Training programme on Energy Efficient technologies for climate change mitigation in Southeast Asia ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEM ( Industries, Public Utilities & Residential Buildings)
Introduction Lighting energy consumption 20-45% in commercial buildings 3-10% in industrial plants Significant energy savings can be realized with a minimal capital investment
Components of a lighting system Lamp(s) Equipment to produce light Luminaire Distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from lamp(s) Includes the necessary parts for fixing and protecting the lamps May include circuit auxiliaries Gear Ballast allast provides necessary starting voltage to fluorescent and HID lamps and limits and regulates the lamp current during operation Agitator helps to start high intensity metal halide and sodium vapour lamps.
Definitions and Common Terms Lumen 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the centre Lux metric unit of measure for illuminance on a surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
Types of Lighting Systems Incandescent lamps Tungsten Halogen Lamps Fluorescent lamps High pressure sodium lamps Low pressure sodium lamps Mercury vapour Metal halide Blended LED lamps HID lamps
Color rendering index (CRI) Color rendering groups CIE general color rendering Index (R a ) Typical application 1A R a > 90 Wherever accurate color rendering is required e.g. color printing inspection 1B 80 < R a < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are necessary or good color rendering is required for reasons of appearance e.g. display lighting 2 60 < R a < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is required 3 40 < R a < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little significance but marked distortion of color is unacceptable 4 20 < R a < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no importance at all and marked distortion of colour is acceptable
Types of Lighting Systems Incandescent Lamps Emit radiation mainly in the visible region Bulb contains vacuum or gas filling Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt Color rendering index: 1A Color temperature: 2500 2700 K Lamp life <2000 hrs
Incandescent (GLS ) Lamps
Types of Lighting Systems Fluorescent Lamps 3 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and last 10 20 times longer Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor and causes radiation Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps
Luminous Efficacy
Fluorescent Lamps
Good T12, 38 mm 60 Lm/W Better T8, 26 mm 68 Lm/W Best T5, 16 mm 104 Lm/W
20000 Hours Best FTL 28W T5, 16 mm dia 5000 Hours 8000 Hours Good FTL 40W T12, 38 mm dia Better FTL 36W T8, 26 mm dia
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES Comparison (Reference: GLS25 = 1) Incand. GLS25 GLS40 GLS60 GLS100 CFL SL13P SL18P SL25P PL11 PL15 FL TL-12 + MB TLD-8 + MB TLD-8 Super+ MB TLD8 Super + EB TLD8 Super + EB TL-5 Super + EB 12 Comparison of Efficiencies of Different Lighting Sources 11.6 11 10 10.0 9 8 8.0 7.4 7 6 5 4.9 5.2 4.9 6.1 6.7 5.2 6.0 4 3 2 1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 0
EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES
Types of Lighting Systems High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps Used in outdoor and industrial applications Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury No starting electrodes High efficacy: 60 80 lumen/watt Color rendering index: 1-2 Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
High pressure sodium vapor lamps
Types of Lighting Systems Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps Commonly included in the HID family Highest efficacy: 100-200 lumen/watt Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white or grey shades Limited to outdoor applications Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: yellow Lamp life < 16,000 hours
Types of Lighting Systems Mercury Vapor Lamps Oldest HID lamp Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope Long life and low initial costs Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/watt Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: intermediate Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours
Mercury Lamps
Metal halide Lamps
Case : MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP A 4,000 m 2 working area in a factory Need for new lighting system Required task illuminance: 450 lux Proposals under consideration Mercury vapour lamp (efficacy: 56 lm/w) High-pressure sodium vapour lamp (efficacy: 93 lm/w) Period of use: 5,000 h/year Electricity price: US$0.06/kWh
MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
LED Lamps Types of Lighting Systems Newest type of energy efficient lamp Two types: red-blue-green array phosphor-coated blue lamp Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and can produce white light Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the technology is rapidly progressing Significant energy savings: 82 93% Longest lamp life: 40,000 100,000 hours
Reflectors Types of Lighting Systems Impact how much light reaches area and distribution pattern Diffuse reflectors: 70-80% reflectance but declining in time painted or powder coated white finish Specular reflectors: 85-96% reflectance and less decline in time Polished or mirror-like Not suitable for industrial open-type strip fixtures
Types of Lighting Systems Gear Ballast Current limiting device Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights Igniters Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps
Comparing lamps Type of Lamp Lum / Watt Range Avg. Color Rendering Index Typical Application Life (Hours) Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general lighting, emergency lighting Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t. coating Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) High pressure mercury (HPMV) Offices, shops, hospitals, homes 40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes, offices 44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, flood lighting Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting, stadium exhibition grounds, construction areas High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX 67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories, ware houses, street lighting 101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting 1000 5000 8000-10000 5000 2000-4000 6000-12000 6000-12000
Designing with Light Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005) Illuminance level (lux) Examples of Area of Activity General Lighting for rooms and areas used either infrequently and/or casual or simple visual tasks General lighting for interiors Additional localized lighting for visually exacting tasks 20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas, outdoor stores, stockyards 50 Exterior walkways & platforms. 70 Boiler house. 100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc. 150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms. 200 Minimum service illuminance on the task 300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing activities. 450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks. 1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly provided by local task lighting) 3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments, watch making, engraving.
