Giganet Copper Cabling Training

Giganet Copper Cabling Training Giganet Certified Installer Course 5/14/2012 This manual has been produced as supporting documentation for the Giganet Fibre Optic Certification Course. Course attendees may access more detailed on-line training via a link on www.datacommstraining.com 0

Table of Contents Course Curriculum... 4 Balanced Twisted-pair Cables... 5 Electrical Noise... 6 Balanced Twisted-pair... 10 Crosstalk... 11 Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance... 13 Cable Acronyms... 14 OSI Layers... 16 Networks... 18 LAN - Local Area Network... 19 WAN - Wide Area Network... 20 Pros and Cons of a Network... 21 Network Topologies... 23 Linear Bus... 24 Star... 25 Ring... 26 Tree... 27 Definition of Generic Cabling... 28 Structured Cabling... 29 Cabling Standards... 30 Standards Bodies... 31 ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards... 33 ISO/IEC 11801... 35 CENELEC EN 50173... 36 10GBASE-T Standards... 38 Cabling Categories/Classes... 40 Horizontal Cabling... 41 Horizontal Channel... 43 Consolidation Points... 45 Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet Assembly... 47 1

Physical Lengths... 49 Horizontal Cable Lengths... 51 Horizontal Pathway Systems... 52 Conduits... 55 Cable Tray Fill... 57 Backbone Cabling... 58 Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths... 60 Work Areas... 61 Cable Termination... 64 Mounting Outlets... 65 Telecommunications Spaces... 66 Equipment Room... 66 Telecommunications Room... 74 Telecommunications Room Sizes... 75 Recommended Layout... 76 Building Entrance Facility... 77 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)... 79 Power Separations... 84 BSI 6701... 84 Power Separations... 86 CENELEC EN 50174-2... 86 Good Installation Practices... 93 Cable Management... 93 Cable Stacking Height... 96 Cable Stress... 97 Cable Supports... 98 Equipment Rack Clearance... 101 Equipment Location... 102 Differentiation of Termination Fields... 103 Mounting Connecting Hardware... 104 Cabling Practices... 106 Conductor Termination... 107 Pin/Pair Assignment... 108 2

Instruction Guides... 111 Administration... 112 Identifiers... 112 Labels... 113 Records... 114 Testing... 115 Permanent Link Test... 118 Channel Test... 119 Test Parameters... 120 Wire Map... 121 Length... 122 NVP... 123 Insertion Loss... 124 NEXT... 125 PSNEXT... 126 ACR... 127 PSACR... 128 Return Loss... 129 FEXT... 130 ACR-F... 131 PSACR-F... 132 Propagation Delay... 133 Delay Skew... 134 Test Results... 135 Warranty Registration... 136 3

Contents Introduction Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables OSI Layers Introduction To Networking Telecommunication standards Horizontal Cabling( Patch panels, cabling and TO) Backbone Cabling (Equipment rooms, Telecom rooms, cable and connecting media) Work Area ( Cabling, TO, patch cord) Good Installation Requirements Testing & Registration Administration Course Curriculum Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables OSI Layers Introduction To Networking Telecommunication standards Horizontal Cabling( Patch panels, cabling and TO) Backbone Cabling (Equipment rooms, Telecom rooms, cable and connecting media) Work Area ( Cabling, TO, patch cord) Good Installation Requirements Testing & Registration Administration 4

Balanced Twisted Pair Cable Insulated Copper Conductors Cable jacket or sheath Balanced Twisted-pair Cables Balanced Twisted-Pair cables are made up of a number of insulated copper conductors twisted together in pairs and enclosed in a common jacket or sheath. Most of the cables used in data networks comprise four pairs, although cables with larger pair counts known as multi-pair cables are sometimes used to carry voice circuits. 5

Electrical Noise 230 V 50 Hz Electrical Noise The copper conductors have a tendency to pick up electrical noise from any nearby device that s radiating an electromagnetic field. This includes radio and television transmitters, fluorescent lamps and power cables. 6

Electrical Noise Power Cable 230 V 50 Hz Noise Current Telecoms Cable Pair Noise Current If the wires were not twisted together, the conductor closer to the noise source, for example a nearby power cable, would receive a higher amount of noise current than its partner. 7

Electrical Noise Power Cable 230 V 50 Hz Noise Current Telecoms Cable Pair This would result in a noise current equal to the difference between the currents in the two conductors flowing through any device connected to the circuit. 8

Electrical Noise Power Cable 230 V 50 Hz Telecoms Cable Pair Currents Cancel Out If however the two conductors are twisted together uniformly along their length both will receive the same amount of electrical noise and therefore the two currents will cancel each other out. The result is no noise in the connected devices. 9

Balanced Twisted-Pair Conductors Electrically Equal Circuit is Balanced Balanced Twisted-pair Because the two conductors that form the twisted pair are electrically equal to each other, the circuit is described as being balanced. 10

Crosstalk Signal Signal Crosstalk Crosstalk Crosstalk Cable pairs also pick up signals from their neighbours. This unwanted noise is called Crosstalk. 11

Crosstalk Conductors of each pair twisted at different rates to reduce crosstalk To reduce the amount of crosstalk transmitted between the pairs in the cable, the conductors are twisted together at different rates. 12

Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance Element Screen Overall Screen Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance In case more protection against electrical noise is needed, an overall metallic screen is sometimes included between the cable sheath and the twisted pairs. The conductor elements are also sometimes individually wrapped with a foil screen to improve the cable crosstalk performance. 13

Cable Acronyms XX / X XX Balanced Element Element Screen Overall Screen TP = Twisted Pair U = Unscreened F = Foil Screened F = Foil Screen S = Braid Screen SF = Braid and Foil Screen Balanced Element Element Screen Overall Screen Cable Acronyms In order to standardise terminology, international cabling standards include a simple coding system for describing cable construction. The code uses the XX/XXX format where the first two letters (XX/) describe the overall screening around the entire cable core and the second three letters (/XXX) describe the screening around each balanced element, either a cable pair or quad. 14

Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables Balanced Twisted-Pair cable types are defined in ISO/IEC 11801:2002 For example:- U/UTP - No Overall Screen/Unscreened Twisted Pairs (UTP) S/FTP - Overall Braid Screen/Foil Screened Twisted Pairs F/FTP - Overall Foil Screen/Foil Screened Twisted Pairs F/UTP - Overall Foil Screen/Unscreened Twisted Pairs Using this method to describe common cable types we see that U/UTP refers to a cable with no overall screen and no screens around the individual pairs. This type of cable construction is also commonly known as UTP. S/FTP cable has a braid screen around the cable core and separate foils over each pair. F/FTP is similar to S/FTP but the braid is replaced by an overall foil screen. F/UTP has an overall foil screen but no separate screening around the pairs. 15

Stands for Open Systems Interconnection OSI Layers Contains seven layers that build on one another. Each layer provides specific services and makes the results available to the next layer To help remember the sequence, learn the following sentence:- All People Seem To Need Data Processing 7 Application 6 Protocol 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Model Application Layer Type of Communication Email, file transfer, client/server Presentation Layer Encryption, Data Conversion Session Layer Starts-stops session, Maintains order Transport Layer Ensures delivery of entire file or message Network Layer Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address Data Link (MAC) Layer Transmits packets from node to node based on station address Physical Layer Electrical Signals and Cabling OSI Layers The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was developed in 1978 by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) as a way of defining the various stages through which data passes from one end point to another. The OSI model is a universal standard for exchanging information within and between networks and across geographical boundaries. The model comprises seven layers that build on one another. Each layer provides specific services and makes the results available to the next layer. The seven layers are, 7 - Application 6 - Protocol 5 - Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical The sequence can be remembered by learning the following sentence, All People Seem To Need Data Processing 16

110011 Giganet Copper Cabling Training The Physical Layer The Physical Layer deals in zeros and ones. It s there to get the zeros and ones from the source to the destination. The physical layer includes cables, hubs and repeaters. OSI Layers 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Model Application Layer Type of Communication Email, file transfer, client/server Presentation Layer Encryption, Data Conversion Session Layer Starts-stops session, Maintains order Transport Layer Ensures delivery of entire file or message Network Layer Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address Data Link (MAC) Layer Transmits packets from node to node based on station address Physical Layer Electrical Signals and Cabling 110011 Network Cabling is part of the Physical Layer (Layer 1) along with dumb electronics such as repeaters and hubs. The Physical Layer only deals in Zeros and Ones and is there to get this information from the source to the destination. 17

Networks What is a network? Networks A Network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to communicate and share resources such as printers, file servers, internet connections etc. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, lasers or infrared light beams. 18

Local Area Network LAN (Local Area Network) LAN - Local Area Network A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. 19

Wide Area Network WAN (Wide Area Network) Router Internet Router Router WAN - Wide Area Network As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection of LANs. A network devices known as a Router connects a LAN to a WAN. A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. 20

