PRIMATES IN PERIL The Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates 2012 2014 Russell A. Mittermeier, Christph Schwitzer, Anthny B. Rylands, Lucy A. Taylr, Federica Chizza, Elizabeth A. Williamsn and Janette Wallis Illustratins by Stephen D. Nash 2012
Published by: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Grup (PSG) Internatinal Primatlgical Sciety (IPS) Cnservatin Internatinal (CI) Bristl Cnservatin and Science Fundatin (BCSF) Cpyright: 2012 Bristl Cnservatin and Science Fundatin All rights reserved. N part f this reprt may be reprduced in any frm r by any means withut permissin in writing frm the publisher. Inquiries t the publisher shuld be directed t the fllwing address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Grup, Cnservatin Internatinal, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlingtn, VA 22202, USA Citatin: Russell A. Mittermeier, Christph Schwitzer, Anthny B. Rylands, Lucy A. Taylr, Federica Chizza, Elizabeth A. Williamsn and Janette Wallis (eds.). 2012. Primates in Peril: The Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates 2012 2014. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Grup (PSG), Internatinal Primatlgical Sciety (IPS), Cnservatin Internatinal (CI), and Bristl Cnservatin and Science Fundatin, Bristl, UK. 40pp. Illustratins: Stephen D. Nash, Cnservatin Internatinal, Arlingtn, VA, and Department f Anatmical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University f New Yrk at Stny Brk, NY, USA Available frm: Anthny B. Rylands, Cnservatin Internatinal, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlingtn, VA 22202, USA e-mail: a.rylands@cnservatin.rg; website: http://www.primate-sg.rg Frnt cver phts (clckwise frm tp left): Madame Berthe s muse lemur (Micrcebus berthae) Jhn R. Zanarivel Tnkin snub-nsed mnkey (Rhinpithecus avunculus) Til Nadler Nrthern brwn hwler mnkey (Aluatta guariba guariba) Jhn J. Tschirky Rlway mnkey (Cercpithecus rlway) West African Primate Cnservatin Actin (WAPCA) Back cver pht: Glden-headed langur r Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus plicephalus plicephalus) Til Nadler
Cntents Acknwledgements... ii The Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates: 2012 2014... 1 Africa... 4 Rnd dwarf galag (Galagides rndensis)... 5 Rlway mnkey (Cercpithecus rlway)... 6 Bik red clbus (Piliclbus pennantii pennantii)... 7 Tana River red clbus (Piliclbus rufmitratus)... 8 Grauer s grilla (Grilla beringei graueri)... 9 Madagascar...10 Madame Berthe s muse lemur (Micrcebus berthae)...11 Sclater s black lemur r Blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrns)...12 Red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra)...13 Nrthern sprtive lemur (Lepilemur septentrinalis)...14 Silky sifaka (Prpithecus candidus)...15 Indri (Indri indri)...16 Asia...17 Pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus)...18 Javan slw lris (Nycticebus javanicus)...19 Simakbu r Pig-tailed snub-nsed langur (Nasalis cnclr)...20 Delacur s langur (Trachypithecus delacuri)...21 Glden-headed langur r Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus plicephalus plicephalus)...22 Western purple-faced langur (Semnpithecus vetulus nestr)...23 Grey-shanked duc mnkey (Pygathrix cinerea)...24 Tnkin snub-nsed mnkey (Rhinpithecus avunculus)...25 Ca-Vit r Eastern black-crested gibbn (Nmascus nasutus)...26 Netrpics...27 Variegated r Brwn spider mnkey (Ateles hybridus)...28 Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider mnkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps)...29 Ka apr capuchin mnkey (Cebus kaapri)...30 San Martín titi mnkey (Callicebus enanthe)...31 Nrthern brwn hwler mnkey (Aluatta guariba guariba)...32 References...33 Editrs addresses...39 i
