Prospects for using insect products in aqua feeds

Prospects for using insect products in aqua feeds Erik-Jan Lock DTI 13.11.14

Presentation outline Aquafeeds for Atlantic salmon. What is it made of and what has changed during the past 25 years Studies on insects as feed ingredients for fish example BSF meal as feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon Other insect products that can be of interest for use in aquafeeds Introduction to new project AquaFly

Atlantic salmon diet composition adapted from Ytrestøyl et al. 2014

Global fishery and aquaculture (Tacon 2010)

Atlantic salmon diet composition adapted from Ytrestøyl et al. 2014

Atlantic salmon diet composition adapted from Ytrestøyl et al. 2014

Atlantic salmon diet composition adapted from Ytrestøyl et al. 2014

Atlantic salmon diet composition adapted from Ytrestøyl et al. 2014

Feed ingredients

salmon becomes what it eats Feed Fish health and welfare Nutrient profile of fillet Consumers Health benefits and perception For some nutrients and contaminants however not all

Lipid Protein Carbohydrates Trace elements Salmon needs nutrients, not raw materials

Salmon feed ingredients global

Vegetable feed ingredients Challenges with plant protein as FM replacers 1. Nutritional limitations of plant proteins (amino acids imbalance, anti nutrients ) 2. Insufficient in nutrients found in FM (amines, taurine, steroids, imbalances in macro and trace minerals ) 3. Increasing prices of plant proteins (soy protein concentrate or wheat gluten meal)

Insect meal?

Most studies on insect meal as feed ingredient is reviewed in the recently published paper by FAO (Makkar et al. 2014).

Studies performed in fish Housefly larvae African catfish 50% FM replacement (Adewolu et al. 2010) Nile tilapia 35% FM replacement (Ogunji et al. 2007, 2008)

Studies performed in fish Mealworm whole larvae African catfish 40% FM replacement (Ng et al. 2001) Gilthead sea bream 25% FM replacement (Piccolo et al. 2014) Rainbow trout 50% of the diet (Gasco et al. 2014) European sea bass 25% of the diet (Gasco et al. 2014)

Studies performed in fish Silkworm pupae meal Carp 100% FM replacement (Rahman et al. 1996) Silver barb 38% FM replacement (Mahata et al. 1994) Asian catfish 75% FM replacement (Hossain et al. 1993)

Studies performed in fish Black soldier fly chopped larvae Channel catfish suboptimal (Bondari and Sheppard 1981) Blue tilapia suboptimal (Bondari and Sheppard 1981) Whole larvae do not contain enough dry matter and have to be supplemented with protein

Studies performed in fish Black soldier fly prepupae meal Yellow catfish 25% FM replacement OK (Zhang et al. 2014) Channel catfish 7.5% inclusion (Newton et al. 2005) Rainbow trout 25-50% FM replacement (Sealey et al. 2011) Turbot 50% FM replacement (Kroeckel et al. 2012) Atlantic salmon 100% FM replacement (Lock et al. 2014)

Studies performed in fish Difficult to compare studies Many types of insects Many types of fish Processing of insects is lacking or not described

Insect meal as fish meal replacement in Atlantic salmon

Black soldier fly Two products tested: type A and B Different nutrient isolation and processing techniques used to produce the meals: IM A was produced using technology with lower fat extraction and low temperature drying IM B was produced using technology resulting in higher fat extraction and conventional drying technology

Diets % FM100 A25 A50 A100 B25 B100 Wheat 14,38 14,72 14,69 11,80 13,60 11,22 Wheat gluten 20,00 20,00 19,45 19,12 20,00 17,50 SPC 20,00 19,72 20,25 22,32 20,89 21,99 FM N-Atlantic 20,00 15,00 10,00-15,00 - Fly meal A - 5,00 10,00 25,00 - - Fly meal B - - - - 5,00 25,00 Rapeseed oil 11,15 11,12 11,14 9,33 11,08 10,55 Fishoil SA 11,15 11,12 11,14 9,33 11,08 10,55 DL-Methionine 0,11 0,16 0,21 0,26 0,17 0,35 L-Lysine 1,01 0,96 0,92 0,92 0,98 0,93 Mineral premix 1,69 1,68 1,66 1,37 1,67 1,38 Vitamin premix 0,35 0,37 0,39 0,40 0,37 0,40 Astaxanthin 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 Yttrium 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 Sum: 100 100 100 100 100 100 Proximate analysis produced diets Protein (g/kg) 460 440 440 460 440 450 Lipid (g/kg) 249 247 247 252 249 254 Carbohydrates (g/kg) 109 140 126 99 113 92 Dry matter (g/kg) 940 950 940 980 940 960 Energy (MJ/kg) 23.8 23.9 24.0 24.4 24.1 24.8

