marks) Answrs to this typ of data stimulus qustion fall into two catgoris. Th simpl and low-lvl rspons is to lift th data and put thm into words. Examinrs rfr to this as data waffl.th ky to a highr-lvl rspons is to rspond to th highr lvl command commnt on. Any valid and appropriat commnt will b rwardd, spcially if it is supportd by vidnc from th figur and/or your own knowldg. It is also valid to critically commnt on th data ar all of th important citis in Asia namd? Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 25

b With rfrnc to on or mor xampls, dscrib how urban growth can caus social and conomic problms in urban aras. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Gnralisd account of problms that could rfr to th growth of any city in th world. Problms tnd to b listd simplistically rathr than dalt with in dpth; or discussion of on, or on typ of, problm only. Mor than on problm discussd. Spcific statmnts rlating to a namd city/urban ara accss this lvl. Answrs ar dtaild, hav dpth and ar mor sophisticatd. Highr mark rsponss should rfr to both social and conomic problms. Th ky to a good answr to this typ of qustion is to rspond to th opning claus of th qustion: With rfrnc to on or mor xampls.wakr rsponss tnd not to not this and giv vry gnralisd answrs which could rfr to a wid rang of citis in th world. At A-lvl, dpth and dtail ar paramount, togthr with a clar sns of plac. Not that both social and conomic problms ar rquird for maximum crdit, though you will accss th lowr nd of Lvl 2 for just on. Also not that thr is no rquirmnt for any particular typ of city you can rfr to citis at any stag along th dvlopmnt continuum. c Discuss th attmpts by plannrs to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Limitd knowldg and undrstanding of how plannrs hav attmptd to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Caus and ffct ar not wll undrstood and thr is limitd us of xampls. Limitd analysis of th attmpts by plannrs to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Som knowldg and undrstanding of how plannrs hav attmptd to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Caus and ffct ar undrstood and som xampls ar givn. Som analysis of th attmpts by plannrs to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Limitd (if any) valuation. Dtaild knowldg and undrstanding of how plannrs hav attmptd to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. Caus and ffct ar wll undrstood, and thr is ffctiv us of dtaild xampls. Clar analysis and ffctiv valuation of th attmpts by plannrs to rduc th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt. (9 10 marks) Planning attmpts aimd at rducing th impact of citis on th physical nvironmnt includ: controls on air pollution, spcially from motor vhicls rcycling wast and rductions in solid wast going to landfill rclamation of drlict land tackling traffic congstion th dvlopmnt of sustainabl citis As statd in th mark schm, th ky is to provid both dpth and dtail of a rang of managmnt stratgis, with good us of cas studis. To gain th highst lvl, som statmnt of succss or othrwis should b givn. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 26

Qustion 2 a Study Photograph 1 which shows an out-of-town rtailing ara in th UK. Bluwatr Photograph 1 Out-of-town rtailing Dscrib and commnt on th charactristic faturs of this rtail park. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Two charactristic faturs idntifid and dscribd, or simpl listing of faturs from th photograph. Commntary is lacking or simplistic. Mor than two charactristics idntifid and dscribd. Commntary that rlats to th faturs idntifid. Ovrall a mor sophisticatd rspons. (5 7 marks) Whn answring a qustion introducd by th words Study Photograph, you must rfr to th actual photograph givn.you ar told that th plac in th photograph is an out-of-town rtailing ara so your commnts should bar this in mind. Howvr, your initial starting point should b faturs that can b sn rathr than thos that could b thr or ar at a similar cntr you studid. b Suggst rasons for th dcntralisation of rtailing and othr srvics. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Gnralisd statmnts of rasons that could apply to th growth of any out of town location, or th dclin of a CBD ara. Rasons tnd to b statd simplistically. Dvlopmnt of on rason only. Dvlopmnt of mor than on rason. As mor rasons ar dvlopd and laboratd upon th answr movs up through th mark rang. This qustion dos not ask for rfrncs to namd xampls and hnc maximum crdit can b awardd for a purly thortical answr. Howvr, as th qustion rquirs rasons mor than on rason should b givn. To accss Lvl 2, som dgr of dvlopmnt is rquird this could tak th form of a mor sophisticatd account or it could involv th us of cas studis. Hnc thr ar two ways to accss th highr lvl of crdit. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 27