Energy Efficiency Opportunities High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries Examples (9 75% savings): Metal halide lamps to replace mercury / sodium vapor lamps HPSV lamps where color rendering is not critical LED panel indicator lamps to replace filament lamps Luminaries with mirror optics instead of conventional painted ones
For improving energy efficiency (T12 to T8/T5
Efficiency in outdoor lighting
Efficacy Comparison
Ballast
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Electronic Ballasts instead of Electromagnetic Ballasts Oscillators that convert supply frequency to about 20,000 30,000 Hz Available for fluorescent tube lights, CFLs Benefits in fluorescent tube lights: Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15 Watt Improved efficacy at higher frequencies Elimination of starter: no flickering 35
For improving energy efficiency
Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors Timers: switching of unnecessary lights Twilight switches: depending on availability of daylight Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of people Applicable for general areas, conference rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors
Occupancy sensors
Percentage Energy Efficiency Opportunities Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage Can save energy Provided drop in light output is acceptable 1 2 5 6 6 3 Supply voltage percentage 4 3 4 5 6 2 1 1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power, 4) Lamp output 5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent tube light parameters (BEE India, 2005)
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Use Natural Day Lighting North lighting Glass strips across the roof Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) Atrium with FRP dome Natural light from windows
Energy Efficiency Opportunities De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting Effective method to reduce energy consumption Reducing lamp height combined with delamping: illuminance hardly affected Complicated for series wired ballasts Less problematic with parallel wired ballast
Energy efficiency : Lighting power density (LPD)
Comparison
ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN LIGHTING SYSTEM Reduce lighting levels to meet actual requirements in locations where levels are more than required Use the most energy efficient lamps wherever possible Use efficient lighting fixtures (reflectors, louvers, housings) Use energy efficient ballasts for application Use daylighting to the fullest extent possible Install manual and/or automatic switching and control systems to ensure close control of lighting Undertake regular maintenance program of replacing lamps, cleaning luminaires, replacing defective components and cleaning surrounding surfaces
OPTIONS TO REDUCE EXCESS LIGHTING Use task lighting Physically group the tasks with similar lighting requirements, if possible Remove a number of lamps to reduce general illumination levels Reduce general lighting level by controlled dimming without sacrificing the symmetry of the lighting fixture pattern
A Case Study : Building A Case Study : Building
LIGHTING INVENTORY Floor Lighting Incan FTL FTL(20W) CFL Total kw GROUND 0 222 22 55 13 FIRST 0 684 57 24 38 SECOND 0 686 40 18 38 THIRD 7 591 0 3 32 FOURTH 0 613 26 23 34 FIFTH 0 420 22 3 23 CORRIDORS 0 361 0 195 24 CANTEEN 0 141 0 0 7 CAMPUS 23 TOTAL 7 3718 167 322 231 15% OF CONNECTED LOAD 29% OF ENERGY CONS. (0.7 m KWH)
LIGHTING LOAD SHARE 9% 3% 9% 7% Office Area Toilet+Tea Room Campus Corridor Canteen 72%
LIGHTING LUX DISTRIBUTION Lux level Distribution in office area 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 40% 28% 21% 10% 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 Range 78% of the working station is well illuminated
LUX DISTRIBUTION IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Lux level distribution in non essential areas 36% 36% 14% 14% 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 Lux level range Improper lux distribution in Non essential area
LUX DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS FLOOR LUX LEVEL MAX MIN AVG LUX/M 2 WATT/M 2 FIRST 428 165 217 9.88 11.54 SECOND 450 80 215 12.81 15.37 THIRD 355 80 186 9.54 11.80 FOURTH 430 40 187 9.47 10.75 FIFTH 485 45 197 9.46 10.33 TOTAL BUILDING 485 40 200 10.23 11.96 LIGHTING INDEX : 11.96 WATT/M2