Pros and Cons of a Network Speed-Provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files Cost-Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies Security-Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs Centralised Software Management-This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building. Resource Sharing-Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone computers Expensive to Install-Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Requires Administrative Time-Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise. Cables May Break-One broken cable can stop the entire network. Pros and Cons of a Network The advantages of a network are, Speed Networks provide a rapid method of sharing and transferring files. Without networks, files would have to be copied onto portable storage devices and carried from one computer to another Cost Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Security Files and programs on a network cam be designated as copy inhibit so that you don t have to worry about illegal copying of programs. Centralised Software Management This eliminates the need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building. Resource Sharing Shared resources such as printers and storage devices is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone computers. There are however some drawbacks to implementing networks. 21

Expensive to Install Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Requires Administrative time Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise. Cables may break One broken cable can stop the entire network. (This problem can be reduced by implementing star topologies and redundant routes for common cabling such as backbones). 22

Network Topologies Topology refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Main Types of Physical Topologies: Linear Bus Star Ring Tree Network Topologies The complete configuration of cables, computers and peripherals is known as the Topology. The four main types of physical topology are known as, Linear Bus Star Ring Tree It s important that a network is designed using a recognised topology to avoid it becoming an unmanageable and unreliable mess. 23

Linear Bus Topology Network Topologies Consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral Requires less cable length than a Star topology Entire network breaks down if main cable breaks Terminations are required at both ends of the backbone cable. Difficult to identity the problem if the main cable goes down Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in large buildings Linear Bus The Linear Bus Topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. This topology was used for the early implementation of Ethernet and used coaxial cables with BNC connectors. The computers and peripherals were connected to the main backbone using T connectors. The advantages of this topology are, It s easy to connect a computer or peripheral to the backbone. The cable lengths can be kept relatively short. However, the disadvantages are, If the main backbone cable breaks, the entire network fails. Both ends of the backbone cable require impedance-matching terminations. If the main cable goes down, it s difficult to pin-point the location of the fault. The topology is not suitable as a stand-alone solution in large buildings. 24

Star Topology Network Topologies Each node connects directly to a central network hub/switch or concentrator. Easy to install and connect No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Requires more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub/switch or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators. Star The Star Topology consists of individual cables running from each computer and peripheral to a central hub, switch or concentrator. Early star topologies employed coaxial cables for Ethernet or 2-pair shielded twisted-pair cables for Token Ring. Today s Star Topologies use either 4-pair Balanced Twisted-Pair or Fibre Optic cables terminated at the centre of the star on passive patch panels. The advantages of using the Star Topology are They are easy to install and connect If an individual device is connected or removed, there will be no disruption to the rest of the network. Fault-finding and repairs are easy to carry out. The disadvantages are The network requires a large amount of cable. If a hub, switch or concentrator fails, all the attached devices will be disabled. The system is more expensive than a linear bus because of the extra cost of the active equipment. In spite of the disadvantages, the Star Topology is employed in most of today s networks and is specified by all the national and international standards for generic wiring in commercial premises. 25

Network Topologies Ring Topology computers are connected by a single loop of cable. Data is quickly transferred without a bottle neck The transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only. Adding additional nodes has very little impact on bandwidth It prevents network collisions because of the media access method or architecture required. Because all stations are wired together, to add a station you must shut down the network temporarily. It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring. Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and recipient Therefore this makes it slower. If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully. Ring The Ring Technology was originally deployed in Token Ring networks using 2-pair Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables. It was largely superseded by Star Toplogies but has recently found favour in industrial networks where fast localised control networks are employed. Advantages are, Data is quickly transferred important in industrial control system where equipment has to respond rapidly to on/off commands. Data transmission is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only. Adding additional nodes has very little impact on bandwidth. It prevents network collisions because of the media access method or architecture required. The disadvantages of the Ring Topology are, With all stations being wired together, adding an additional station requires shutting down the network temporarily. Troubleshooting is difficult. Data packets must pass through every computer between sender and receiver. This slows them down. If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully. 26

Network Topologies Tree (Hierarchical) Topology a central 'root' node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy Easy to extend Easy to manage from the central root node. The entire network depends on one node; failure of that node will bring the whole network down. Difficult to wire, configure and maintain, especially in extensive networks. Tree Tree Topology is also known as Hierarchical. A central root node, classed as the top level of the hierarchy, is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy. Hierarchical topologies are used when configuring multiple backbone cabling systems. The advantages of the Tree Topology are, They are very easy to extend. They are easy to manage from the central root node. Disadvantages are, The entire network depends on one node at the top level; failure of that node will bring the whole network down. The system can be difficult to wire, configure and maintain, especially in extensive networks. 27

Generic Cabling Definition of Generic Cabling (EN50173-1) Structured telecommunications cabling system, capable of supporting a wide range of applications. Application-specific hardware is not a part of generic cabling NOTE Generic cabling can be installed without prior knowledge of the required applications. Definition of Generic Cabling Generic Cabling is the term used by standards bodies to define what is usually known in the industry as Structured Cabling. The cabling as classed as being Generic because it is able to support data and voice applications as required over a standardised set of cables and connecting hardware. Before the introduction of Generic Cabling, each application had it s own cable requirement, for example coaxial cable for Ethernet, SPT cable for Token Ring and Twisted-pair for voice. With Generic Cabling, just about every current application can be supported over Balanced Twisted-pair, Fibre Optic or combinations of the two cable types. Network managers can deploy or change the application-specific hardware without needing to change the cabling, providing it has the necessary transmission performance for the application. 28

Structured Cabling Diagram Horizontal Cable Floor Distributor Building Backbone Cable Campus Distributor Building Distributor Campus Backbone Cable Structured Cabling Generic cabling is configured from three possible cabling sub-systems. Horizontal Cabling extends from the Floor Distributor to the Work Area Building Backbone Cabling connects the individual Floor Distributors in a building to the Campus Distributor using a star topology. Campus Backbone Cabling connects all the Building Distributors within a campus environment back to the Campus Distributor using a star topology. 29

Telecommunications Cabling Standards The reason for having a 'Standard' is to define a method of connecting all types of vendors voice and data equipment, over a cabling system that uses a common media, common connectors and a common topology. Building can be cabled for all its communications needs without the planner or architect ever having to know what type of equipment will be used. Standards also define the electrical and mechanical performance requirement of components, channels and links and the relevant testing methodology. Cabling Standards Telecommunications Standards are documents prepared by various national or international committees comprising members from manufacturers, consultants, installer companies and end-users. The purpose of Telecommunications Standards is to define a method of connecting all types of vendors voice and data equipment, over a cabling system that uses common media, common connectors and a common topology. A building can be cabled for all its communication needs without the planner or architect ever having to know what type of equipment will be used. Standards also define the electrical and mechanical performance requirements of components, channels and links and the relevant testing methodology. 30

Standards Bodies ANSI - The American National Standards Institute (USA) TIA - The Telecommunications Industry Association (USA) EIA - The Electronics Industries Alliance (USA) ISO - The International Organisation for Standardisation IEC - The International Electrotechnical Commission CENELEC - The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation BSI - British Standards Institute Standards Bodies ANSI The American National Standards Institute. Started in 1918, The American National Standards Institute acts as an administrator and coordinator for the United States private sector voluntary standardisation system. It is a private, non-profit membership organisation. TIA The Telecommunications Industry Association (USA). TIA s Engineering Committee TR-42 develops and maintains voluntary telecommunications standards for telecommunications cabling infrastructure in userowned buildings, such as commercial buildings, residential buildings, homes, data centers, industrial buildings, etc. The generic cabling topologies, design, distances and outlet configurations as well as specifics for these locations are addressed. The committee s standards work covers requirements for copper and optical fiber cabling components (such as cables, connectors and cable assemblies), installation, and field testing in addition to the administration, pathways and spaces to support the cabling. EIA Electronics Industries Alliance (USA) Accredited by ANSI, EIA is an alliance of trade associations for electronics manufacturers in the United States. TIA is one of those associations. 31

ISO The International Organisation for Standardisation ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 161 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These serve as a basis for national standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts. ISO and IEC form the centralised system for worldwide standardisation. work. ISO/IEC have established a joint IT technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the national bodies casting a vote. CENELEC The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation CENELEC s mission is to prepare voluntary electrotechnical standards that help develop the Single European Market/European Economic Area for electrical and electronic goods and services removing barriers to trade, creating new markets and cutting compliance costs. BSI British Standards Institute BSI British Standards is the UK s national standards body and was the world s first. BSI British Standards has a close working relationship with the UK government, primarily through the Department for Innovation, University and Skills. Development of BSI Telecommunications standards is undertaken by the TCT7 committee and it s sub-committees. TCT7 also mirrors the work carried out by ISO/IEC and CENELEC and coordinates the UK vote on draft standards. 32

ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards ANSI/TIA/EIA 568 first published in 1991 ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-A revised version published in 1995. ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-B Further revision published in 2001 ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-C 568-C.0 and 568-C.1 Published February 2009 568-C.2 Published August 2009 568-C.3 Published June 2008 TIA/EIA-568-C 568-C.0 Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises 568-C.1 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards Part 1 General Requirements 568-C.2 Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling and Component Standards 568-C.3 Optical Fibre Cabling Components Standard ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards The ANSI/TIA/EIA 568 standard was the first to cover generic cabling in commercial premises and helped define many of the basic rules that we still observe today (for example the 90 metre link and 100 metre channel limits). It was published before Category 5 performance was finalised so was quickly followed by a number of Telecommunications Systems Bulletins (TSB) covering the performance of Category 5 components and cabling. This trend continues and ANSI/TIA/EIA standards are reviewed approximately every 5 years. The current version, 568-C is being published in 5 parts, all of which are planned to be approved by the end of 2009. 33

ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards Other ANSI/TIA/EIA standards include ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B Pathways & Spaces ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A - Administration ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 Building Automation ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7 SM Fiber Testing ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14-A MM Fiber Testing ANSI/TIA-942 Data Centers Other ANSI/TIA/EIA standards used by installers and designers, ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B covers the design and installation of telecommunications pathways and spaces ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A provides a detailed plan for creating and maintaining records of cable installations ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 this Standard specifies a generic cabling system for building automation systems (BAS) used in commercial buildings that will support a multiproduct, multi-vendor environment. It also provides information that may be used for the design of BAS products for commercial enterprises. ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7 gives detailed instructions on the measurement of optical power loss of installed singlemode fibre cable plant ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14-A gives detailed instructions on the measurement of optical power loss of installed multiode fibre cable plant ANSI/TIA-942 is the standard for design and installation of cabling plant in Data Centres 34

Initiated in 1990 ISO/IEC 11801 Published in 1995. It was developed with the co-operation of the UK, the USA, Japan, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Spain, France, Germany, Holland, Austria, Italy and Belgium. The ANSI/TIA/EIA- 568 standard was used as a basis for the ISO/IEC international standard. Currently on ISO/IEC 11801 Edition 2.1 (Comprises ISO/IEC 11801:2002 plus Amendment 1:2008) ISO/IEC 11801 Although work on the ISO/IEC 11801 standard was started in 1990, it wasn t published until 1995, about the same time as the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A standard. It was developed by technical experts from 15 countries and used the ANSI/TIA/EIA- 568 standard as a basis. In reality, there is a lot of cross-fertilisation between the two standards groups with members sitting on both committees. The current version is Edition 2.1 which comprises the 2002 edition plus amendments covering Classes E A and F A. 35

CENELEC EN 50173 CENELEC adopted a draft version of ISO/IEC 11801 EN 50173 formed the basis of a regional European cabling standard. References European standard components rather than International ones, e.g. Low Smoke Zero Halogen cables(ls0h) All national standards within Europe that conflicted with the CENELEC standard were withdrawn upon its publication in 1995. Latest version EN 50173 (Parts 1 5):2007 CENELEC EN 50173 CENELEC EN 50173 started as a very close copy of ISO/IEC 11801 but with reference to European components. The standard has since taken on its own identity and is currently in 5 parts. 36

CENELEC EN 50173 EN 50173 Information technology - Generic cabling systems EN 50173-1:2007 General Requirements Published 1 st May 2007 EN 50173-2:2007 Office Premises Published 27 th February 2008 EN 50173-3:2007 Industrial Premises Published 21 st December 2007 EN 50173-4:2007 Homes Published 1 st May 2007 EN 50173-5:2007 Data Centres Published 1 st May 2007 The five parts of EN 50173 are EN 50173-1:2007 covers the general requirements for Generic Cabling Systems EN 50173-2:2007 is concerned specifically with generic cabling in office premises EN 50173-3:2007 defines the cabling requirements for industrial premises EN 50173-4:2007 is the standard for home cabling. Once known as SOHO (Small Office Home Office), the reference to Office was dropped so that the standard only covers the requirements for residential property EN 50173-5:2007 covers the cabling plant requirements of Data Centres 37

10GBASE-T Standards The IEEE 10GBASE-T Ethernet Standard IEEE 802.3an 10GBASE-T Published September 2006 Support for 10GBASE-T over installed cabling ISO/IEC TR 24750 Published July 2007 TIA/EIA TSB-155 Published March 2007 New Class E A /Augmented Category 6 (6A) Cabling Standards ISO/IEC 11801: Edition 2 Published in November 2010 (Includes earlier amendments) ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-C (Includes earlier addenda) 10GBASE-T Standards Most development work in the past few years has been concerned with defining balanced twisted-pair standards to support the IEEE 10GBASE-T (10 Gigabit per second) standard. This is now completed and the focus has been turned to supporting the emerging IEEE standard for 40/100GBASE-T. 10GBASE-T is defined as an ISO/IEC 11801 Class E or Class F application which means that in theory it should operate over Category 6 and Category 7 cabling. In practice, Category 7/Class F channels are able to support 10GBASE-T over a full 100 metres. Screened Category 6 channels may be able to support 10GBASE-T over 100 metres but their insertion loss must be at least as good as the Class F insertion loss. Unscreened Category 6 channels may be able to support 10GBASE-T up to a distance of 55 metres, providing the installed cabling meets the alien crosstalk requirements specified in the standard. ISO/IEC TR 24750 and TIA/EIA TSB-155 both give advice on testing installed Class E/Category 6 cabling for 10GBASE-T support and provide information on alien crosstalk mitigation where necessary. For guaranteed support of 10GBASE-T over 100 metre channels ISO/IEC and TIA/EIA both published standards for Augmented Category 6 cabling. ISO/IEC 11801:200 Amendment 1 covers channel performance of Class E A cabling and ISO/IEC 11801:2, when published, will also include the Category 6A link and 38

component requirements. ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10, recently incorporated in the 568-C standard, defined link, channel and component performance. It s important to note that ISO/IEC standards call for significantly better signal performance at 500MHz (the top-end and most difficult to engineer for frequency used by 10Gigabit/s Ethernet) with the ISO standard calling for 1.8dB better performance than the American standard in NEXT (near end crosstalk), ACR-F and ACR-N (alien crosstalk, far-end and near-end respectively). 39

Cabling Categories/Classes Copper Categories ISO/IEC, TIA & CENELEC Performance Classes Category 3 up to 16 MHz Category 5 up to 100MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC) Class C Class D Category 5e up to 100MHz (TIA) Category 6 up to 250 MHz Category 6A up to 500 MHz Category 7 up to 600 MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC) Category 7A up to 1000 MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC) Class E Class E A Class F Class F A Cabling Categories/Classes TIA/EIA standards define the performance of installed cabling, cable and connecting hardware components through the use of Categories. ISO/IEC and CENELEC use Categories to define cable and connecting hardware component performance but use the term Class for the performance of channels and links. There is a correlation between Categories and Classes with the different component and cable Categories intended to provide the equivalent link and channel Class performance. For example, a channel composed of Category 3 cable, cords and connectors will provide Class C performance. Note that Category 5e as defined by TIA/EIA has the same performance as Category 5/Class D specified by ISO/IEC. Although both original Category performance values were enhanced, ISO/IEC decided not to change its designation. Performance for the old Category 5 is relegated to informative annexes in both standards. 40

Horizontal Cabling The Horizontal Cabling Subsystem extends from a floor distributor to the TO(s) connected to it. The subsystem includes: a) the horizontal cables; b) the mechanical termination of the horizontal cables at the TO and the floor distributor together with associated patch cords and/or jumpers at the FD; c) Consolidation Points (optional); d) Consolidation Point cables (optional); e) the Telecommunications Outlets(s) or MUTO assembly; Horizontal Cabling The Horizontal Cabling Subsystem extends from a Floor Distributor to the Telecommunications Outlets connected to it and includes. The Horizontal Cables these could be balance twisted-pair, fibre optic or a combination of both. The mechanical termination of the horizontal cables at the Telecommunications Outlet and the Floor Distributor together with associated patch cords and/or jumpers at the Floor Distributor. Consolidation Points where specified. Consolidation Point cables where specified. The Telecommunications Outlets or Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly. Note that the Horizontal Cabling Subsystem does not include any active equipment, media adapters or Work Area cords. 41

Horizontal Cabling Telecommunications Outlet Horizontal Cable Mechanical Terminations Patch Cords & Jumpers Work Area Floor Distributor Horizontal Cabling extends from a Floor Distributor to the Telecommunications Outlets connected to it. It includes the Telecommunications Outlet at the Work Area, the Horizontal Cables, the mechanical terminations of the cable at the Floor Distributor and any associated patch cords or jumpers. 42

Horizontal Channel Telecommunications Outlet Horizontal Cable Floor Distributor Work Area Cable Equipment Cables Patch Cords & Jumpers End of Channel End of Channel Horizontal Channel Standards define a channel as being all the components of a Horizontal Cabling Subsystem with the addition of Equipment Cables at the Floor Distributor and Work Area Cables at the Work Area. 43