c With rfrnc to at last on xampl, discuss th impact of th rdvlopmnt of urban cntrs. (10 marks) Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Limitd knowldg and undrstanding of th impact of rdvlopmnt of urban cntrs. Caus and ffct ar not wll undrstood and thr is limitd us of xampls. Limitd analysis of th impact of rdvlopmnt. Som knowldg and undrstanding of th impact of rdvlopmnt of urban cntrs. Caus and ffct ar undrstood and som xampls ar givn. Som analysis of th impact of rdvlopmnt. Limitd (if any) valuation. Dtaild knowldg and undrstanding of th impact of rdvlopmnt of urban cntrs. Caus and ffct ar wll undrstood, and thr is ffctiv us of dtaild xampls. Clar analysis and ffctiv valuation of th impact. (9 10 marks) A numbr of stratgis hav bn dvisd to rdvlop urban cntrs, including: th provision of a mor attractiv shopping nvironmnt with pdstrianisation, nw strt furnitur, floral displays, paving and landscaping th construction of all-wathr shopping malls which oftn hav intgral low-cost parking th ncouragmnt of spcialist aras, such as attractiv opn strt markts, cultural quartrs, thmd aras and arcads th improvmnt of public transport links to th hart of th CBD, including rapid transit systms, park-and-rid schms and shoppr buss th ncouragmnt of a widr rang of lisur facilitis, including café bars, rstaurants, music vnus th ncouragmnt of rsidntial activitis to rturn to city cntrs, by providing flats to rnt abov shops, rdvloping old buildings (a form of gntrification) or building nw up-markt apartmnts As statd in th mark schm, th ky hr is to provid both dpth and dtail of a rang of rdvlopmnt stratgis with good us bing mad of cas studis. To gain th highst lvl, som statmnt of succss or othrwis should b givn. Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for ths ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as follows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 With rfrnc to ithr wast managmnt or transport managmnt in urban aras, assss th xtnt to which it is possibl to achiv incrasd lvls of sustainability. (40 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 28

Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: a dscription of th chosn urban issu and how it impacts on idntifid affctd aras a dfinition of th trm sustainability an outlin of th solutions/managmnt stratgis adoptd in an idntifid ara(s) a comparison btwn contrasting citis in countris along th dvlopmnt continuum Synopticity This could b achivd by: vidnc in th bradth/dpth of cas study matrial dtaild critical undrstanding of th issu idntifid dtaild critical undrstanding of th managmnt of th issu idntifid a rcognition of th importanc of valus and attituds, and of th rol of dcision makrs valuativ commnts as to whthr sustainability can b achivd/incrasd Th qustion rquirs a discursiv approach and th rspons should rach an ovrall viw. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion.you should hav a clar ida of th concpt of sustainability and what this ntails in th contxt of your chosn issu. Th qustion rfrs to incrasd lvls of sustainability this implis chang. You must thrfor b sur of th currnt stat of affairs and what stratgis can b put in plac to chang this situation. Mak sur you tak not of th ky command assss an ovrall assssmnt of th xtnt to which chang can b producd, and th dgr of that chang, is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Qustion 4 With rfrnc to xampls, discuss th ovrall ffctivnss of urban rgnration schms. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: a dscription of th issus facing aras idntifid prior to rgnration a dfinition of th trm urban rgnration a discussion of at last on urban rgnration schm and of how such schms impact on th affctd aras idntifid a comparison of th diffrnt stratgis adoptd by idntifid aras Synopticity This could b achivd by: vidnc in th bradth/dpth of cas-study matrial dtaild critical undrstanding of th problms facing th aras idntifid dtaild critical undrstanding of th rgnration stratgis in th aras idntifid a rcognition of th importanc of valus and attituds, and of th rol of dcision makrs valuativ commnts as to whthr th schms ar/wr succssful Th qustion rquirs a discursiv approach and th rspons should rach an ovrall viw. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 29

Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion. Th grat majority of urban rgnration schms hav a positiv ffct on th social, conomic and nvironmntal aspcts of th aras affctd. Indd, in th mor modrn schms most of ths go hand in hand thy ar dlibratly intgratd. Howvr, not vryon agrs on th rlativ ffctivnss and/or succss of ach of ths lmnts, nor of th schm in total. You should xamin th rational and mthodology of at last two urban rgnration schms and commnt on thir succss. A good discussion should highlight both th positiv and ngativ lmnts of th schms slctd. Rmmbr, it is important that you rach a conclusion basd upon th vidnc you hav prsntd in your ssay. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 30