Acknwledgements The 2012 2014 editin f the Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates is, fr the secnd time, presented in the frm f species fact sheets. Fr this editin, we have summarized and updated the species prfiles frm the 2008 2010 and 2010 2012 editins f the Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates fr thse species remaining n the list, and added additinal prfiles fr the new species. We wuld like t thank all f the cntributing authrs t the 2008 2010 versin fr their wrk, which frms the basis f the fact sheets in the new editin. Each prfile frm the 2008 2010 editin is cited n the fact sheets: Simn K. Bearder, Thmas M. Butynski, Liliana Crtés Ortiz, Dng Thanh Hai, Jörg U. Ganzhrn, Ha Thang Lng, Paul E. Hness, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Le Khac Quyet, Andrés Link, Karmele Llan Sanchez, Lng Yngcheng, David N. M. Mbra, W. Sctt McGraw, Pierre Missn, Alba Lucia Mrales-Jiménez, Til Nadler, K. Anne-Isla Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, Jhn F. Oates, Lisa M. Paciulli, Erwin Palacis, Erik R. Patel, Andrew Perkin, Phan Duy Thuc, Clément J. Rabarivla, Martina Raffel, Guy H. Randriatahina, Iary B. Ravarimanana, Christian Rs, Rasanayagam Rudran, Yves Rumpler, Daniela Schrudde, Nra Schwitzer, James S. Thrn, Bernard Urbani, Sylviane N. M. Vlampen, Janette Wallis, Ananda Wanasinghe, Kanchana Weerakn, Indah Winarti and Alphnse Zaramdy. We wuld als like t express ur thanks fr the additinal cntributins by Stuart Nixn, n Grauer s grilla, and Rss Fuller, fr help with literature accumulatin and prf reading. ii
The Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates: 2012 2014 Here we reprt the seventh iteratin f the biennial listing f a cnsensus f the 25 primate species cnsidered t be amng the mst endangered wrldwide and the mst in need f cnservatin measures. The 2012 2014 list was drawn up during an pen meeting held during the XXIV Cngress f the Internatinal Primatlgical Sciety (IPS), Cancún, 14 August 2012. It is a jint effrt by the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Grup, the Internatinal Primatlgical Sciety, Cnservatin Internatinal, and the Bristl Cnservatin and Science Fundatin. The 2012 2014 list f the wrld s 25 mst endangered primates has five species frm Africa, six frm Madagascar, nine frm Asia, and five frm the Netrpics (Table 1). In terms f individual cuntries, Madagascar tps the list with six species. Vietnam has five, Indnesia three, Brazil tw, and China, Clmbia, Côte d Ivire, the Demcratic Republic f Cng, Ecuadr, Equatrial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Venezuela each have ne. The changes made in this list cmpared t the previus iteratin (2010 2012) were nt because the situatin f the nine species that were drpped (Table 2) has imprved. In sme cases, such as, fr example, Varecia variegata, the situatin has in fact wrsened. By making these changes we intend rather t highlight ther, clsely related species enduring equally bleak prspects fr their future survival. An exceptin may be the greater bamb lemur, Prlemur simus, fr which recent studies have cnfirmed a cnsiderably larger distributin range and larger estimated ppulatin size than previusly assumed. The severe threats t this species in eastern Madagascar remain, thugh. Table 1. The Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates 2012 2014 Africa Galagides rndensis Rnd dwarf galag Tanzania Cercpithecus rlway Rlway mnkey Côte d Ivire, Ghana Piliclbus pennantii Bik red clbus Equatrial Guinea (Bik Is.) pennantii Piliclbus rufmitratus Tana River red clbus Kenya Grilla beringei graueri Grauer s grilla DRC Madagascar Micrcebus berthae Madame Berthe s muse lemur Madagascar Eulemur flavifrns Sclater s black lemur Madagascar Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar Lepilemur septentrinalis Nrthern sprtive lemur Madagascar Prpithecus candidus Silky sifaka Madagascar Indri indri Indri Madagascar Asia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indnesia (Sulawesi) Nycticebus javanicus Javan slw lris Indnesia (Java) Nasalis cnclr Pig-tailed langur Indnesia (Mentawai Is.) Trachypithecus delacuri Delacur s langur Vietnam Trachypithecus plicephalus Glden-headed r Cat Ba langur Vietnam Semnpithecus vetulus nestr Western purple-faced langur Sri Lanka Pygathrix cinerea Grey-shanked duc mnkey Vietnam Rhinpithecus avunculus Tnkin snub-nsed mnkey Vietnam Nmascus nasutus Ca-Vit r Eastern black-crested China, Vietnam gibbn Netrpics Ateles hybridus Variegated spider mnkey Clmbia, Venezuela Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider Ecuadr mnkey Cebus kaapri Ka apr capuchin mnkey Brazil Callicebus enanthe San Martín titi mnkey Peru Aluatta guariba guariba Nrthern brwn hwler mnkey Brazil 1