Horizontal Channel Example of a 4-connector Channel Telecommunications Outlet Consolidation Point 1 2 Consolidation Point Cable Horizontal Cable 3 4 Floor Distributor An additional termination known as a Consolidation Point may be added between the Floor Distributor and the Telecommunications Outlet to provide additional design flexibility. Consolidation Points are used in open office situations where the Telecommunications Outlets may have to be relocated at some stage, for example where floor boxes are moved to accommodate furniture relocation. Consolidation Points are also used when the position of the final Telecommunications Outlets is unknown at the time of Horizontal Cable installation. The link between the Consolidation Point and the Telecommunications Outlet is called the Consolidation Point Cable. The type of connection at the Consolidation Point is not defined and may be hardwired on a terminal block or use a plug/jack interface. A maximum of 4 connections are allowed within a channel. These are at the Telecommunications Outlet, Consolidation Point, first patch panel and second patch panel at the Floor Distributor. 44

Open Office Cabling Consolidation Point design guidelines Only one Consolidation Point is permitted between the Floor Distributor and any Telecommunications Outlet The Consolidation Point shall only contain passive connections The Consolidation Point shall be located so that each work area group is served by at least one Consolidation Point The Consolidation Point should be limited to serving a maximum of 12 Work Areas The Consolidation Point should be located in accessible permanent locations such as ceiling voids and under floors Consolidation Points The design requirements and recommendations when using Consolidation Points are as follows. Only one Consolidation Point is permitted between the Floor Distributor and any Telecommunications Outlet The Consolidation Point shall only contain passive connections The Consolidation Point shall be located so that each work area group is served by at least one Consolidation Point The Consolidation Point should be limited to serving a maximum of 12 Work Areas The Consolidation Point should be located in accessible permanent locations such as ceiling voids and under floors 45

Open Office Cabling Consolidation Point design guidelines TO Consolidation Point Horizontal Cables Floor Distributor CP Link Cables At least 15 m (50 ft) recommended Multiple connections in close proximity cause problems when testing for crosstalk and return loss. To avoid this problem, it is recommended to install at least 15 metres of cable between the Floor Distributor and Consolidation Point. 46

Open Office Cabling Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet (MuTO) assembly MuTO assembly Horizontal Cables Floor Distributor Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet Assembly A Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet assembly is an assembly of several outlets mounted at a common location such as a floor box or multi-outlet faceplate designed to serve more than one user s Work Area from the same location. It s most useful to employ MuTO assemblies in open office situations where desk and other furniture locations are likely to be changed on a regular basis. From a transmission perspective, each outlet at a MuTO assembly is treated in the same way as a traditional Telecommunications Outlet. 47

Open Office Cabling MuTO assembly design guidelines A MuTO assembly shall be located in an open work area so that each furniture cluster is served by at least one MUTO assembly A MuTO assembly should be limited to serving a maximum of twelve work areas A MuTO assembly should be located in user accessible, permanent locations A MuTO assembly shall not be installed in ceiling spaces or any obstructed areas. The length of the work area cord should be limited to ensure cable management in the work area Design requirements and recommendations for a Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet are as follows. A MUTO assembly shall be located in an open work area so that each furniture cluster is served by at least one MUTO assembly A MUTO assembly should be limited to serving a maximum of twelve work areas A MUTO assembly should be located in user accessible, permanent locations A MUTO assembly shall not be installed in ceiling spaces or any obstructed areas. The length of the work area cord should be limited to ensure cable management in the work area 48

Horizontal Cabling Physical Lengths: The physical length of the horizontal cable shall not exceed 90 m (295 feet) and may need to be less depending on the length of CP cables and cords used and the number of connections (see ISO/IEC 11801:2002 for details) The physical length of the channel shall not exceed 100 m (328 feet) The length of patch cords or jumpers shall not exceed 5 m (16 feet) Where a MuTO assembly is used, the length of the work area cord should not exceed 20 m (66 feet) (see ISO/IEC 11801:2002 for details) Physical Lengths Applications standards, such as IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, specify that the supporting cabling shall be in accordance with ISO/IEC 11801. It s important that, to provide a generic cabling system, the design requirements in the standards are followed. The physical length limits are very important as they affect the attenuation (insertion loss) of the signal as well as the propagation delay time, that is the time it takes for the signal to travel from one end of the channel to the other. The maximum length for Horizontal Cable is 90 metres but this will be reduced if a Consolidation Point is used as allowance has to be made for the length of the Consolidation Point cable. If the Consolidation Point cable is the same type as the Horizontal Cable, then the maximum total distance between the Floor Distributor and Telecommunications Outlet is 90 metres. However, if stranded patch cord cable is used for the Consolidation Point cable, this will increase the overall insertion loss of the channel and the total distance length of the Horizontal Cable, and therefore the channel, will have to be reduced. A table in ISO/IEC 11801:2002 provides the necessary formulae for calculating Horizontal Cable length based on the channel configuration, application class and component category. The maximum channel length obtained by using these formulae is 100 metres but may be less depending on the length of patch cords, equipment cords, work area cords and Consolidation Point cable. 49

The length of the patch cords or jumpers used for the cross-connection between two patch panels or wiring blocks at the Floor Distributor shall not exceed 5 metres. If a Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet assembly is used, the length of the Work Area cable should not exceed 20 metres. 50

Horizontal Cable Lengths Horizontal Cable Lengths This table from the ISO/IEC 11801 standard provides an extremely accurate method for calculating the maximum Horizontal Cable length based upon the channel configuration, the cabling class being installed and the lengths and cable types of the cords and Consolidation Point cables. 51

Horizontal Pathway Systems Horizontal pathways include: Physical Pathway Non-physical Pathway Horizontal Pathway Systems Horizontal Cabling pathways are dedicated routes and supports for containing the cables as they run from the Floor Distributor to the Work Areas. They may comprise continuous physical pathways such as conduit and cable tray or non-continuous pathways such as the space between open-top cable supports. When designing Horizontal Cabling pathways, all types of telecommunications cable must be considered, for example telephone, data, video and so on. 52

Horizontal Pathway Systems Access (False) Floor Suspended (False) Ceiling Cable Tray Ladder Rack Raceway (Trunking) Raceway (Trunking) Sometimes called raised floor, access floor in often used in computer rooms, equipment rooms and data centres as well as sometimes being used in general office areas. A typical access floor will comprise removable floor tiles mounted on pedestals and can be of any number of depths. A standard floor tile as used in telecommunications spaces is 600 mm x 600 mm. Cables may be laid directly on the floor slab beneath the access floor as long as the surface is smooth and will not have a detrimental effect on the cable during installation or once installed. Alternatively the cable may be laid on special cable mat or in cable tray to provide greater protection The space between a susended (false) ceiling is often used as a pathway for cable trays or basket. Whilst these make very convenient pathways there is a number of considerations to be made when choosing the area above a suspended ceiling as a cable route. The tiles should be of the lay-in type and not lockable. Solid plasterboard ceilings are difficult to cable and should be avoided. The cables must be supported on devices such as suspended cable trays and not laid directly on the ceiling or ceiling grid or attached to the ceiling wires or rods. 53

Cable trays are shallow sections, usually made of steel, in which cables may be carried either under access floor or in ceiling spaces. The trays are often perforated to reduce the weight and to provide fixing points for cable ties. Ladder racks are so-called because the construction resembles the stiles and rungs of a ladder. They are most commonly found in telecommunications spaces linking racks and cabinets or being used to support vertical cables in risers. The 'rungs' support the cable bundles and act as tie points. Raceways (trunking) provide containment for cables that need to be fully enclosed. Multi-compartment trunking is usually wall-mounted around the interior of office spaces and carries the network cabling along with power cables and other circuits as required. It is important that the necessary spacing is maintained between power and data cables in this situation. The larger compartment may also contain power and data faceplates. 54

Horizontal Pathway Systems Conduits Conduits or ducts should only be considered in certain circumstances. For instance Where regulations require their use, for example fire codes. Where cables would otherwise be directly buried in the soil of concrete floor slab. For small numbers of cables going to remote locations Conduit lengths must not be greater than 30 metres between pull boxes (it is recommended that the maximum length be 15 metres) and there must be no more than 2 x 90 o bends in any conduit length. Conduits Conduits or ducts should only be considered in certain circumstances. For instance Where regulations require their use, for example fire codes. Where cables would otherwise be directly buried in the soil of concrete floor slab. For small numbers of cables going to remote locations Conduit lengths must not be greater than 30 metres between pull boxes (it is recommended that the maximum length be 15 metres) and there must be no more than 2 x 90o bends in any conduit length. 55

Horizontal Pathway Systems The size requirements for Horizontal Pathways depend on the following considerations: Useable floor space served by the pathway Maximum floor space required per individual Work Area Cable density quantity of Horizontal cables required for each Work Area Cable diameter Pathway capacity Cabling requirements for other cabling systems The size requirements for Horizontal Pathways depend on the following considerations: Useable floor space served by the pathway Maximum floor space required per individual Work Area Cable density quantity of Horizontal cables required for each Work Area Cable diameter Pathway capacity Cabling requirements for other cabling systems 56

