Integrated Pest Management of Citrus Beth Grafton-Cardwell 60% Extension & 40% Research Entomologist: UC Riverside, stationed at the Kearney Ag Center Director: Lindcove Research and Extension Center
California Citrus Growing Regions Sa Joaquin San Joaqu Valley a ey navels, a e s, Valencias & mandarins (>75% of citrus) KAC Southern Interior Navels & Valencias LREC Coastal Lemons Desert Grapefruit UC Riverside
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Citricola scale
Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri Fairly easily controlled by natural enemies and soft pesticides such as oils and miticides id Mite damaged Undamaged Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis Summer heat + virus Cosmetic damage Lower yield
Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips citri Winged, adult citrus thrips Wingless thrips nymphs Cosmetic damage Natural enemies help, but don t bring scarring below an economic threshold Wingless, 1st and 2 nd instar thrips Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis
Forktailed Bush Katydid, Scudderia furcata Cosmetic damage Biological control is minimal and damage is heavy = pesticides are necessary
Citrus Cutworm, Egira curialis Parasitic wasps, Ophion spp. Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides are avoided
Cosmetic Damage Cutworm Katydid Thrips Equipment Hail Wind/sand Branch rubbing Price per box Juice Choice Fancy Navels $1.50 $13.13 $25.30 Valencias $1.60 $12.50 $20.50 Mandarins $0.28 $17.50 $29.70
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid or organophosphate Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Citricola scale Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies
California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii Downgrading of fruit Yield Loss Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides are avoided and trees are cared for
Parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus High pressure spray washer removes scale 300 psi (21kg/cm2 ) August Parasitized scales flake off September
Mal le scale per ca ard Pesticide treatments timed using degree days = accumulation of the average daily temperature above the lower developmental threshold (53 o F) 20000 300 15000 10000 5000 550 DD 1650 DD 1100 DD Insecticides Insecticides 250 200 150 100 50 per tap pe Cr rawlers 0 0 13-Mar 27-Apr 11-Jun 26-Jul 9-Sep 24-Oct Male Scale Crawlers
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Spinetoram + Katydid Pyrethroid or organophosphate Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Aphytis wasps or Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies
Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Sooty mold Yield Biological control is poor because appropriate host stage sizes are not always available = pesticides are necessary
Citricola Scale Lifecycle San Joaquin Valley Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Egg-laying Females on twigs Eggs Crawlers 1st instar nymphs on leaves 2nd instars on twigs 2nd instars on leaves 2nd instars on twigs Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid Acetamiprid
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid Caterpillars Aphytis Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale California red scale Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid Average number of insecticides applied to citrus each year: 3
Invasive Pests Affecting California Citrus *Glassy-winged sharpshooter h (1995) *Citrus Peelminer (1998) *Citrus Leafminer (2000) Diaprepes Root Weevil (2005) Light Brown Apple Moth (2007) Asian Citrus Psyllid (2008) Fruit Flies (periodic) *Infesting San Joaquin Valley citrus
Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Economic damage for nurseries and new plantings of citrus
2000+ 1994 1995 1993 We are one of the last citrus growing regions on earth to be invaded by citrus leafminer 2006 2000
Potential for Biological Control Citrus leafminer and Citrus peelminer share many of the same parasites: Closterocerus Pnigalio Chrysocharis Sympiesis Cirrospilus
Pesticide and pheromone treatments for citrus leafminer recommended for nurseries and new plantings Neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran Oil at frequent intervals methoxyfenozide Insect I t growth regulators: diflubenzuron, neem abamectin spinetoram Spirotetramtp rynaxypyr, cyazypyr Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies
Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Tamarixia wasp Lady beetles
Bacterial Huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease Leaves yellow, the fruit is small, doesn t color properly, forms uneven segments, the juice turns bitter and eventually the tree dies
The distribution of the psyllid and HLB disease in North and Central America CDFA: Trapping ACP and treating infested backyard citrus Citrus Industry: Trapping for ACP in commercial citrus, testing leaves for HLB, funding research, supporting regulatory changes University of California: Research, scientific advice, extension education of growers and the general public 2008 Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of Huanglongbing in green. 1998
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid Caterpillars California red scale Aphytis Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid Pyrethroid Asian citrus psyllid Systemic Imidacloprid or Thiamethoxam Pyrethroid
Grower psyllid management strategies www.ucanr.org/sites/kaccitrusentomology Homeowner assistance www.californiacitrusthreat.org www.peligrancitricosencalifornia.com Radio, Newspapers, TV Posters, bookmarks, doorhangers Workshops with ppt, quizzing World wide web informational sites and training
Goals of California a Citrus IPM Manage pests in a way that is economical and sustainable. Minimize broad spectrum pesticide use to maximize natural enemies. Address pesticide resistance, worker safety, and environmental issues.