CONTENTS VOLUME IV Tropical Botany: A Brief Introduction 1 F.R. Scarano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, IB, Depto. Ecologia, Brasil Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Brasil U. Lüttge, Darmstadt University of Technology, Botany Institute, Darmstadt, Germany 2. Choosing chapters 3. How did tropical botany get here? 4. Postmodern botany Flooded Forests 8 F.R. Scarano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, IB, Depto. Ecologia, Brasil Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Brasil 2. Plant Survival under Oxygen Stress 2.1. Overview 2.2. Metabolic Mechanisms 2.3. Morpho-Physiological Mechanisms 2.4. Ecological Mechanisms 3. Tropical Flooded Forests 3.1. Amazon Flooded Forests 3.2. Swamp Forests 3.3. Cross-Comparing Amazon Flooded Forests with Tropical Swamps 3.3.1. Diversity and Biogeography 3.3.2. Flood-tolerance 3.3.3. Seed and Seedling Ecology 4. Conservation and Restoration of Tropical Flooded Forests 4.1. Conservation Status and International Initiatives 4.2. Conservation and Restoration: Tropical Case Studies 5. Conclusion Aquatic Macrophytes in the Tropics: Ecology of Populations and Communities, Impacts of Invasions and Use by Man 27 S. M. Thomaz, Department of Biology/Nupelia, Maringa State University, Parana, 87020-900, Brazil F. A. Esteves, Department of Ecology/Nupem, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil K. J. Murphy, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK A. M. dos Santos, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil A. Caliman, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil R. D. Guariento, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2. General Features of Macrophytes 2.1. Evolution 2.2. Main Adaptations to Life in Water 3. Importance of Macrophytes for Ecosystem Structure and Functioning 4. Macrophytes in Populations 5. Macrophyte Communities 5.1. The Organization of Macrophyte Assemblages i
5.2. Factors Affecting Assemblage Composition 5.3. Biodiversity and Endemism 6. Macrophytes as Weeds 7. Potential Use of Water Macrophytes 7.1. Cultural and Economic Use 7.2. Water Gardening 7.3. Medical Use 7.4. Source of Food 7.5. Eutrophication and Pollution Control Inselbergs: Vegetation, Diversity And Ecology 61 Manfred Kluge, Institute of Botany, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany Burkhard Bdel, Plant Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany 2. Geomorphologic Genesis and Physiognomy 3. Inselberg Habitats 3.1. Exposed Rock Surfaces 3.2. Fissures and Cracks 3.3. Rock Depressions 3.4. Ephemeral Flush Vegetation 3.5. Vegetation Mats 3.6. Savanna and Forest Vegetation Islands 4. Physiognomy of the Vegetation 4.1. Cryptogams 4.2. Vascular Plants 5. Environmental Factors as Ecophysiological Stressors 5.1. The Concept of Stress Avoidance and Tolerance 5.2. Adaptation of Vascular Plants and Cryptogams to Scarcity and excess of Water 5.2.1. Extremes in Water Relations: a Challenge for Cryptogams 5.2.2. Drought and Desiccation Tolerance of Vascular Plants 5.2.3. Desiccation Avoidance 5.2.3.1. Structural Avoidance Mechanisms: Xeromorphism 5.2.3.2. A Metabolic Avoidance Mechanism: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). 5.3. Adaptation to High Irradiance and Temperatures 5.4. Deficiency of Mineral Nutrients: Carnivorous Plants and Biological N 2 -Fixation by Cyanobacteria 6. Inselbergs and Man Moist Tropical Forests: Structure, Function And Management 100 U. Lttge, Institute of Botany, Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Germany 2. Types of Tropical Forests 2.1. The Horizontal Structure 2.2. The Vertical Structure 2.3. Gap Successions 3. The Structure of Moist Tropical Forests 3.1. The Horizontal Structure 3.2. The Vertical Structure 3.3. Gap Successions 4. Sun- and Shade-Plant Physiotypes 5. Light Stress 6. Chlorophyll Fluorescence 7. Light-Fleck Dynamics on the Forest Floor ii