Maximum Pathway Fills The maximum depth of cables in any cable tray shall be 150 mm (6 in). When planning cable tray pathways a maximum calculated fill ratio of 50% is used to allow for air space and the random placement of the cables. A calculated fill ratio of 50% will physically fill the entire tray. Cable Tray Fill The maximum depth of cables in any cable tray shall be 150 mm (6 in). When planning cable tray pathways a maximum calculated fill ratio of 50% is used to allow for air space and the random placement of the cables. A calculated fill ratio of 50% will physically fill the entire tray. 57

Backbone Cabling Provides connection between : Equipment rooms (ERs) Telecommunications rooms (TRs) Telecommunications service Entrance Facilities The distance limitations of this cabling depend on the type of cable and facilities it connects. Backbone Cabling Backbone Cabling provides connection between: Equipment rooms (ERs) Telecommunications rooms (TRs) Telecommunications service Entrance Facilities The distance limitations of this cabling depend on the type of cable and facilities it connects. 58

Backbone Cabling A backbone system normally provides connection between: a) Intrabuilding connections between floors in multistory buildings (Building Backbone) b) Interbuilding connections in campus-like environments (Campus Backbone) Building Backbone Cable Campus Backbone Cable As described earlier, backbone cables can be defined as either Building Backbone or Campus Backbone. An alternative terminology used in the TIA/EIA standards is Intrabuilding and Interbuilding Backbone respectively. 59

Backbone Cabling Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths: 3,000 m (9,840 ft) for singlemode (OS1) optical fibre. 2,000 m (6,560 ft) for 62.5/125 mm or 50/125 mm (OM1-OM3) optical fibre. OM3 Laser Optimised 50 micron Multimode Glass, enhanced for 10 Gigabit transmission over distances up to 300 metres (984 ft). 2,000 m (6,560 ft) for balanced twisted-pair PBX/Class A applications. For data Class C, D, and E applications (data) over balanced twisted-pair: 100 m (328 ft) per backbone segment. Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths Backbone cable length limits are, 3,000 m (9,840 ft) for singlemode (OS1) optical fibre. This is a design limit based on the optimum size of a local area network. 2,000 m (6,560 ft) for 62.5/125 m or 50/125 m (OM1-OM3) optical fibre. Be aware that many of today s applications have length limits less than 2,000 metres. A table showing the maximum cable length and attenuation for each application is published in ISO/IEC 11801:2002 OM3 Laser Optimised 50 micron Multimode Glass, enhanced for 10 Gigabit transmission over distances up to 300 metres (984 ft). 2,000 m (6,560 ft) for balanced twisted-pair PBX/Class A (analogue voice) applications. For data Class C, D, and E applications (data) over balanced twisted-pair: 100 m (328 ft) per backbone segment. 60

Work Areas A Work Area is a building space where the occupants interact with telecommunications terminal equipment Telecommunications Outlets (TOs) are located in the Work Area Work Areas A Work Area is a building space where the occupants interact with telecommunications terminal equipment. It may be in a discrete office location or a space within an open office environment. Telecommunications Outlets (TOs) are located in the Work Area. Local regulations may determine the density of work areas to available space. 61

Work Areas Work Area Components include: Station Equipments-(computers, data terminals, telephones etc). Modular cords,pc adapter cables, fiber jumpers, etc. Adapter (baluns etc)- Must be external to telecommunication outlet. Work Area Components include: Station Equipment (computers, data terminals, telephones etc.). Modular cords, PC adapter cables, fiber jumpers, etc. Adapter (baluns etc) must be external to telecommunication outlet. 62

Work Areas Each individual Work Area shall be served by a minimum of 2 TOs The first outlet should be 4-pair balanced cable The second outlet may be for optical fibre or 4-pair balanced cable Note: these requirements are taken from ISO/IEC 11801:2002 and CENELEC EN 50173-2 and differ slightly from those of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Each individual Work Area shall be served by a minimum of two Telecommunications Outlets The first outlet should be connected to a 4-pair balanced cable The second outlet may be for optical fibre or 4-pair balanced cable Note: these requirements are taken from ISO/IEC 11801:2002 and CENELEC EN 50173-2 and differ slightly from those of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 63

Work Areas Cable Termination: Each horizontal distribution cable exiting the Patch Panel or Consolidation Point shall have all four pairs terminated in an eight position modular outlet in the Work Area. Cable Termination Each horizontal distribution cable exiting the Patch Panel or Consolidation Point shall have all four pairs terminated in an eight position modular outlet in the Work Area. This will usually be what is often known as an RJ45 jack but may also be a Category 7 non-rj style jack. 64

Work Areas Outlets shall not be mounted on temporary, movable, or removable surfaces, doors, or access hatches. The distance of the telecommunications outlet/connector from the actual work area is based on the limited length of the work area equipment cord. The Telecommunications outlet/connectors should not protrude more than 57mm (2.25in) from the surface on which it is mounted. Mounting Outlets Outlets shall not be mounted on temporary, movable, or removable surfaces, doors, or access hatches. The distance of the telecommunications outlet/connector from the actual work area is based on the limited length of the work area equipment cord. The Telecommunications outlet/connectors should not protrude more than 57mm (2.25in) from the surface on which it is mounted. 65

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment room (ER): Room or space within a building for the storage or installation of mechanical or electrical/electronic devices Can house telecommunication installations that serve the occupants of the building or multiple buildings in a campus environment. Is considered distinct from a telecommunications room because it is considered to be a building or campus serving ( as opposed to a floor serving facility) and because of the nature of complexity of the equipment that it contains. Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room An Equipment Room is a room or space within a building for the storage or installation of mechanical or electrical/electronic devices. It can house telecommunication installations that serve the occupants of the building or multiple buildings in a campus environment. The Equipment Room is distinct from a telecommunications room because it is considered to be a building or campus serving ( as opposed to a floor serving facility) and because of the nature of complexity of the equipment that it contains. 66

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location: The following factors should be considered when locating the Equipment Room: Centralization: Should be located near the centre of the served area to reduce the amount of cabling and to avoid long wire runs that may result in transmission trouble. Telecommunications Closet Equipment Room Telecommunications Closet When deciding on the location of an Equipment Room, its position in relation to the backbone cabling is important. Ideally, the Equipment Room should be located central to the building in both the horizontal and vertical planes to reduce the required amount of backbone cable. This may not always be possible because of the building design, for example a core and shell construction provides limited space for such a substantial room in the middle of the building space. 67

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location cont Security: The room should be kept locked at all times to prevent unauthorized access. Someone who is in good position to monitor access should keep the key. Card-key access is often advisable to limit access to authorised personnel. Because of its importance as the top level node in a network, a breach of security in the Equipment Room may have a devastating effect on the network and on the company s business. The room should be kept locked at all times to prevent unauthorized access. Someone who is in good position to monitor access should keep the key. Card-key access is often advisable to limit access to authorised personnel. 68

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location cont Hazards: Room should be located to minimize fire, flood or earth quake. Avoid rooms with overhead water pipes that may rupture and ruin equipment. Avoid storage of flammables and corrosive or dust-producing materials in the room. To reduce the incidence of the most obvious hazards, the Equipment Room should be located to minimize fire, flood or earth quake. Avoid rooms with overhead water pipes that may rupture and ruin equipment. Avoid storage of flammables and corrosive or dust-producing materials in the room. 69

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location cont Accessibility: The room should be easy to reach from elevators for moving equipment and located close to major users. The room must have an entrance large enough to accommodate large deliveries. It may be necessary to locate the PABX in the equipment room. Fire suppression: The system should be protected by a fire suppression system recommended by the manufacturer. The Equipment Room should be easy to reach from elevators for moving equipment and located close to major users. The room must have an entrance large enough to accommodate large deliveries. It may be necessary to locate the PABX in the equipment room. The system should be protected by a fire suppression system recommended by the equipment manufacturer. 70

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location cont Wall space: Sufficient wall space is needed for backboards that mount distributing frames and terminals. Environment Consideration: Telecommunications equipment differs in its requirements for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Manufacturers recommendations should be observed with respect to temperature limits and airflow. Equipment rooms should be designed with enough clear wall space to allow the installation of wall-mounted equipment such as distribution frames and cable terminals. These are usually mounted to backboards rather than being attached directly to the wall. Because Equipment Rooms contain electronic devices, air conditioning, cooling and ventilation considerations are extremely important. Large data centres can over-heat to the point where equipment fails if they are not cooled and ventilated sufficiently. 71

Telecommunications Spaces Equipment Room Location cont Storage Space: Equipment including circuit boards, telephones, and terminals, may need to be stored in the equipment room. Lighting: The equipment room must be have enough light (TIA requires 500 lux measured 1 m (3 ft) above the finished floor in the middle of all aisles between cabinets and racks) It is normal to store related equipment such as circuit boards, patch cords, telephones and terminals in an Equipment Room. Sufficient storage such as cupboards and shelves should be provided t accommodate these items. An Equipment Room must have sufficient ambient light to enable technicians to work safely and accurately. The American TIA/EIA-569 standard specifies a minimum lighting level of 500 lux measured 1 metre above the finished floor level in the middle of all aisles between cabinets and racks. 72