Nine primate species were added t the 2012 2014 list (Table 3). Seven f them were placed n the list f the wrld s 25 mst endangered primates fr the first time. The Tana River red clbus and the Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider mnkey had already been n previus iteratins f the list, but were subsequently remved in favr f ther highly threatened species f the same genera. The 2012 2014 list nw cntains tw members each f these genera, thus particularly highlighting the severe threats they are facing. During the discussin f the 2012 2014 list at the XXIV Cngress f IPS in Cancún in 2012, a number f ther highly threatened primate species were cnsidered fr inclusin (Table 4). Fr all f these, the situatin in the wild is as precarius as it is fr thse species that finally made it n the list. Table 2. Primate species included n the 2010 2012 list that were remved frm the 2012 2014 list. Africa Piliclbus epieni Niger Delta red clbus Nigeria Madagascar Prlemur simus Greater bamb lemur Madagascar Varecia variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur Madagascar Asia Tarsius tumpara Siau Island tarsier Indnesia (Siau Is.) Macaca silenus Lin-tailed macaque India Png pygmaeus pygmaeus Nrthwest Brnean rangutan Indnesia (West Kalimantan, Brne), Malaysia (Sarawak) Netrpics Cebus flavius Blnd capuchin mnkey Brazil Callicebus barbarabrwnae Barbara Brwn s titi mnkey Brazil Orenax flavicauda Peruvian yellw-tailed wlly mnkey Peru Table 3. Primate species that were added t the 2012 2014 list. The Tana River red clbus and the Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider mnkey were added t the list after previusly being remved, and the ther seven species are new t the list. Africa Piliclbus rufmitratus Tana River red clbus Kenya Madagascar Micrcebus berthae Madame Berthe s muse lemur Madagascar Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar Indri indri Indri Madagascar Asia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indnesia (Sulawesi) Netrpics Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider Ecuadr mnkey Cebus kaapri Ka apr capuchin mnkey Brazil Callicebus enanthe San Martin titi mnkey Peru Aluatta guariba guariba Nrthern brwn hwler mnkey Brazil 2
Table 4. Primate species cnsidered during the discussin f the 2012 2014 list at the IPS Cngress in Cancun that did nt make it nt the list, but are equally highly threatened. Africa Piliclbus preussi Preuss's red clbus Camern, Nigeria Grilla grilla diehli Crss River grilla Nigeria, Camern Pan trgldytes elliti Nigeria-Camern chimpanzee Nigeria, Camern Madagascar Cheirgaleus sibreei Sibree s dwarf lemur Madagascar Hapalemur alatrensis Lac Alatra bamb lemur Madagascar Eulemur cinereiceps White-cllared brwn lemur Madagascar Prpithecus perrieri Perrier s sifaka Madagascar Asia Nasalis larvatus Prbscis mnkey Indnesia (Brne) Presbytis cmata Grizzled leaf mnkey Indnesia Rhinpithecus strykeri Myanmar snub-nsed mnkey Myanmar, China Nmascus hainanus Hainan black-crested gibbn China (Hainan) Nmascus leucgenys Nrthern white-cheeked blackcrested gibbn Netrpics Chirptes satanas Black bearded saki Brazil Lentpithecus caissara Black-headed lin tamarin Brazil Saguinus biclr Brazilian bare-faced tamarin Brazil Callicebus caquetensis Caquetá titi mnkey Clmbia Las, Vietnam, China 3
4