Dvlopmnt and globalisation Qustion 1 a Study Figur 7 which shows th GNP pr capita for most countris in 2006. GNP pr capita ($US) 10,001 90,000 2,501 10,000 501 2,500 0 500 No data Figur 7 Map showing GNP pr capita, 2006 Dscrib th pattrn shown on this map. To what xtnt dos it justify th division of th world into rich North/poor South on way of showing th dvlopmnt gap? Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Basic matrial with rgard to pattrn. Says only that it rflcts a dvlopmnt gap, with high GNP countris to th north and low GNP countris to th south. Rcogniss that thr ar aspcts of th pattrn othr than simply rich aras/poor aras,.g. grat varity within Africa/Middl East. Attmpts to answr qustion by addrssing to what xtnt, sing th mor ngativ points givn abov. (5 7 marks) Th first sction rquirs that you do mor than just stat which aras hav high GNP and which aras hav low figurs. Point out whr thr ar quit wid variations in on ara, for xampl Africa. For th scond sction, you must addrss th to what xtnt command by looking both at positiv aspcts, which justify th division, and mor ngativ points whr it is not so clar. Rmmbr that Australia and Nw Zaland ar not anomalis, thy ar countd as bing in th North. b What ar th charactristics of th countris which mak up th group known as last dvlopd countris (countris at a low lvl of conomic dvlopmnt). (8 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 31

Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Straightforward statmnts, vry much a list of charactristics,.g. low GNP, low litracy, low lif xpctancy, low lvls of calori intak, tc. Rcogniss that th charactristics can b placd into catgoris, such as conomic, social, political. Links mad btwn som of th problms listd abov, such as lack of capital lading to poor ducation and halth srvics giving low lif xpctancy and low lvls of litracy. Puts in som dtail such as figurs, and may back up matrial with xampls. Answrs to qustions on charactristics can asily bcom a list of thos faturs.to accss highr marks you must rcognis that charactristics can b catgorisd and dtails ar ssntial.for xampl, do not just stat low GNP, but giv som figur (undr $800 is givn in th txtbook). Also, try to link som charactristics,.g. th low lvl of conomic divrsification which itslf is basd upon th low shar of manufacturing in th GNP. c Discuss th ways in which th countris known as NICs hav rapidly transformd thir conomis in rcnt yars. (10 marks) Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Concntrats on rapid industrialisation and th rol of TNCs. Littl dtail and xampls ar littl mor than a simpl.g. Rcogniss that stags xist and that diffrnt rasons xist for th growth. Is abl to idntify countris from th various stags, but stops at th India/China stag. Mor dtail on th rol of TNCs. Clar answr showing th progrssiv growth of NICs and th diffrnt ways in which thy gaind a bttr conomy. Rcogniss that thr is a stag basd on nw markts and tchnologis. Good and accurat us of xmplar matrial. (9 10 marks) Thr ar various rasons for th growth of NICs and you should b abl to st this matrial in th stags givn in th txtbook. Rmmbr that although th qustion dos not mntion xampls, such matrial should form part of your answr at th highr lvls (and should b mor than.g. Malaysia ). Good comparisons of th diffrnt paths followd by ths countris will form part of th discussion askd for in th qustion wording. Qustion 2 a Study Figur 8, which shows th distribution of Toyota manufacturing plants outsid Japan and th company s worldwid production in 2004. Toyota is an automobil manufacturr which startd lif in Japan. Dscrib and attmpt to xplain th world distribution of Toyota plants and production as shown on Figur 8. (7 marks) Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 32