Good Installation Requirements Equipment Room Location cont Space Sharing: It is highly desirable NOT to share the space with other functions such as cleaning services, electric power distribution, storage, or mechanical equipment. X X X X Equipment Rooms should be dedicated to the telecommunications function and not become a shared space with other functions such as cleaning services, electrical power distribution, non-related storage or other non-related mechanical equipment. 73

Telecommunications Spaces Telecommunications Room (TR): An enclosed room for housing telecommunications equipment, cable terminations, interconnect and cross-connect A telecommunications room should provide all the facilities (space, power, environmental control etc.) for passive components, active devices, and external network interfaces housed within it. Each telecommunications room should have direct access to the backbone cabling subsystem. If a telecommunications room serves more than one building distributor it should be considered an equipment room. Telecommunications Room Telecommunications Rooms generally serve individual floors and contain Floor Distributors or Building Distributors. They are enclosed rooms for housing telecommunications equipment, cable terminations, interconnects and crossconnects. A telecommunications room should provide all the facilities (space, power, environmental control etc.) for passive components, active devices, and external network interfaces housed within it. Each telecommunications room should have direct access to the backbone cabling subsystem. If a telecommunications room serves more than one building distributor it should be considered an equipment room. 74

Telecommunications Spaces Telecommunications Room (TR) Sizes: Serving area m2 ( ft2 ) Room Size m (ft) 1,000 (10,000) 3.0 x 3.4 (10 x 11) 800 (8,000) 3.0 x 2.8 (10 x 9) 500 (5,000) 3.0 x 2.2 (10 x 7) Where the area ofthe floor being served is greater than 1,000 m2 it is recommended that additional Telecommunications Rooms be provided. Telecommunications Room Sizes Th.e table shows the recommended telecommunications room sizes for 3 different floor serving areas. These figures are from the TIA/EIA 569-A standard 75

Telecommunications Spaces Recommended Layout The diagram from the TIA/EIA 569-A standard shows the recommended layout for a telecommunications room. 76

Telecommunications Spaces Building Entrance Facility: Location in the building where campus (outside plant) and intra-building services interconnect It comprises an entrance point from the exterior of the building and the pathway leading to the campus or building distributor. Local regulations may require special facilities where the external cables are terminated. At this termination point, a change from external to internal cable can take place. Building Entrance Facility The Building Entrance Facility is the location in the building where campus (outside plant) and intra-building services interconnect. It comprises an entrance point from the exterior of the building and the pathway leading to the campus or building distributor. Local regulations may require special facilities where the external cables are terminated. At this termination point, a change from external to internal cable can take place. 77

Telecommunications Spaces Entrance facility design guidelines cont Consider the location of the communications entrance facility with respect to the location of other telecommunications closets. Ideally, the communications entrance facility should be located near stacked telecommunications closets. The communications entrance facility shall not be susceptible to moisture entry. The communications entrance facility should accommodate pathway entry at ceiling level for distribution of cables. It is preferable to NOT have a suspended ceiling in the space. Consider the location of the communications entrance facility with respect to the location of other telecommunications closets. Ideally, the communications entrance facility should be located near stacked telecommunications closets. The communications entrance facility shall not be susceptible to moisture entry. The communications entrance facility should accommodate pathway entry at ceiling level for distribution of cables. It is preferable to NOT have a suspended ceiling in the space. 78

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): A naturally occurring phenomenon when the electromagnetic field of one device disrupts, impedes or degrades the electromagnetic field of another device by coming into proximity with it. When cable is in close proximity to strong electromagnetic fields, unwanted current and voltage may be induced on it. If the power level is high enough, the electrical "noise" can interfere with voice and data applications running on the cabling. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Cabling plant can be susceptible to Electromagnetic Interference, usually known as EMI. This is a naturally occurring phenomenon when the electromagnetic field of one device disrupts, impedes or degrades the electromagnetic field of another device by coming into proximity with it. When cable is in close proximity to strong electromagnetic fields, unwanted current and voltage may be induced on it. If the power level is high enough, the electrical "noise" can interfere with voice and data applications running on the cabling. 79

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) cont In data communication, excessive electromagnetic interference (EMI) hinders the ability of remote receivers to successfully detect data packets. The end result is increased errors, network traffic due to packet retransmissions, and network congestion. For analogue voice communication, EMI can create psophometric noise, which degrades transmission quality. In data communication, excessive electromagnetic interference (EMI) hinders the ability of remote receivers to successfully detect data packets. The end result is increased errors, network traffic due to packet retransmissions, and network congestion. For analogue voice communication, EMI can create psophometric noise, which degrades transmission quality. 80

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Protecting against EMI: There are two methods of protecting against EMI: Shielding Physical separation The two main methods of reducing noise without having to resort to noise-cancelling electronics are shielding and physical separation. 81

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Protecting against EMI: Shielding In shielding, noise voltage is induced into a foil or braid surrounding the twisted pairs, instead of onto the conductors. A properly installed shielded cabling system performs about 20dB better than UTP cabling system performance in terms of interference immunity (coupling attenuation). In shielding, noise voltage is induced into a foil or braid surrounding the twisted pairs, instead of onto the conductors. The shielding must be properly earthed so that the resultant current is carried away from the shield. A properly installed shielded cabling system performs about 20dB better than UTP cabling system performance in terms of interference immunity (coupling attenuation). 82

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Protecting against EMI cont Physical separation: The following slides specify the minimum separation recommended for both 100 Ohm UTP and Shielded/Screened cabling, as well as the pathways and spaces used to carry or house the telecommunications cabling. By applying the proper physical separation distances, U/UTP cabling can be used in a cabling system, while still avoiding EMI. In situations where minimum separation distances cannot be met for U/UTP cabling, F/UTP, F/FTP or S/FTP cable can be used. 83

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Power Separation BSI 6701:2004 Exceeding 600Va.c. 900Vd.c. to earth 50Va.c. 600Va.c. 120Vd.c 900Vd.c. to earth But see exceptions Not less than 150 mm Or 50 mm with a divider meeting the requirements of BS 7671 Not less than 50 mm Or a divider meeting the requirements of BS 7671 Power Separations BSI 6701 The separation distances shown in the slide are specified in the British Standards Institute BSI 6701:2004 standard and provide a good reference. It should be noted however that other national standards have different specifications for separation which should be applied where appropriate. 84

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Power Separation BSI 6701:2004 Exceptions (apply to voltages 50Va.c. 600Va.c. / 120Vd.c. 900Vd.c. to earth) If one or more of these conditions is met, separation is not deemed to be necessary the electricity supply cables are enclosed in a separate conduit or trunking which, if metallic, is earthed in accordance with BS 7671; the electricity supply cables are of a mineral-insulated type; the electricity supply cables are of an earthed armoured construction; the electricity supply cables are of a flexible double insulated type (e.g. kettle leads supplying 240 V mains power to telecommunications equipment in cabinets). NOTE: Standard electrical 240 V twin and earth type cabling is not flexible double insulated. The exceptions to the separation requirements for voltages 50Va.c. 600Va.c. / 120Vd.c. 900Vd.c. to earth shown on the previous slide are, If one or more of these conditions is met, separation is not deemed to be necessary the electricity supply cables are enclosed in a separate conduit or trunking which, if metallic, is earthed in accordance with BS 7671; the electricity supply cables are of a mineral-insulated type; the electricity supply cables are of an earthed armoured construction; the electricity supply cables are of a flexible double insulated type (e.g. kettle leads supplying 240 V mains power to telecommunications equipment in cabinets). NOTE: Standard electrical 240 V twin and earth type cabling is not flexible double insulated. 85

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) CENELEC EN 50174-2:2008 Segregation requirements: The standard defines 4 Segregation Classifications a, b, c and d for cables Classifications are based on Coupling Attenuation performance (screened cables) or Transfer Conversion Loss (unscreened cables) Category 7 cable complies with Classification d Screened Category 6 and 5 cables comply with Classification c but may comply with Classification d if Coupling Attenuation met Unscreened Category 6 and 5 cables comply with Classification b but may comply with Classification c or d depending on Transfer Conversion Loss performance Classification a is applied where The mix of applications or the cabling to be installed is unrestricted The type of cabling to be installed is unrestricted The cable performance with regard to the relevant parameters is unknown Power Separations CENELEC EN 50174-2 The European EN 50174-2:2008 standard defines 4 Segregation Classifications a, b, c and d for cables Classifications are based on Coupling Attenuation performance (screened cables) or Transfer Conversion Loss (unscreened cables) Category 7 cable complies with Classification d Screened Category 6 and 5 cables comply with Classification c but may comply with Classification d if Coupling Attenuation met Unscreened Category 6 and 5 cables comply with Classification b but may comply with Classification c or d depending on Transfer Conversion Loss performance Classification a is applied where - The mix of applications or the cabling to be installed is unrestricted - The type of cabling to be installed is unrestricted - The cable performance with regard to the relevant parameters is unknown 86