Rnd dwarf galag Galagides rndensis (Hness in Kingdn, 1997) Tanzania Tp 25: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 1 : Weighs ~60g 2 Distinct frm ther dwarf galags in its bttle-brush-shaped tail, its reprductive anatmy, and its distinctive duble unit rlling call 2-4 Mixed diet f insects and fruit Often feed clse t the grund and mve by vertical clinging and leaping in the shrubby understry Build daytime sleeping nests 5 Predatin frm wls and ther ncturnal predatrs 2 Emerging evidence that the nrthern and suthern ppulatins may be phylgenetically distinct Sympatric with a number f ther galags Range 1 : Extremely limited and fragmented Range in a number f remnant patches f Eastern African Castal Dry Frest in Tanzania 2, 6 Zaraninge frest (06º08'S, 38º38'E) in Sadaani Natinal Park Pande Game Reserve (GR) (06º42'S, 39º05'E), Pugu/Kazimzumbwi (06º54'S, 39º05'E), Rnd (10º08'S, 39º12'E), Litip (10º02'S, 39º29'E) Ziwani (10º20'S, 40º18'E) frest reserves (FR) Chita FR (09º57'S, 39º27'E) Ruawa FR (09º44'S, 39º33'E) Ttal area knwn t ccur des nt 1, 7, 8 exceed 101.6 km² Pande GR: 2.4 km², Rnd FR: 25 km², Ziwani FR: 7.7 km², Pugu/Kazimzumbwi FR: 33.5 km², Litip FR: 4 km² Zaraninge frest: 20 km², Chita FR: 5 km² R u a w a F R 4 k m ² Estimated ppulatin 1 : Unknwn Estimated density: 3 6/ha at Pande Game Reserve 9 8/ha at Pugu Frest Reserve 10 Relative abundance frm encunter rates 3 10/hr at Pande Game Reserve and Pugu/ Kazimzumbwi Frest 9, 10 Reserve 3.94/hr at Rnd Frest Reserve 2 Threats 1 : Very small and fragmented range in remnant frest patches Frest lss Agricultural encrachment Charcal prductin Lgging Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Highly threatened by the lgging f remaining small frest fragments 5
Rlway mnkey Cercpithecus rlway (Schreber, 1774) Ghana and Côte d Ivire Tp 25: 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 11 : Clsely related t Cercphithecus diana 12 Distinguished frm C. diana by its brad white brw line, lng white beard and yellw thighs C. rlway is mre seriusly threatened with extinctin Largely arbreal species 13 Occurs in canpy f primary and ld secndary lwland mist frest, and riverine and gallery frest 13 Rare in degraded frest, but can survive in lightly lgged frest where the canpy remains 13 Range 11 : Fund t the east f the Sassandra River in Côte d Ivire t the Pra River in Ghana 13 Cnsiderable amunt f primary habitat lss ver the past ~30 years 14 Ghana Steadily extirpated frm bth prtected and unprtected areas and is nearing extinctin Several surveys have failed t find this species in any western reserves Pssibly exists in the Ankasa Cnservatin area 15 Côte d Ivire Nt knwn in any prtected areas 14 years ag fund in the Yaya Frest Reserve, the Tané Frest adjacent t the Ehy Lagn and the Parc Natinal des Iles Ehtilé 16-18 Nw nly fund in the Tané 18, 19 frest Estimated ppulatin 11 : Unknwn Decline exceeding 50% (ptentially exceeding 80%) 14 Numerus lcal extinctins Threats 11 : Hunting fr the bushmeat trade Relatively large size and value f its meat and skin makes it a preferred game species 13 Frest lss Lgging Agriculture Charcal prductin 20 Ppulatin fragmentatin and islatin Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Extirpatin and cntinuing decline 6
Bik red clbus Piliclbus pennantii pennantii (Waterhuse, 1838) Equatrial Guinea (Bik Island) Tp 25: 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 21, 22 : Previusly fur subspecies f Piliclbus pennantii recgnized: P. p. pennantii; P. p. buvieri; P. p. preussi; and P. p. epieni Debated whether all shuld be elevated t species level P. p. epieni at least is cnsidered elevated t species level P. p. pennantii is largely arbreal Fund in lwland and mid-mntane trpical mist frest and marsh frest Frm grups f mre than 30 animals Often fund in plyspecific assciatins 23 Range 21, 22 : Very restricted range n the island f Bik, Equatrial Guinea Restricted mainly t the suth-west f the island Range f less than 500km 2 24-26 Cnfined t the Gran Caldera and Suthern Highlands Scientific Reserve (510km 2 ) Perhaps still at Pic Basile Natinal Park (330km 2 ) Nne f the ranges are well prtected Threats 21, 22 : Heavy hunting Mst ntably frm the early 1980 s when a cmmercial bushmeat market appeared in the twn f Malab 24 Bushmeat cnsidered a luxury fd 26 Limited range Habitat degradatin Especially sensitive t habitat degradatin 27-29 Estimated ppulatin 21, 22 : Less than 5,000 individuals 45% decline in numbers between 1986 and 2006 26 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Heavily hunted in a very restricted range 7