Calty Dsign Rsarch North Amrica (1,444,000) Latin Amrica & th Caribban (80,000) Toyota Tchnical Cntr (USA) TMEM Tchnical Division Europ (583,000) Toyota Europ Dsign Dvlopmnt Africa (109,000) Toyota Motorsports Middl ast & southwst Asia (70,000) Manufacturing plant R&D cntr (1,444,000) Vhicls producd, 2004 Asia (647,000) Toyota Tchnical Cntr, Asia Pacific (Thailand) Ocania 110,000 Toyota Tchnical Cntr, China (Tianjin) Toyota Tchnical Cntr, Asia Pacific (Australia) Figur 8 Distribution of Toyota manufacturing plants outsid Japan and worldwid production, 2004 Mark schm Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl statmnts with rgard to distribution. Explanations ar littl mor than production in hom country followd by a nd for Toyota to produc whr it slls (i.. its markts). Dtaild statmnts with rgard to distribution, particularly with rgard to tchnical cntrs. Explains in dtail why plants ar scattrd, such as rducd taxation and subsidis and grants. Ss pculiaritis of local markts rquiring spcialisd R&D. (5 7 marks) At Lvl 1, this is a simpl distribution xrcis.to rach th highr lvl marks you do not nd to know anything about Toyota. Assum that it bhavs in th sam way in which othr companis oprat, i.. it has markts whr it manufacturs, it movs to tak advantag of tax concssions and grants/subsidis, it rquirs local R&D for local markt conditions. Ths ar th possibl xplanations askd for in th qustion. b What can b th ffcts in th donor (hom) country whn transnational companis mov thir invstmnt to othr countris? Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Straightforward statmnts rfrring to unmploymnt, poorr aras and on th positiv sid, mor mony. Answr mainly strsss th downsid of th mov in trms of th donor country. Mor dtail on th matrial, particularly with rfrnc to th downward spiral. Much mor dtail on th movmnt of capital back to th donor country. Rmmbr, to rach Lvl 2 crdit you must put dtail on your statmnts. For xampl, do not simply stat that mony from profits is rturnd, but show in dtail how it is rturnd via shar dividnds and to th govrnmnt through company taxation. Anothr good Lvl 2 point would rlat to unmploymnt, whr you should show that it is not only th main industry that is affctd but also componnt and srvic supplirs (whn a factory closs, it is said that othr companis ar affctd, vn including thos who supply clan towls to th washrooms and thos supplying pis to th cantn; this is part of th downward spiral mntiond in th mark schm). Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 33

c Discuss th rol of transnational companis in th dvlopmnt of th global conomy. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts commnting on th importanc of TNCs across th world without dvloping thir rol in th global conomy. Clar statmnts with a prcis pictur of how TNCs oprat across th world and thir importanc in th global conomy. Good us of cas study matrial to xmplify points. Clar discussion of th global conomy and of th rol of TNCs in it. Good and accurat us of xmplar matrial. (9 10 marks) Th discussion should cntr on assssing th rol of TNCs in th global conomy. B sur to translat th ida of th importanc of TNCs into that rol. For th highst marks you must writ somthing about th global conomy and plac TNCs into that discussion. As bfor, work xmplar matrial into your answr. Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for ths ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as follows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 Discuss th varying rols of (a) th promotion of trad and (b) th provision of aid, as approachs in th fforts to rais living standards in th poorst countris of th world. (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: th problms of th poorst countris which nd to b addrssd th bnfits of trad such as incrass in th amount of walth bing gnratd, allowing an incras in living standards th blif that countris should go through a procss of industrialisation (just lik thos in th North ); this would allow mor trad, incrasing th rvnu flowing into th country th doubts, xprssd by som conomists, that many of ths countris cannot b comptitiv as thy hav too many problms such as HIV/AIDS, intrnal conflicts and climatic problms,.g. drought th main systms of intrnational aid and how thy work th argumnt that aid dos not always gt to whr it is ndd and it is oftn not usd ffctivly aid dpndncy and aid with strings Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 34

Synopticity This could mrg with som of th following: a critical undrstanding of th xtnt of th problms of dvloping countris and how it is possibl to rsolv thm in gnral trms a critical undrstanding of how trad works in a global contxt a critical rviw of th argumnts for and against trad as a solution to problms in dvloping countris, particularly considring th factors on which succss will b basd (adoption of capitalism, th trickling down of walth, promotion of fr trad) an undrstanding of th provision of aid a critical rviw of aid, involving both donors and rcipints vidnc of bradth/dpth of xmplar matrial Th qustion clarly rquirs a discussion and th rspons should rach a viw of th ffctivnss of th two approachs. Any conclusion can b crditd as long as it is masurd and rasonabl, and rlatd to th contnt of th answr. Your starting point in answring th qustion is your knowldg of how both trad and aid work in attmpting to rais th living standards of th world s poorst popl. This bcoms th positiv sid of th answr, th ngativ bing th viws of thos popl who disagr. Such viws ar important, as thr ar many conomists who bliv that th problms of ths countris ar so svr that nithr trad nor aid will hav much ffct.thr ar xampls of countris that ar trying to improv thir conomis, oftn through a mixtur of both systms, and you should us such xmplar matrial to hlp rach som conclusion as to which could work. Rmmbr, it is important that you rach a conclusion basd upon th vidnc you hav prsntd in your ssay. Qustion 4 Can sustainabl dvlopmnt vr b achivd? (40 marks) Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion might includ: th maning of th trm sustainabl dvlopmnt nvironmntal objctivs in trms of sustainability th concpt of conomic sustainability th Rio Earth Summit nvironmntal principls th Rio Earth Summit conomic principls knowldg of th thr sustainability pillars nvironmnt, socity and conomy th nvironmntalist s viw of sustainability: th rduction of human impact on th Earth s rsourcs and nvironmntal srvics to a sustainabl lvl Synopticity This could mrg with som of th following: a critical undrstanding of th trm sustainabl dvlopmnt a critical judgmnt of nvironmntal objctivs against conomic idals a critical undrstanding of th principls st out at th 1992 Earth Summit in Rio a critical undrstanding of nvironmntal impact assssmnts (EIA) a critical undrstanding of th World Summit s 2005 (Nw York) dclarations on pillars of sustainability and th implications of such dclarations an undrstanding of th nvironmntal sustainability indx vidnc of bradth/dpth of xmplar matrial, particularly with rfrnc to th abov indx Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 35