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) CENELEC EN 50174-2:2008 Segregation requirements No segregation is required between IT cabling and mains power cabling (other than that required by national or local regulation) provided that all the following conditions are met: The environmental classification for the IT cabling complies with E1 of EN 50173-1:2007 The power conductors Form single phase circuits Provide a total current of 32A (max) Comprising a circuit are maintained in close proximity (e.g. within an overall sheath or twisted, taped or bundled together) And either No segregation is required between IT cabling and mains power cabling (other than that required by national or local regulation) provided that all the following conditions are met: The environmental classification for the IT cabling complies with E1 of EN 50173-1:2007. This is part of what is known as the M.I.C.E. classifications which cover the Mechanical, Ingress protection, Climatic and chemical and Electromagnetic characteristics of the environment. E1 is a relatively benign EMI environment which should be found in most office situations. However, as it defines specific limits for radiated and conducted interference signals, it cannot be assumed that an E1 environment exists without inspection. It is usually considered that screened or shielded cabling complies with the E1 requirements. The power conductors o Form single phase circuits o Provide a total current of 32A (max) o Comprising a circuit are maintained in close proximity (e.g. within an overall sheath or twisted, taped or bundled together) 87

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) CENELEC EN 50174-2:2008 Segregation requirements cont a) The information technology cables meet the requirements of Segregation Classifications b, c or d or b) In circumstances where the cabling is application specific, the application(s) supports a zero segregation relaxation. This allowance should be not applied in spaces allocated to distributors in accordance with EN 50173 series or equivalent concentrations of transmission equipment. or The information technology cables meet the requirements of Segregation Classifications b, c or d In circumstances where the cabling is application specific, the application(s) supports a zero segregation relaxation. This allowance should be not applied in spaces allocated to distributors in accordance with EN 50173 series or equivalent concentrations of transmission equipment. 88

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) CENELEC EN 50174-2:2008 Segregation requirements cont In all other cases, the results of the following table multiplied by the power cabling factor shall be applied Segregation Classification Separation without electromagnetic barrier Containment applied to IT or mains power cabling Open metallic containment Perforated metallic containment Solid metallic containment d 10 mm 8 mm 5 mm 0 mm c 50 mm 38 mm 25 mm 0 mm b 100 mm 75 mm 50 mm 0 mm a 300 mm 225 mm 150 mm 0 mm 89

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) CENELEC EN 50174-2:2008 Segregation requirements cont Electrical Power Cabling Factor P Electrical Circuit Type Quantity of Circuits Power Cabling Factor P 20A 230V 1-phase 1 to 3 0.2 4 to 6 0.4 7 to 9 0.6 10 to 12 0.8 13 to 25 1.0 16 to 30 2 31 to 45 3 46 to 60 4 61 to 75 5 > 75 6 90

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ANSI/TIA/EIA 569-B power separations Table 1: Minimum power separation for UTP cabling systems Power Level < 3 kva 3 < 6 kva > 6 kva Pathways 50mm (2 in) 1.5m (5 ft) 3m (10 ft) Spaces 50mm (2 in) 3m (10 ft) 6m (20 ft) 91

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ANSI/TIA/EIA 569-B power separations Table 2: Minimum power separation for screened and shielded cabling systems Power Level < 3 kva > 3 < 6 kva > 6 kva Pathways 0m (0 in) 0.6m (2 ft) 1m (3 ft) Spaces 0m (0 in) 0.6m (2 ft) 1m (3 ft) 92

Cable Management: Good Installation Practices An unchanging principle is that whatever you install today will need to be changed tomorrow! The role of cable management is to provide recognized routes for cables such that old cables can in years to come be easily removed and new ones installed. Good Installation Practices Cable Management An unchanging principle is that whatever you install today will need to be changed tomorrow! The role of cable management is to provide recognized routes for cables such that old cables can in years to come be easily removed and new ones installed. It also ensures that cables don t get damaged etc by enforcing slow bends and avoiding kinks. It also ensures that cable routes are kept well away from other services it s of little use if future additions to office lighting result in power cables being laid alongside data cables simply because the data cables were dragged haphazardly across the suspended ceiling as so often happens. 93

Good Installation Practices Cable Management: Cable management systems shall be installed: To allow installation and removal of the cable without risk of damage to the cable Without sharp edges or corners that could damage the cabling installed within or upon them To enable the creation of fire barriers in accordance with local regulations Taking into account relevant external/environmental influences in particular: Cable management systems shall be installed to ensure that water or other contaminant liquids cannot collect Where required, sections of cable management systems shall be jointed to prevent ingress of gases,liquids, etc. Cable management systems shall be installed: To allow installation and removal of the cable without risk of damage to the cable Without sharp edges or corners that could damage the cabling installed within or upon them To enable the creation of fire barriers in accordance with local regulations Taking into account relevant external/environmental influences in particular: o Cable management systems shall be installed to ensure that water or other contaminant liquids cannot collect o Where required, sections of cable management systems shall be jointed to prevent ingress of gases, liquids, etc. 94

Good Installation Practices Minimum Installed Bend Radius: Minimum installed cable bend radius is specified by the manufacturer. If instructions do not exist then the following shall apply: 25 mm for 4-pair balanced cables with a diameter up to 6 mm 50 mm for 4-pair balanced cables with a diameter over 6 mm Bend Radius Excessive cable bends can alter the conductor positions and therefore the transmission characteristics of a cable. Minimum cable bend radius, particularly for fibre optic cables, is specified by the manufacturer. If instructions do not exist then the following shall apply: 25 mm for 4-pair balanced cables with a diameter up to 6 mm 50 mm for 4-pair balanced cables with a diameter over 6 mm These figures are from the ISO/IEC 11801:2002 standard. 95

Good Installation Practices Cable stacking height: For pathway systems that provide continuous support (e.g. cable trays), the stacking height shall not exceed 150 mm (6 inches). 150 mm maximum Cable Stacking Height For pathway systems that provide continuous support (e.g. cable trays), the stacking height shall not exceed 150 mm (6 inches). This rule is to avoid crushing the bottom cables by the weight of the rest of the cables on top. 96

Good Installation Practices Cable stress: When installing cables, cords or jumpers, appropriate techniques shall be applied to eliminate cable stress by Tension in suspended cable runs Tightly cinched cable bundles Cable Stress When installing cables, cords or jumpers, appropriate techniques shall be applied to eliminate cable stress by Tension in suspended cable runs Tightly cinched cable bundles The cable should be supported by the cable tie but still be able to be moved back and forth inside the tie. Do not put any stress on the cable jacket 97

Good Installation Practices Cable supports: For pathway systems that provide non-continuous support: The maximum distance allowed between supporting elements of the pathway system is 1500 mm (5 ft) Cable Supports For pathway systems that provide non-continuous support, the maximum distance allowed between supporting elements of the pathway system is 1500 mm (5 ft). If the distance between supports is longer, the weight of the unsupported cable due to the catenary effect could distort the cables as they pass over the supports. Although 1500 mm maximum is specified, it is recommended not to space the supports greater than 1000 mm apart. 98

Good Installation Practices Cable stacking height For pathway systems that provide non-continuous support: The maximum stacking height shall be calculated according to the following formula h=150/(1+l x 0,0007) h Cable Stacking Height For pathway systems that provide non-continuous support, the maximum stacking height shall be calculated according to the following formula h=150/(1+l x 0,0007) Where h is the maximum stacking height and L is the distance between supports. For example, if the distance between the supports is the maximum 1500 mm, then the maximum stacking height would be calculated as follows. h=150/(1+1.05) h=73.17 mm 99

Good Installation Practices Cable stacking height Stacking height for typical distance L L mm H mm 0 150 100 140 150 136 250 128 500 111 750 98 1000 88 1500 73 To avoid having to make calculations, the table shows the stacking height for typical distances between supports. 100

Good Installation Practices Equipment Rack Clearance: The location of cabinets, frames and racks shall provide a minimum clearance of 1.2 metres on all faces where access is required 1.2 metre (4 feet))) minimum clearance 1.2 metre (4 feet)) minimum clearance 1.2 metre (4 feet)) minimum clearance Equipment Rack Clearance The location of cabinets, frames and racks shall provide a minimum clearance of 1.2 metres on all faces where access is required This separation distance usually equates to the width of two floor tiles and is needed to allow doors to be opened fully. If two rows of cabinets are installed face-to-face, it is not necessary to double the distance. 101

Equipment locations: Good Installation Practices Cabinets, frames and racks shall not be installed, 1) In toilet facilities and kitchens 2) In emergency escape ways 3) In ceiling or sub-floor spaces 4) Within cabinets or closure containing fire hose reels or other fire extinguishing equipment Equipment Location Cabinets, frames and racks shall not be installed, In toilet facilities and kitchens water contamination is very possible in these environments In emergency escape ways access to emergency escape ways must always be kept clear. A cabling technician working in such a location is a potential hazard In ceiling or sub-floor spaces the space afforded by these locations is usually very limited and access can be difficult and may disturb building occupants. Within cabinets or closure containing fire hose reels or other fire extinguishing equipment water contamination and the potential hazard posed by a cabling technician being present during an emergency situation make these locations no-go areas 102