Tana River red clbus Piliclbus rufmitratus (Peters, 1879) Kenya Tp 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012 Bilgy 30, 31 : Previusly Prclbus rufmitratus rufmitratus Piliclbus separated frm Prclbus 32 Elevated t species level 32 Inhabits gallery frest dminated by Pachystela and Barringtnia Nt bserved mving between habitat patches during the day Sme mvement at night which appears t be helping t ensure the cntinued survival f the grups in the seemingly islated patches Bradly sympatric with Cerccebus galeritus and Cercpithecus mitis albtrquatus, and narrwly sympatric n the frest edges with Papi cyncephalus ibeanus and Cercpithecus pygerythrus Range 30, 31 : Fund nly n the levees f the lwer Tana River in Kenya Ttal knwn range is 60 km frm Kipende in the nrth t Mitipani in the suth, where the Lamu Garsen rad enters the Tana River fldplain Restricted t ca. 34 patches f fragmented gallery frest, ntably Guru Suth, Sifa East, Bam Suth, Mnazini East, Bubesa West 1, Hewani Suth 2 frests 33 All f these frests are small, ranging in size frm <1 ha t c.500 ha. Estimated ppulatin 30, 31 : Estimated at 1,100 1,300, dwn frm an estimated 1,200 1,800 in 1975 33-35 At least 86 grups ccur in 34 frest 32, 33 patches Mean grup size has declined by abut 50% since the 1970s Threats 30, 31 : Habitat lss, degradatin and fragmentatin 36 Frest clearance fr agriculture Fires erding levee frests Degradatin due t livestck and wd cllectin Selective felling f Ficus trees fr canes Habitat change Drastic changes in vegetatin due t dam cnstructin, irrigatin prjects, and water diversin which changed the water table Hunting 37 38, 39 Parasites Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Small extent and increasingly smaller and mre islated patches f habitat 8
Grauer s grilla Grilla beringei graueri (Matschie, 1914) DRC Tp 25: 2010, 2012 Bilgy 40 : One f tw subspecies f eastern grilla (Grilla beringei) The largest, n average, subspecies f grilla Inhabits lwland trpical rainfrest habitat thrugh transitinal frests t Afrmntane habitat f 600 t 2,900m asl Feeds mainly n herbaceus vegetatin; fruit preferred when available Grups cnsist f 2 36 multi-aged individuals led by a single silverback male Range 40 : Endemic t eastern DRC Histrical range ~52,000km 2 41 Three bradly defined ppulatins: Maïk-Tayna (Maïk Natinal Park, Tayna Nature Reserve, Kisimba-Ikba Nature Reserve and the Usala Frest), Kahuzi-Kasese (Kahuzi-Biega Natinal Park (KBNP) lwland sectr and adjacent frest) and the Itmbwe Massif (Itmbwe Natural Reserve) Islated ppulatins in the KBNP highland sectr, Masisi and n Mt Tshiaberimu in Virunga Natinal Park Habitat destructin and fragmentatin widespread 52% reductin f suitable range since 1990 42 Estimated ppulatin 40 : In 1995 estimated at 16,900 43, 44 individuals Many ppulatins have disappeared during the last 30 years KBNP highland ppulatin drpped frm ~270 in 1996 t nly ~140 animals in 2000 45 Preliminary surveys in KBNP lwlands indicate 75 80% decline since 1995 46 Lcal extinctins n the nrth bank f the Lwa River and Masisi 47 Cntributing authr: Stuart Nixn Suthern Maïk ppulatins exist in a regin ccupied by Simba rebels Nrthern Maïk ppulatins remain unknwn since 1992 due t lack f park infrastructure and the presence f militia Mt Tshiaberimu ppulatin drpped t 14 individuals in 2009 Nw estimated t number 2,000 10,000 individuals in 14 subppulatins 48 Threats 40 : Massive frest lss and fragmentatin Agriculture Pastral activities Illegal mining Bushmeat hunting Illegal capture f infants Onging plitical unrest and military activity 43, 49-51 Bushmeat hunting Cntinuus lw-level extractive activities Charcal prductin Bamb harvesting Wd cutting Future challenges may include cncessins fr timber, minerals and pssible petrleum 52 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Drastic and cntinuing ppulatin decline cmpunded by cntinuing civil unrest and widespread insecurity 9