As a qustion has bn askd, your matrial must answr that qustion, vn if your answr is qualifid. Any rasonabl conclusion is accptabl as long as it is masurd and rlatd to th contnt of th answr (which, of cours, has to b accurat). Although this is a straightforward qustion, you hav to draw on a lot of matrial to produc a crdibl answr. Th main issu is btwn conomic and nvironmntal principls. Environmntalists mphasis th global nvironmnt as th cological and matrial basis of human xistnc that is progrssivly dgradd. Many s th human rac on a road of slf-dstruction and dmand a rduction of th human impact upon th rsourcs and nvironmnt to a sustainabl lvl, without full considration of th social and conomic dimnsions ndd to achiv this. If you bas your conclusions around such idas, your answr will b rwardd in th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 36

Contmporary conflicts and challngs Qustion 1 a Study Figur 9, which shows th global pattrn of intrnt usrs. 15.2 17.9 19.1 5.4 6.6 135.7 9.0 5.2 11.6 15.8 14.8 6.5 26.9 10.6 8.1 Top 15 nations (numbrs show millions of usrs) Intrnt us growing Intrnt us rar Figur 9 Global pattrn of intrnt usrs, 2007 Dscrib th pattrn of intrnt us as shown in Figur 9 and commnt on th xtnt to which th information can b usd to indicat povrty around th world. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl dscription of th pattrn of intrnt us around th world, with statmnts concntrating on continntal distributions. Commntary is simplistic. Mor dtaild dscription of th pattrn, for xampl rcognition of anomalis and/or variation in totals. Commntary is mor sophisticatd dmonstrating gratr undrstanding. (5 7 marks) As with any qustion rquiring th dscription of a distribution or pattrn, th ky is to idntify broad trnds but also to rcognis anomalis to thos trnds.th lowst lvl of rspons is to giv a Cook s tour of whr crtain lvls of us ar in crtain countris. Th commntary aspct of th qustion lnds itslf to statmnts such as low incom lvls lading to low us, but th low lvls in astrn Europ may b du to othr factors such as accss. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 37

b Outlin th causs of povrty in th world. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl and gnralisd statmnts of causs of povrty (i.. of procss), with no dpth or dtail. Spcific locations ar not givn. Spcific causs of spcific aspcts/aras of povrty accss this lvl, with good us bing mad of cas studis and/or good dvlopmnt of on or mor factors. This qustion dos not ask for rfrncs to namd xampls, and hnc maximum crdit can b awardd for a purly thortical answr. Howvr, as th qustion rquirs causs, mor than on caus should b givn. To accss Lvl 2, som dgr of dvlopmnt is rquird this could tak th form of a mor sophisticatd account, or it could involv th us of cas studis. Hnc thr ar two ways to accss th highr lvl of crdit. c Discuss how povrty has bn addrssd on a global scal. Includ th work of th Unitd Nations in your answr. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts of how an organisation/agncy has addrssd th issu. No dpth to answr, mostly gnralisations. Limitd us of xmplification and/or sns of plac. Som dtail and dpth for on typ of rspons from on agncy/organisation. Good dvlopmnt of th impact of that rspons in on ara of th world, with prhaps som valuation of impact. Fully dvlopd answr, with good laboration of mor than on rspons from an agncy/organisation (which must includ th UN). Roundd answr with a rang of rsponss discussd and/or valuatd. (9 10 marks) Povrty has bn addrssd on a global scal by th work of many groups and organisations: th Unitd Nations through its Millnnium Dvlopmnt Goals programm supranational bodis such as th World Bank through thir top-down approach using larg capital projcts charitabl organisations,.g. Oxfam, Sav th Childrn through thir work in bottomup projcts, oftn involving appropriat (or intrmdiat) tchnology Th qustion rquirs som knowldg of th abov, and to gain th highst lvl th work of th UN has to b idntifid. Howvr, it is possibl to gain a good mark by discussing th work of any othr agncy or organisation. As suggstd in th mark schm, th ky hr is to provid both dpth and dtail of a rang of stratgis for addrssing povrty (at last two) with good us bing mad of cas studis.to gain th highst lvl, som statmnt of succss or othrwis should b givn. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 38