Good Installation Practices Differentiation of Termination Fields Cables with different performance categories should be terminated in different terminating fields. Category 6 Category 6A Differentiation of Termination Fields Cables of differing performance categories should be terminated in different termination fields to avoid confusion and possible wiring mistakes. Bundles of Category 6 and 6A cables should definitely be kept apart to avoid alien crosstalk between the two cable types. 103

Good Installation Practices Mounting Connecting Hardware Connecting hardware like TOs shall be securely mounted at planned locations. Devices such as baluns and impedance matching adapters, if used, shall be external to the outlet. Mounting Connecting Hardware Connecting hardware like TOs shall be securely mounted at planned locations. This involves using proper screws or other appropriate fixing methods. Devices such as baluns and impedance matching adapters, if used, shall be external to the outlet. 104

Good Installation Practices Earthing (Grounding) and Bonding All earthing (grounding) and bonding shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant national or local codes and regulations. Normally, the shields are bonded to the equipment racks which are, in turn, bonded at a designated ground. 105

Good Installation Practices Cabling Practices To avoid stretching, pulling tension should not exceed 110N (25 1bf) for 4-pair cables. Cabling Practices To avoid stretching, pulling tension should not exceed 110N (25 1bf) for 4-pair cables. This is the equivalent to the weight of a full 305 metre box of UTP cable. Avoid stacking too many boxes or reels when pulling multiple cables as this may lead to unexpectedly high pulling tensions. 106

Good Installation Practices Conductor termination The connecting hardware used for balanced cabling shall be installed to provide minimal signal impairment by preserving wire pair twists and conductor separation as closely as possible to the point of mechanical termination (by not changing the original twist). In addition only a minimum of the cable sheath shall be removed in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. Conductor Termination The connecting hardware used for balanced cabling shall be installed to provide minimal signal impairment by preserving wire pair twists and conductor separation as closely as possible to the point of mechanical termination (by not changing the original twist). The most a cable pair will require untwisting is 180 degrees to ensure that the correct colour conductors fit into the corresponding wire slots. In addition only a minimum of the cable sheath shall be removed in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. This is to avoid having long lengths of uncovered conductor pairs causing crosstalk and return loss problems. 107

Good Installation Practices Cable Termination Pin/pair assignments shall be either the T568A or T568B configuration as specified in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 T568A T568B Pin/Pair Assignment Pin/pair assignments shall be either the T568A or T568B configuration as specified in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-C.1 Colour-coded labels on the jacks and patch panels show the correct wire positions for each scheme. 108

Cable Termination Care is needed to ensure that pairs are terminated consistently at the Telecommunications Outlet and Floor Distributor. T568A T568B T568A Good Installation Practices T568A T568B T568B Care is needed to ensure that pairs are terminated consistently at the Telecommunications Outlet and Floor Distributor. All conductors must be terminated straight through without transposition of pairs. This is achieved by ensuring that the same colour code is followed at all termination points. 109

Good Installation Practices Pin/Pair Configuration For Crossover: Use a crossover cable to connect units with identical interfaces. If a transposition is needed in order to connect two units with identical interfaces, for example two computers, then a cross-over patch cord must be used at one end. 110

Good Installation Practices Instruction Guide: To ensure initial and continuing performance of the cabling system follow product installation guide which comes with the Giganet products. Instruction Guides To ensure initial and continuing performance of the cabling system and eligibility for the Giganet performance warranty follow the product installation guide that comes with each Giganet product. Installation videos are also available at the Giganet web site www.giga-net.co.uk 111

Administration Identifiers: Every component related to cabling as well as pathways and spaces should have an identifier. As an example an identifier for a telecommunications outlet (TO) may be a single unique number. Alternatively an identifier may indicate through a code its location, type and other information. Administration Identifiers Every component related to cabling as well as pathways and spaces should have an identifier. As an example an identifier for a telecommunications outlet (TO) may be a single unique number. Alternatively an identifier may indicate through a code its location, type and other information. 112

Administration Labels: Cables shall be labelled with their unique identifiers at every point of termination, including joints/splices Cabinets, racks and frames shall be labelled with their unique identifiers Telecommunications spaces (TR, ER, EF) shall be labelled with their unique identifiers Labels shall be permanently fixed and be resistant to the environmental conditions at the point of installation (such as moisture, heat and UV radiation) Labels shall have a design life equal to or greater than the labelled component Labels Cables shall be labelled with their unique identifiers at every point of termination, including joints/splices Cabinets, racks and frames shall be labelled with their unique identifiers Telecommunications spaces (TR, ER, EF) shall be labelled with their unique identifiers Labels shall be permanently fixed and be resistant to the environmental conditions at the point of installation (such as moisture, heat and UV radiation) Labels shall have a design life equal to or greater than the labelled component 113

Administration Records: The following minimum records regarding cabling infrastructure shall be provided: for cables: locations of end points, type, number, pairs; for outlets: identifier, type, location; for distributors: identifier, designation, type, location, connections; the floor plan including the locations of the outlets, distributors, pathways. Records The following minimum records regarding cabling infrastructure shall be provided: for cables: locations of end points, type, number, pairs; for outlets: identifier, type, location; for distributors: identifier, designation, type, location, connections; the floor plan including the locations of the outlets, distributors, pathways. 114

Testing Balance Pair Testing: Proper testing includes: a) Physical inspection of installed cable and terminations b) Use continuity tester for checking the continuity of the cable i.e. wire map, miss-wire, etc c) Ensure transmission by actual testing with an up-to-date diagnostic tester using the latest software revision d) Documentation of actual test results. Testing Proper testing includes: 1. Physical inspection of installed cable and terminations 2. Use continuity tester for checking the continuity of the cable i.e. wire map, miss-wire, etc 3. Ensure transmission by actual testing with an up-to-date diagnostic tester using the latest software revision 4. Documentation of actual test results. 115

Testing To qualify for warranty cabling shall be tested using a performance tester capable of testing to the latest TIA and ISO/IEC standards and performance parameters. To qualify for warranty certification you need to test your cabling using a performance tester capable of testing to the latest TIA and ISO/IEC standards and performance parameters. 116

Testing For performance verification, either a Permanent Link test or Channel test Is acceptable For performance verification, either a Permanent Link test or Channel test is acceptable. The Permanent Link test is more common as this tests the installed cabling before the patch and equipment cords have been connected. Channel tests are usually used as part of a trouble-shooting routine but can be accepted provided Giganet approved patch and equipment cords are used. 117

Permanent Link Test The Permanent Link is the transmission path between the Telecommunications Outlet and the Floor Distributor. It does not include the work area cords, equipment cords, patch cords or jumpers but includes the connection at each end. Telecommunications Outlet (including MUTO) Consolidation Point Horizontal Cable Floor Distributor Consolidation Point Cable End of Permanent Link Start of Permanent Link Permanent Link Test The Permanent Link is the transmission path between the Telecommunications Outlet and the Floor Distributor. It does not include the work area cords, equipment cords, patch cords or jumpers but includes the connection at each end. The Permanent Link test is usually carried out using special cords known as Link Interface Adapters although some test equipment is available that uses standard patch cords. The test includes all the cable and connector interfaces in the Permanent Link but does not include the performance of the test leads past the plugto-jack interfaces at each end. 118

Channel Test Work area cords and equipment cords are included in the Channel but not the connecting hardware into the application specific device. Telecommunications Outlet Consolidation Point Horizontal Cable Floor Distributor Work Area Cable Consolidation Point Cable End of Channel Test Equipment Cable Start of Channel Test Patch Cord or Jumper Channel Test Channel tests are carried out using equipment cables at each end as the interface with the test equipment. These cords are connected to the test equipment via special channel adapters. The test includes all the cables and connectors comprising the channel but does not include the interface between the equipment cord plugs and the channel adapters. 119

Balanced Cabling Testing The following are Field Test Parameters of the balanced cabling which are tested: Wire map Attenuation/insertion loss NEXT PSNEXT ACR PSACR Return Loss FEXT ACR-F PSACR-F Propagation Delay Delay Skew Test Parameters The required test functions are Wire map Attenuation/insertion loss NEXT PSNEXT ACR PSACR Return Loss FEXT ELFEXT PSELFEXT Propagation Delay Delay Skew 120

Balanced Cabling Testing Wire Map This test is to ensure that the two ends have been terminated pin for pin, i.e. that pin 1 at the patch panel goes to pin 1 at the outlet, pin 2 goes to pin 2 etc. Also checks for continuity, shorts, crossed pairs, reversed pairs and split pairs. Wire Map The Wire Map test is to ensure that the two ends have been terminated pin for pin, i.e. that pin 1 at the patch panel goes to pin 1 at the outlet, pin 2 goes to pin 2 etc. The test also checks for continuity, short circuits, crossed pairs, reversed pairs and split pairs. A split pair is probably the only thing that requires an explanation here, as they are undetectable with a simple continuity tester, this is because pin for pin they seem to be correct. Balanced Twisted-pair operation requires that the signal is transmitted over a pair of wires that are twisted together, with a 'split pair' the signal would be split between two different pairs. 121