Workshop TOWARDS CLEAN AIR FOR EUROPE: A CHALLENGE Siracusa, 9-11 november 25 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN ITALY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Mario C. Cirillo and Silvia Brini APAT (Italian National Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services)
DRIVING FORCES
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES IN ITALY 8% Mtoe 25 7% 6% 2 5% 4% 3% 15 1 toe % oil % gas % solid fuel % other energy input (Mtoe) 2% 1% 5 % 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 22 23 APAT elaboration based on ENEA (24) Energy and Environment Report
ENERGY FINAL USES IN ITALY Mtoe 4% 16 35% 14 3% 12 25% 2% 15% 1 8 6 % domestic & al. % transport % industry % other final energy (Mtoe) 1% 4 5% 2 % 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 22 23 APAT elaboration based on ENEA (24) Energy and Environment Report
PRESSURES
THE PAST The 1988 Italian National Energy Plan
reference year NATIONAL INVENTORY (APAT) 1263 752 (actual: 172) (actual: 185) Source: Italian Energy Plan, 1988
22 23 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 ANTHROPOGENIC SOx EMISSIONS IN ITALY other transport domestic & al. industry power plants kton 198 1981 1982 1983 Source: APAT
25 2 15 1 5 NOx EMISSIONS IN ITALY other domestic & al. industry power plants transport 21 22 23 2 1999 1998 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1985 1984 kton 198 1981 1982 1983 Source: APAT
25 2 15 1 5 ANTHROPOGENIC COVNM EMISSIONS IN ITALY other domestic & al. agriculture industry transport 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 kton 198 1981 1982 1983 Source: APAT
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CO EMISSIONS IN ITALY other transport 2 21 22 23 1999 1998 1997 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1985 1984 kton 198 1981 1982 1983 Source: APAT
45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 NH 3 EMISSIONS IN ITALY other transport agriculture 2 21 22 23 1999 1998 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1986 1985 1984 kton 198 1981 1982 1983 Source: APAT
Pb EMISSIONS IN ITALY 5 45 4 35 3 kton 25 2 other transport 15 1 5 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Source: APAT
C 6 H 6 EMISSIONS IN ITALY 5 45 4 35 3 kton 25 2 other transport 15 1 5 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Source: APAT
PM 1 EMISSIONS IN ITALY 25 2 kton 15 1 agriculture & forestry domestic & al. power plants industry transport 5 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Source: APAT
driving forces versus pressures decoupling?
Overall emission trends in Italy, 199-23 12 1 8 6 4 TPES SO2 NOx NM VOC CO PM 1 NH3 Benzene GHG 2 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Source: APAT
TRAFFIC AND AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ITALY (BASE YEAR 199 = 1) 16 14 12 1 8 6 Car traffic Truck traffic NOx emissions NMVOC emissions PM1 emissions 4 2 199 1995 2 21 22 Source: APAT
TRAFFIC AND GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS IN ITALY (BASE YEAR 199 = 1) 14 135 13 125 12 Car traffic Truck traffic Greenhouse emissions 115 11 15 1 199 1995 2 21 22 Source: APAT
International and inter-ue comparison
PRODUCED WEALTH PER UNIT PRIMARY ENERGY 1 9 Canada Stati Uniti Francia Germania Gran Bretagna Italia Giappone Russia Brasile Cina India Messico 8 United Kingdom GDP (1 3 $)/ primary energy (toe) 7 6 5 4 3 France Italy Japan Germany India United States Brazil 2 1 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Canada Mexico China Russia APAT elaboration based on ENERDATA and IMF data
AIR EMISSIONS PER UNIT PRIMARY ENERGY 22 3, 25, Gg/Mtoe 2, 15, 1, France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom UE15 5,, SO2 NOx CO NMVOC
6, 5, 199 Gg/Mtoe 4, 3, 2, France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom UE15 1,, 6, 5, SO2 NOx CO NMVOC 22 AIR EMISSIONS PER UNIT PRIMARY ENERGY 4, Gg/Mtoe 3, 2, France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom UE15 1,, SO2 NOx CO NMVOC
Past challenges