Qustion 2 a Study Figur 10, which shows th prcntag of popl living in Grat Britain who wr born in th UK by thnic group (2001). Whit British Whit Irish Othr whit Mixd Indian Pakistani Bangladshi Othr Asian Black Caribban Black African Othr black Chins Othr thnic group All thnic groups 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Sourc: National Statistics Figur 10 Popl living in Grat Britain who wr born in th UK: by thnic group, April 2001 Dscrib and commnt on th information shown. Mark schm (7 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simpl lifting of figurs from th diagram with th us of high/low statmnts to illustrat basic undrstanding. No comparison of information, nor commntary that is maningful. Mor sophisticatd dscription of th data, with prhaps som classification.valid and appropriat commntary that ariss from th data. (5 7 marks) Th information prsntd in Figur 10 xamins thnicity from a slightly diffrnt viwpoint. It highlights thos born in th UK by thnic group, and although it shows that whit British ar ovrwhlmingly born in th UK, it also shows that mor than half of black Caribban and Pakistani popl ar too. This is prhaps du to th prsnc of scond- and third-gnration immigrants.th proportion of whit Irish and othr whit (Frnch, Australian?) born in th UK is low, much lowr than Bangadshi and Indian popl. It is this mismatch with gnral viwpoints that could form th basis of valid commntary as rquird by th qustion. B sur to xamin such data with an invstigativ y. b With rfrnc to xampls, dscrib and xplain th rols of idntity, cultur and idology in gnrating conflict. Mark schm (8 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Simplistic statmnts that ar gnralisd and lacking in dpth of undrstanding.thr is no ral attmpt to introduc gographical xampls of whr diffrnt rasons for conflict xist. Mor sophisticatd commnts on th origins of conflict (covring at last two of th factors).thr is a clar attmpt to support th argumnt with rfrncs to locations and placs. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 39

Th ky to a good answr to this typ of qustion is to mak sur you rspond to th opning claus of th qustion itslf: With rfrnc to xampls. Wakr rsponss do not not this and giv vry gnralisd answrs which could rfr to a wid rang of aras in th world. At A-lvl dpth and dtail ar paramount, togthr with a clar sns of plac. Not that a rang of factors (idntity, cultur and idology) is statd in th qustion in ordr to giv you som choic as to which you dvlop. A minimum of two would b rquird for th highr lvl, though for maximum marks som rfrnc to all thr factors would b rquird. c With rfrnc to on rcnt major intrnational conflict, discuss th impact of th conflict on th nvironmnt of th ara affctd. Mark schm (10 marks) Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Simpl statmnts of impact, which ar gnralisd and non-spcific to idntifid conflict,.g. land is mind, farming land is dstroyd. Dtaild statmnts of impact with a clar sns of plac bing gnratd.th answr is dtaild and maks sophisticatd commnts on impact. A fully dvlopd answr, with good laboration and clar and appropriat dtail. Rcognition of th complxity of th issu. Rcognition of th changing impact ovr tim. (9 10 marks) This qustion must b answrd in th contxt of on major intrnational conflict. If your answr uss mor than on xampl th xaminr will count only th bst rspons.th dcision about which conflict you will writ about is thrfor paramount. Similarly, th qustion asks you to discuss nvironmntal impact only mak sur you rmain within this rstriction. Th qustion is tsting your dpth of knowldg and undrstanding, rathr than your bradth. Th impact of th chosn conflict on th nvironmnt may b dirct bombing of buildings, laying of mins tc., or it may b indirct popl may hav bn forcd to lav thir land, causing thm to dtriorat. As with any qustion on an intrnational conflict, do not wast tim by giving background knowldg of its causs.this qustion has a clar focus stay within it. Essay qustions Th gnric mark schm for ths ssays is givn on pags 5 6. Blow is a summary of th rquirmnts for a good answr to ths qustions. A ky lmnt is th nd to dmonstrat synopticity. Synoptic assssmnt is built into th mark schm, and is loosly dfind as follows: Synoptic assssmnt involvs assssmnt of candidats ability to draw on thir undrstanding of th connctions btwn diffrnt aspcts of th subjct rprsntd in th spcification and dmonstrat thir ability to think lik a gographr. Qustion 3 With rfrnc to xampls, discuss th natur of, and rasons for, sparatist prssurs around th world. (40 marks) This qustion should b answrd in th contxt of sparatism within and/or across national boundaris. A wid rang of such contxts can b idntifid. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 40

Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion should includ: a dscription of th varity of sparatist prssurs around th world an outlin of th rasons causing sparatist prssurs around th world rcognition and discussion of th varity of aspcts of/rasons for sparatism in diffrnt parts of th world Synopticity This could b achivd by: undrstanding th contxt of varying timscals vidnc in th bradth/dpth of cas-study matrial dtaild critical undrstanding of both th natur and causs of sparatism analysis of both natur and causs and a rcognition that thy may vary around th world Th qustion rquirs a discussion and th rspons should rach a viw. Any rasonabl conclusion can b crditd as long as it is masurd and rlatd to th prcding contnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion. Thr is a wid varity of xprssions of sparatist prssurs in th world, with an qually wid varity of rasons for thm. You should rfr to a numbr of ths xprssions and rasons both in a gnral sns but also by making clar rfrncs to cas studis to support your answr. Crdit will b awardd for dmonstrating both bradth (a wid rang) and dpth (dtaild knowldg and undrstanding) of thos cas studis. Rmmbr, it is important that you rach a conclusion basd upon th vidnc you hav prsntd in your ssay. Qustion 4 To what xtnt do conomic dvlopmnt and national scurity mutually support ach othr? (40 marks) This qustion should b answrd in th contxt of a conflict whr conomic dvlopmnt and scurity ar paralll issus. A rang of cas studis will b rlvant (as chosn by th cntr), though Iraq and Afghanistan will fatur in th answrs of many candidats. Appropriat contnt Appropriat contnt for a rspons to this qustion will includ: an outlin of th conomic dvlopmnt issus of th chosn country/countris a dscription of th scurity issus facing th chosn country/countris a discussion of th intrrlationships btwn ths two concpts, and th dgr to which on impacts upon th othr Th qustion should b fully addrssd and th synoptic lmnt is achivd whn thr is a mor critical viw of th rols of diffrnt stakholdrs in th conflict, coupld with som discussion of consquncs, so that th two strands of th qustion ar covrd xplicitly. Synopticity This could b achivd by: vidnc in th dpth of th chosn cas-study matrial dtaild critical undrstanding of th issus good undrstanding of at last on, and prfrably mor, of th lmnts givn abov rcognition of variation in th basis of attituds (.g. ovr tim) within groups who may los or bnfit from th intrrlationship(s) rcognition that prcption may chang ovr tim and/or spac Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 41

This qustion rquirs an valuativ approach and th rspons should rach a viw. Any conclusion is crditabl as long as it is rasonabl and rlatd to th prcding contnt and argumnt. Carfully rad th abov bullt points as thy will giv you a clar insight as to what is rquird whn attmpting an answr to this qustion.you should hav a clar ida of th concpts of conomic dvlopmnt and national scurity and what ths ntail in th contxt of on or mor aras of study. Th qustion asks to what xtnt thy mutually support ach othr an infrnc of intrrlationship.your must thrfor b awar of th rang of opinions and viws in this ara. Som bliv that scurity must b in plac for dvlopmnt to tak plac; othrs tak th viw that incrasd dvlopmnt of an ara will mak that ara mor scur. Tak not of th command to what xtnt an ovrall assssmnt of th xtnt to which ths factors ar mutually supportiv is rquird. A rspons to this command basd on a thorough grasp of concpts and suitabl and dtaild cas study matrial should allow you to accss th uppr lvls of th mark schm. Supporting AQA A2 Gography Barkr, Rdfrn and Skinnr 2009 Philip Allan Updats 42