JOHN STUART MILL John Skorupski m London and New York
Contents Preface Abbreviations xi xv 1 THE MILLIAN PHILOSOPHY 1 1 Philosophy and its past 1 2 Logic and metaphysics 5 3 Ethics and politics 12 4 The school of experience and association 21 5 Naturalism and the criterion of general good 30 6 The dialectic of criticism and allegiance 35 7 Naturalism, objectivity, autonomy 38 8 Mill in the present 43 2 THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE 48 1 'Of the necessity of commencing with an analysis of language' 48 2 Propositions 49 3 Classification of names 51 4 Connotation and denotation 53 5 The import of propositions: Conceptualism and Nominalism 59 6 The import of propositions: Mill's theory 63 7 Proper names 67 Predication, assertion, denial 69 9 Simple and compound propositions 71 10 Mill and Frege 74
3 VERBAL PROPOSITIONS AND APPARENT INFERENCE 78 1 Agenda 78 2 Real and verbal propositions 79 3 Non-connotative propositions are verbal 81 4 Real and apparent inference 83 5 Mill's 'verbal' and Kant's 'analytic' 85 6 Essence 87 7 Defining a name 90 8 The foundation of an attribute 92 9 'Nominalism' and Mill's nominalism 95 4 THE JUSTIFICATION OF DEDUCTION 99 1 Introductory 99 2 Analysis of rules of deductive inference 100 3 Mill's analysis of the syllogism 103 4 'Is the syllogism a petitio principii?' 105 5 General propositions have no probative force of their own 108 6 Demystifying deduction 112 7 All inference is from particulars to particulars 117 8 The Logic of Consistency and the Logic of Truth 121 5 EMPIRICISM IN LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS 126 1 Reviewing the strategy 126 2 Geometry 128 3 Arithmetic: the refutation of'nominalism' 135 4 Numbers and aggregates 139 5 Arithmetic contains real propositions 143 6 The laws of thought 147 7 Perceptual imagination 152 8 Necessity, aprioricity and conceivability 155 9 The a priori in reasoning 160 Appendix: Mill's 'psychologism' 164 6 INDUCTION AND INDUCTIVISM 167 1 Inductive logic 167 2 'The question of Inductive Logic stated' 170 3 The Law of Universal Causation 175 4 The eliminative methods of induction (i) 178 5 The eliminative methods of induction (ii) 185
6 The place of the eliminative methods in Mill's inductive logic 187 7 Inductive scepticism and the internal validation of induction 192 8 Hypotheses 197 7 INDUCTION, PERCEPTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 203 1 The 'phenomenal relativity of knowledge' 203 2 Inductivism and the manifest image 206 3 Inductivism and inductive scepticism 212 4 Naturalism and the classical pre-understanding of meaning 216 5 The'interpretation of consciousness' 220 6 The 'introspective' and the 'psychological' methods 225 7 Phenomenalism 229 8 Minds 236 9 Phenomenalism and naturalism 240 10 Subjective and objective 244 8 THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES 248 1 'Human conduct as a subject of science' 248 2 Freedom as rational autonomy 250 3 Empirical and ultimate laws: explanation and reduction 255 4 The primacy of psychology: associationism 259 5 Ethology: the historicity of human nature 264 6 Sociology: the evolutionary science of society 267 7 The methods of social science 269 8 Methodological individualism 273 9 Can there be a'science of human nature'? 275 10 Interpretation 279 9 UTILITARIANISM 283 1 Introductory 283 2 The'proof, of the Principle of Utility 285 3 The objectivity of ends: (i) Humean scepticism 288 4 The objectivity of ends: (ii) The desire-satisfaction model 290 5 Hedonism 295 6 The refutation of hedonism 299 7 Kinds of pleasure and categorial diversity of ends 303
8 Impartiality and agent-neutral reasons 308 9 Philosophical utilitarianism 310 10 Utilitarianism and the distinctness of individuals 313 11 Indirect utilitarianism 315 12 Bentham and Coleridge: conservative holism 321 13 Justice and rights 325 14 Autonomy and distribution 328 15 Reflective equilibrium 334 10 LIBERTY 337 1 The themes of On Liberty 337 2 The Liberty Principle 340 3 Foundations for liberty: utility, natural rights, scepticism 343 4 Individuality 347 5 Autonomy 354 6 Paternalism 359 7 Utility and ideals 360 8 Liberty, justice and the private domain 363 9 Liberty of expression: the dialogue model 369 10 Liberty of expression: fallibilism 376 11 Liberty of expression: truth, autonomy and the ideal of rationality 383 12 Towards liberalism 384 Notes \389 Bibliography 418 Index 426