1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 1996 Torino Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) annual average 6 5 4 3 µg/m3 2 1 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 TO - Consolata TO - P.Rebaudengo Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
Milano 1957 1958 1959 196 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 197 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 µg/m 3 Annual SO 2 concentration Juvara 52 48 44 4 36 32 28 24 2 16 12 8 4 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
SO 2 EMISSIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY 12 1 8 6 4 2 SO 2 national emission SO 2 conc TO Consolata SO 2 conc TO Rebaudengo SO 2 conc MI Juvara 23 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
2 21 22 23 24 Torino Carbon monoxide (CO) annual concentration 14, 12, 1, 8, mg/m 3 6, 4, 2,, 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 TO - Consolata TO - Rebaudengo TO-Lingotto Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
Annual CO concentration - Milano - Marche 8 6 4 2 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
CO EMISSIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY 12 1 8 6 4 2 CO national emission CO conc TO Consolata CO conc TO Rebaudengo 23 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
benzene and lead past challenges (with few exceptions)
Present (and past) challenges
24 Torino annual NO2 concentrations 16 14 12 1 8 µg/m 3 6 4 2 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 anno TO-Consolata TO-Rebaudengo TO-Lingotto MEDIA Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
2 21 22 23 24 1999 1998 14 annual NO2 concentrations Milano - Juvara 12 1 8 6 4 2 198 1981 1983 1985 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
Torino Ozone annual average 1 9 8 7 µg/m 3 6 5 4 3 2 1 1993 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Alpignano Borgaro Druento Orbassano TO Lingotto Pino Torinese (staz. in quota 619 m ) Vinovo Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
APAT
21 22 23 24 Torino Total PM annual average 45 4 35 3 25 2 µg/m 3 15 1 5 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 TO - Rebaudengo TO - Consolata TO-Grassi Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
1999 2 21 22 23 Milano Total PM annual concentration - Juvara e Liguria 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1977 1978 1979 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
PM CONCENTRATIONS AND EMISSION OF PRIMARY PM AND ITS PRECURS 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 PM national emiss NOx national emiss SOx national emiss VOC national emiss PM conc TO Consolata annual average PM conc TO Rebaudengo annual average PM conc MI Juvara/Liguria annual average
annual PM1 concentration Milano - Juvara 6 5 4 3 2 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
FIRENZE air quality (red line indicates 25 limit value) (in parenthesis the number of monitoring stations for each year) PM 1 : MAX - min of annual concentration 1 9 (7) (1) 8 7 6 (1) (9) (1) (9) (6) (1) (16) (16) µg/m 3 5 4 (12) 3 2 1 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 PM 1 : MAX - min exceedings of daily limit value 3 25 (7) (1) (1) n. of days 2 15 1 (9) (8) (9) (5) (9) (12) (16) (16) 5 APAT elaboration of data from Toscana Regional Environment Agency 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23
PM1 in Italy: daily versus annual concentrations 23 24 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
Future challenges
PM 2,5 ANNUAL AIR CONCENTRATION IN ITALY TOWN MONITORING STATION 21 22 23 24 MILANO Zavattari 33 34 25 MILANO Via Messina 42 43 51 COMO Como Centro 23 23 BRESCIA Cantore 21 ASTI Buttigliera d'asti 3 BOLZANO Piazza Verdi 16 BOLZANO Via C. Augusta 19 17 TRENTO Largo Porta Nuova 26 LIVORNO Viale Carducci 25 FIRENZE Giardino di Boboli 23 17 FIRENZE Viale Bassi 21 15 FIRENZE Viale Gramsci 29 23 FIRENZE Viale Rosselli 5 51 FIRENZE Via Ponte alle Mosse 18 27 2 3 MONTELUPO Montelupo F.no - Pratelle 26 24 25 21 Source: CNEIA, Italian Ministry of the Environment
responses
At local level: REGIONAL PLANS AND PROGRAMMES At national level: CNEIA (National Commision for Air Pollution Emergency), set up by the Ministry of the Environment on February, 25