8. Drought in Moist Tropical Forests 9. The Pressure on Tropical Forests 9.1. Current Destruction 9.2. Relinquished Values 9.3. Sustained Management 10. Conclusion and Outlook Neotropical Mangroves 132 L.D. de Lacerda, Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil 1. Mangroves extension and distribution in the world 2. Mangrove flora and the origin of the Neotropical mangroves 3. Mangrove associated fauna 4. Ecology 5. Mangrove products and services 6. Environmental impacts on mangroves 7. Conclusion Tropical Artificial Forests 153 D.J. Capossoli, J.B.B. Sansevero, M.L. Garbin, F.R. Scarano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, IB, Depto. Ecologia, Brasil,Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Cientfica, Brasil 2. Concepts, Definitions and Purposes 3. Historical Aspects 4. Quantitative Data 5. Criticisms and Ways to Increase Sustainability of Planted Forests 6. Case Studies in the Tropics 6.1. Productive Plantations 6.2. The Use of Multiple Native Tree Plantations for Restoring a Conservation Unit in Brazil 6.3. Pure and Mixed Plantation at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica 6.4. Forest Restoration of Bauxite-Mined Sites in Central Amazon, Brazil 6.5. The Application of Different Plantation Styles to Deforested Areas in Queensland, Australia 6.6. Regeneration of Native Tree Species under Eucalyptus Plantations in Southeastern Brazil 7. Conclusion Sandy Coastal Vegetation 173 D.S.D. Araujo, Department of Ecology, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Brazil M.C.A. Pereira, Herbarium, Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Brazil 2. Landforms in Coastal Areas 3. Vegetation Types and Community Structure 3.1. Beach Communities 3.2. Open Scrub Vegetation 3.3. Coastal Plain Forests 3.4. Dune Field Vegetation 4. Life forms 5. Species Diversity and Geography 5.1. Species Richness 5.2. Geographic Distribution 6. Conservation iii
Marine Algae and Plants 190 M. A. O. Figueiredo, Programa Zona Costeira, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil J. C. Creed, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2. Macroalgae and Seagrass Diversity 3. Species and their Environment 4. Marine Plant Communities Rain Forests:Floristics 203 F. Z. Saiter, Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos, Espírito Santo, Brazil T. Wendt, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil D. M. Villela, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil M. T. Nascimento, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2. Global Distribution and Main Features of Tropical Rain Forests 2.1. The Neotropical Rain Forest 2.2. The African Rain Forest 2.3. The Indo-Malayan and Australian Rain Forest 3. Floristic Patterns 4. Biodiversity 4.1. Tropical Rain Forests are generally Rich in Species and Endemism 4.2. The Diversity in Local Scale 4.3. Diversity as a Result of Latitudinal Gradients 4.4. The Paradox of the Monodominant Forests 5. Tropical Rain Forests are Dynamic 6. Nutrient Cycling 6.1. An Overview 6.2. Environmental Conditions Which Drive Nutrient Cycling in the Rain Forests 6.3. Floristic Composition, Diversity, Nutrient Cycling and Rain Forest Management 7. Conclusion and Outlook Epiphytes 229 Fernanda Reinert, Talita Fontoura, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Departamento de Botanica Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bahia, Brazil. 2. Geographic, regional, and point scales 3. Photosynthesis 4. Water relations 5. Mineral nutrition 6. Lichens 7. Ferns 8. Orchids 9. Bromeliads 10. Habitat modification: the forest loss 11. Conclusion Cerrado 260 Augusto Cesar Franco, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil Mundayatan Haridasan, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil iv
2. Vegetation 2.1. Vegetation Forms 2.2. Floristic Composition 3. Climate and Soil as Determinants of Cerrado Vegetation 4. Ecosystem Functioning 5. Seedling Establishment, Growth and Productivity of Native Plants 5.1. Woody Plants 5.2. Grasses and Herbs 6. Fire as A Determinant of Ecosystem Functioning 7. Anthropogenic Impacts, Biodiversity Threats and Global Change 8. Conclusion Symbiotic Bacteria and Fungi 286 E.K. James and M. Fomina, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK S.M. de Faria, EMBRAPA-Agrobiologia, km 47, Seropédica, 23851-970, RJ, Brazil 2. Nitrogen-fixing Legumes and their Symbionts 3. Infection of Legumes by Rhizobia 4. Other Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms 5. The Role of Nitrogen Fixation in the Nitrogen Cycle 6. Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Phosphorus Cycle 7. Use of Symbiotic Fungi and Bacteria in Bioremediation 8. Conclusion Index 311 About EOLSS 315 v