LIGHTING : BASE LINE ESTABLISHMENT Floor wise Measurements at 8 DB points Per FTL 54.1 watt Measurement at Substation Emergency panel & estimated Per FTL 53.3 watt Single Tube light measurement Per FTL 40 watt Result : Consumption per FTL = 54watts
ENCON OPTIONS Essential Area lux level : 200-220 Non-Essential area lux level : 120 Minimum physical change E C M Delamping Elimination of incandescent lamp High Lumen tube lights (T5) Electronic Ballast CFL Control Techniques
LIGHTING LOAD MANAGEMENT REPLACING WITH T5 LAMPS & ELECTRONIC CHOKES IN ESSENTIAL AREAS KW KWH/ANNUM AS IS 160 528000 TO BE 99 326700 SAVINGS 61 201300 % SAVINGS 38 38 ANNUAL SAVING ( 000 $) 20 INVESTMENT ( 000 $) SIMPLE PB PERIOD (YEARS) 45 2.25
LIGHTING LOAD MANAGEMENT REPLACING WITH 22W CFL IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS KW KWH/ANNUM AS IS 37 122100 TO BE 15 49500 SAVINGS 22 72600 % SAVINGS 59 59 ANNUAL SAVING ( 000 $) 8 INVESTMENT ( 000 $) SIMPLE PB PERIOD (YEARS) 8.5 1.06
LIGHTING LOAD MANAGEMENT REPLACING FTLs WITH 22W CFL IN CORRIDORS KW KWH/ANNUM AS IS 19.1 68760 TO BE 7.1 25560 SAVINGS 12 43200 % SAVINGS 62.8 62.8 ANNUAL SAVING ( 000 $) 5 INVESTMENT ( 000 $) SIMPLE PB PERIOD (YEARS) 6 1.2
watt /sq meter LIGHTING POWER INDEX 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 S1 As is As is To Be To Be 55% Improvement
A Case Study : Public Utility Energy Efficient Street Lights 58
Present Scenario Busy & Important road segment of 1.1 km in South India 36 x 250 watt HPSV lights supplied from 3 supply feeders RCC Pole height = 9.5 m Pole to Pole distance is irregular varying from 22m to 39 m Timers are installed The road is having central verge
Baseline Power Consumption per Lamp Location Remark Volt Keltron S/S 13 numbers of 250W HPSV lamps were ON Am p PF KW Power Cons./Lamp (Watt) 236 34.8 0.42 3.45 265 Single Fitting Pole -10 GE Make measured at KSEB 5 numbers of 250W HPSV lamps were ON 223 2.98 0.39 0.26 259 226 13.6 0.41 1.26 252 Average (Obtained from above) 228.3 0.41 258.8 Avg. Power = 259 w per lamp
Lux Measurement Locations Along the Pole Lux (Avg.) in Road Positions Pole side Half Other Half Under Light Fittings 19-20.5 - Middle of the road 16.5-19.5 6-8 Edge of the Middle Verge 13-14.5 9-13.5 Edge of the road - 4-4.5 Between Two Pole side Poles Half Other Half Between Poles 5.3-9.3 - Middle of the road 5-7 3-4 Edge of the Middle Verge 4.7-5.3 4-5.3 Edge of the road - 1.7-3
Demonstration : LED Street Light Make : SECO Power Consumption : 100 Watt Supply Voltage : 180-250 V AC LED Type : 5 mm Electrical Connection: Lead wire 1m long LED Cluster : 1400 Dimensions (mm) : 750x230x125 Dispersion angle : 60 degree
Measurement of Electrical Parameters LED Lamp Power Measurements Voltage (Max) Volt 227.5 Voltage (Min) Volt 221.3 Voltage (Avg.) Volt 225 Supply Frequency HZ 48.8 Current Amp 0.80 Power Factor Power Consumption Watt 98.11 Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) % 13 0.46 (Leading)
Lux Level Measurement Locations Lux (Avg.) in Road Positions Along the Pole Pole side Half Other Half Under Light Fittings 26 - Middle of the road 22 - Edge of the Middle Verge 15 14 Edge of the road - -
Analysis Present Annual Energy Bill $ 1000 Total Cost of Energy $ 1000 Number of installed lamps No. 36 Utilization factor 0.95 Total usage hour per annum Hr 4380 Power Consumption / Lamp Watt 259 Estimated Energy Consumption KWH 40839 Energy Cost per Unit $/kwh 0.06
Cost-Benefit Present Consumption / Lamp 0.259 kw Annual glowing hours 4380 hrs No. of lamps 36 Total Annual Energy Consumption 40839.12 kwh Expected consumption/lamp 100 watt Expected Annual Energy consumption 11037.6 kwh Annual Energy Saving 25071 kwh Energy Cost/unit 0.06 $ Annual Energy Bill Saving 1504 $ Investments Cost per Lamp 550 $ Total cost for 36 fittings 19800 $ Installation Cost 800 $ Timers & Energy Meter Cost 680 $ Total Cost 21280 $ Simple Pay Back Period 14 Years
A Case Study : High Mast Tower Energy Efficient Lights 68
Present System In major installations such as Depots, Oil terminals, retail outlets, LPG Plants, Refineries, Petrochemicals, Railways, High ways, Fly over's, Dry ports, Defence establishments, normally sodium vapour/ Metal Halides lamps are used for lighting purpose. One of the major area of concern is high cost of power and maintenance.