Experimental setup FM100 A25 A50 A100 B25 B100 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 - Seawater - Post smolt 250 gram 550 gram 105 days start middle end - 12x 500 liter tanks - Temperature 7.9 ± 0.2 C - Outlet O 2 saturation >80% - Manual feeding twice/day - Waste pellet collection

Fish performance

Fish performance, histology FM100 A100 B100

Fatty acid profile Diet FA (mg/g) FM100 A25 A50 A100 B25 B100 10:0 0 0.08 0.15 0.49 0.12 0.28 12:0 0.2 2.2 4.7 16.1 3.7 11.4 14:0 8.1 8.6 8.6 8.9 6.3 8.0 16:0 24.5 25.6 24.9 27.0 20.9 24.8 Saturated 41 45 47 61 39 53 Unsaturated 95 97 93 87 93 99 n-3/n-6 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 Whole Fish FA (mg/g) 12:0 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 Sum 18:1 109 116 120 123 118 111 n-3/n-6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 Saturated 73 77 85 82 72 75 Unsaturated 156 159 164 164 163 157 n-3/n-6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7

Sensory testing FM100 A25 A100

Sensory testing Aftertaste Flavour/taste FM100 A100 B25 Sour 9 8 7 6 Salt Cloying Earthy 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bitter Metallic Chemical Marine Rancid Fish-oil Vegetable-oil

Sensory testing Earthy Odour FM100 A100 B25 Sour 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Metallic Chemical 1 0 Marine Rancid Fish-oil Vegetable-oil

Sensory testing Texture FM100 A100 B25 Hardness 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Juicyness Coarseness

Sensory testing Flavour/taste Odour Aftertaste FM100 A100 B25 Sour 9 8 Salt 7 6 Earthy FM100 A100 B25 Sour 9 8 7 6 Metallic Texture FM100 A100 B25 Hardness 9 8 Earthy 5 4 Bitter 5 4 7 6 Cloying 3 2 1 0 Metallic Chemical 3 2 1 0 Marine 5 4 3 2 1 0 Chemical Marine Rancid Fish-oil Rancid Fish-oil Juicyness Coarseness Vegetable-oil Vegetable-oil No significant difference in any of the sensory attributes between the groups

Conclusions Replacement of 50-100%FM achievable AA profile balanced with levels of essential AA compared to FM Good source of Zn, Mg, Ca, Mn, Co Optimization of product processing is important for insect meal performance Insect meal fulfills the requirements for traceability, predictability and sustainability Bioactive compounds (e.g. lauric acid) require further attention incl. high potential for hatchery stage

AquaFly

AquaFly Funded by the Norwegian Research Council NIFES (project leader), BioForsk, NMBU, UoS, NUI, UAB, UiB-SVT, Uni Research, NILF, EWOS Innovation, Protix Biosystems BV, Gildeskål forskningsstasjon AS Total budget from NRC 13.3 MNOK (1.6 mil. Euro) July 2014 June 2018 The project aims to exploit the great potential of insects as highly efficient converters of under-used, non-marine and marine organic material to high value nutrient sources tailor made for sustainable production of robust Atlantic salmon.

AquaFly outline Marine organic matter Sustainability evaluation (social, environmental and economic) and ethical considerations (WP4) Insect protein Insect lipid Optimise fish feed for Robust Atlantic salmon Composition of the fillet Characterise composition of /optimise fish feed for Nutrients, Bioactive comp., Contaminants, Metals, Anti-nutrients, Pathogens. (WP1, WP3) Fish health and welfare Lipid metabolism (WP 2) Nutrients Contaminants (WP 2 and 3) Feasibility evaluation (WP1) WP1 Selection of marine substrates and production of fly larvae WP2 Evaluation of insect meal and insect lipid as feed ingredients for Atlantic salmon WP3 Documentation of waste, insect, fish feed and food safety WP4 Sustainability evaluation (social, environmental and economic) and ethical considerations

Thank you for your attention!