Illustrations Plates 1 Surgical virtual environment showing virtual surgical instruments, 3-D guidance information, surgeon s tremor power spectrum and patient s vital signs. From Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25 (1995). 2 Stress contours calculated on an incised human cornea during a radial keratotomy simulation. From Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25 (1995). 3 François Desportes, Silver Tureen with Peaches, n.d. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum. 4 Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, The Copper Fountain, n.d. Paris, Musée du Louvre. 5 Jacob van Ruisdael, Landscape near Muiderberg, ca. 1652. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum.
viii 6 Jacques-Louis David, Belisarius Begging for Alms, 1781. Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts. 7 Jacques-Louis David with François-Xavier Fabre or Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, Replica of Belisarius Begging for Alms, 1784. Paris, Musée du Louvre. 8 Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1784. Paris, Musée du Louvre. Figures 1 Surgical virtual environment showing virtual surgical instruments, 3-D guidance information, surgeon s tremor power spectrum and patient s vital signs. From Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25 (1995). 2 / plate 1 2 Stress contours calculated on an incised human cornea during a radial keratotomy simulation. From Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25 (1995). 3 / plate 2 3 Chirurgie, pl. XXIV. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 3. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 4 4 Anatomie, pl. IX. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 15 5 François Desportes, Silver Tureen with Peaches, n.d. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum. 20 / plate 3 6 Patissier, Tour à Pâte, Bassines, Mortier, &c, pl. I. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 8. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 22 7 Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, The Copper Fountain, n.d. Paris, Musée du Louvre. 24 / plate 4
ix 8 Anatomie, pl. Seconde IV. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 30 9 Dessein, Jambes et Pieds, pl. XIII. From Diderot and Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 31 10 Dessein, Mains, pl. XII. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 3. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 32 11 Agriculture, Labourage, pl. I. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 36 12 Jacob van Ruisdael, Landscape near Muiderberg, ca. 1652. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. 37 / plate 5 13 Agriculture, Labourage, pl. II. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 39 14 Agriculture, Labourage, pl. III. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 40 15 Agriculture, Labourage, pl. IV. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 41 16 Chasse, Venerie, Quête du Cerf, pl. I. From Diderot and Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 43 17 Chasse, Venerie, la Chasse par Force, pl. II. From Diderot and Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 44
x 18 Chasse, Venerie, la Curée, pl. III. From Diderot and Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 45 19 Art Militaire, Exercice, pl. III. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 48 20 Art Militaire, Evolutions, pl. VII. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 49 21 Art Militaire, Evolutions, pl. XIV. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 1. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 50 22 Histoire Naturelle, pl. XVI. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 6. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 57 23 Histoire Naturelle, Le Pou vu au Microscope, pl. LXXXIV. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 6. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 59 24 William Hogarth, Satire on False Perspective, 1754. Manchester, The Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester. 62 25 The Hydrostatic Balance to find the Specific Gravities of Fluid and Solid Bodies. From Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, vol 4 (1749). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. 65 26 Electrical Experiments by L Abbé Nolet, F.R.S. From Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, vol. 3 (1747). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. 66
xi 27 Gerves s Engine for raising Water. From Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, vol. 10 (1752). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. 67 28 Joseph Wright of Derby, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, 1768. London, The National Gallery. 90 29 Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, 1766. Derby, Derby Museum and Art Gallery. 91 30 Théatres, Salles de Spectacles, Plan au Rez de Chaussée de la Salle de Spectacles de la Comédie Françoise, pl. I. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 10. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 116 31 Théatres, Salles de Spectacles, Plan du premier Etage de la Salle de Spectacle de la Comédie Francoise, pl. II. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 10. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 117 32 Théatres, Salles de Spectacles, Plan du Théatre et des premieres Loges de la nouvelle Salle de l Opera exécutée au Palais Royal sur les Desseins de M ṛ Moreau Architecte du Roy et de la Ville, pl. II. From Diderot and d Alembert, Recueil des Planches, vol. 10. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 118 33 Jacques-Louis David, Belisarius Begging for Alms, 1781. Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts. 122 / plate 6 34 Jacques-Louis David with François-Xavier Fabre or Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, Replica of Belisarius Begging for Alms, 1784. Paris, Musée du Louvre. 123 / plate 7 35 Jacques-Louis David, Study for Belisarius Begging for Alms, 1779. Paris, École Polytechnique. 126 36 Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1784. Paris, Musée du Louvre. 129 / plate 8
xii 37 Jacques-Louis David, Drawing after the Torso Belvedere, 1784 85. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts Graphiques. 141 38 Jacques-Louis David, Drawing after the Torso Belvedere, 1784 85. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts Graphiques. 142 39 Jacques-Louis David, Drawing after an écorché, possibly by Houdon, 1784 85. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts Graphiques. 143 40 Jacques-Louis David, Drawing for the left foot of Horace and after the right leg of Houdon s écorché, 1784 85. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts Graphiques. 144 41 Jacques-Louis David, Drawing of a left leg, 1784 85. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts Graphiques. 145 42 Géométrie descriptive, pl. I. From Gaspard Monge, Géometrie descriptive, 1799. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. 157 43 Adolphe Quetelet, Statistical Table. From Recherches sur la population, les naissances, les décès, les prisons, les dépôts de mendicité... dans le royaume des Pays-Bas, 1827, page 7. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 165 44 Adolphe Quetelet, Statistical Graph. From Recherches sur la population, les naissances, les décès, les prisons, les dépôts de mendicité... dans le royaume des Pays-Bas, 1827, foldout page 90. Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. 166 45 Étienne-Jules Marey, The Successive Phases in the Motion of a Man Running. From Scientific American, vol. 47 (9 September 1882). Stanford University Libraries. 203