Proposed System A new technology, known as electrode less induction lighting, under the heating mag-coupled lamps is available. The following table gives the comparison between mag-coupled Electrode less lamps with HPSV Lamps Comparison between Mag-Coupled Electrodeless Lamps with HPSV Lamps Comparative Parameters Mag-Coupled Electrodeless lamps Electric Current 200W, 0.97 A, 150W < 0.74 Approx. 4.0A A; Effectively reduces the wiring gauge requirement & circuit switch capacity by 50% High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps (HPS) Actual Life >60,000 hours About 10,000 hours Dimming Setting Color Rendering Index (CRI) Lamp temperature 50% power reduction with timer > 80 ; Improves visibility 80 Lower <80 O C, Reduce A/c cost Power Factor > 0.98 0.85 Excellent energy efficiency Not available in this configuration Higher > 350 O C, increase A/c cost Low energy efficiency
Comparative Parameters Mag-Coupled Electrodeless lamps High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps (HPS) Power Output Stability Voltage Fluctuation and Lamp Efficiency Fluctuation + 20% / + 3% + 10% / + 20% Re-Strike Possibility Yes, Instantaneous No, 2-15 minute waiting period Surface Temperature Hot to the touch Extremely hot, will cause injuries Warranty Period 5 years warranty on lamp, 1 year on lamp and electrical 2 years on electrical apparatus apparatus Lumen depreciation rate (%) 5% @ 2000 hrs 30% @ 2000 hrs Flicker None Much Glare None Much Environment friendly Permanent power, steady output, flicker free No, mercury, No any waste lamps in 10 years High fluctuation, flicker visible Much concern of lots of waste lamps
Demonstration A Pilot project has been implemented in one of the oil terminal India. The project has been carried out for reducing over all power consumption in tower lights. For demonstration purpose one tower was selected and existing HPSV Lamps has been replaced with electrode-less lamps. The cost benefit of the project is given below.
Cost-Benefit Power consumption in watts Lux at 30 mtr. Distance Energy Saving Potential Energy consumption with HPSV lamps (16 x 400 Watts + 40 Watts per Choke) Tower No. 2 Old System 7040 8-10 Energy consumption with 200 Watts electrode less lamps (12 x 200 Watts) Tower No. 2 New System 2310 12
Cost-Benefit Annual savings w.r.t 200 Watts electrode-less lamps (12 x 200 Watts) 4.73 kw Operating hours per day 12 12 Annual working days 365 Annual operating hours 4380 Annual Energy Savings 20717 kwh Average Energy Cost ($/kwh) 0.15 $ Annual Monetary Savings 3107 $ Cost of one Electrode-less lamp-200 520 $ Watts No. of 200 watts electrode-less lamps 12 installed Total cost for one tower (12x200 Watts) 6240 $ Simple pay back period with energy savings 2.0 Years
Cost-Benefit HPSV Replacement cost: No of 400 W HPSV lamps in 3 Towers 48 No of lamps replaced in 17 months 39 No of Ballast replaced 25 No of capacitors / Ignitors replaces 20 Expenditure for Replacement ($) 1100 Average Replacement cost / Year for 3 Towers ($) 700 Replacement cost for 1 Tower ($) 230 Simple pay back period including energy savings and reduction in Replacement expenditure 1.8 Years
Comparison of HPSV & Electrode-less Lamps HPSV Lamps ILLUMINATION Electrode Less Lamps
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