10
Madame Berthe s muse lemur Micrcebus berthae (Raslarisn, Gdman & Ganzhrn, 2000) Madagascar Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 53 : Wrld s smallest primate (average 31g 54 ) Inhabits dry deciduus frest 0 150m asl Slitary frager characterized by extensively verlapping ranges 55 Male ranges larger than females and mre prne t seasnal fluctuatin 55 Daily trpr, but n prlnged trpr during the dry seasn Sympatric with the larger Micrcebus 56, 57 murinus acrss sme f the range Avids interspecific cmpetitin by spatial segregatin, making distributins f bth species patchy 57 Feeds n fruit and gum 58 Relies n sugary excretins frm insects during the harsh dry seasn 58 Range 53 : Menabe regin in suthwest Madagascar, suth f the Tsiribihina 56, 57 River Area 900km 2 Kirindy/CFPF frests and Ambadira Believed t als ccur in the frests f Analabe, but the frest has been heavily degraded, s it is uncertain if it still ccurs there 59 Frmerly ccurred in the Andranmena Special Reserve, but it is nt knwn if it still ccurs there 57 Range is severely fragmented Decline in the area and quality f habitat Estimated ppulatin 53 : <8,000 ptentially breeding individuals 57 Densities f 100/km 2 recrded in patches, which suggests high lcalized densities Overall generalized density ~30 individuals/km 257 Nne in captivity Threats 53 : Habitat lss and fragmentatin Illegal lgging Slash-and-burn agriculture Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Small and severely fragmented range, which has seen a drastic decline in extent and quality f remaining habitat, especially since the illegal transfer f pwer in Madagascar in early 2009 11
Sclater s black lemur r Blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur flavifrns (Gray, 1867) Madagascar Tp 25: 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 60 : 61, 62 Rediscvered in 1983 Initially regarded as a subspecies f E. macac Elevated t species level because f cnsistent mrphlgical differences and pairwise genetic distances cmparable t ther 63, 64 Eulemur species pairs Inhabits primary and secndary 61, 65-67 frest fragments Hme range size and use differs between primary and secndary frest fragments, indicating secndary frest is less suitable 68 E. flavifrns has been recrded t cnsume 72 different plant species frm 35 families, f which 52.3% were fruits and 47.7% were leaves Als feeds n flwers, insects, insect exudates and fungi 69 Bimdal activity pattern 70 Multi-male multi-female grups, ranging in size frm 6 t 10 individuals, including 4 t 7 adults Bth sexes disperse, but nly males have been seen mving int a freign scial grup The sex rati at birth varies strngly between years and culd be malebiased Births ccur between late August and Octber, at the end f the dry seasn. During tw successive birth seasns, infant mrtality was 22.7%. Range 60 : Very small area f 2,700km² in nrthwest Madagascar, suth f the Andranmalaza, nrth f the Maevaran, and west f the 61, 65-67 Sandrakta rivers Transitin zne between the humid Sambiran regin in the nrth and the western dry deciduus frest regin in the suth Largest remaining ppulatin in frest fragments n and adjacent t the Sahamalaza Peninsula 71 Estimated ppulatin 60 : In 1999, the estimated ppulatin f the Sahamalaza Peninsula was 450 2,300 wild individuals and had declined by 35.3% in three years 72 Estimated ttal ppulatin, extraplated frm density 73, 74 and area estimates, f 2,780 6,950 severely fragmented wild individuals 80% wild ppulatin reductin estimated and predicted ver 35 years 30 captive individuals 75 Threats 60 : Very small range Frest lss Slash-and-burn agriculture Selective lgging Hunting and trapping Bushmeat Live capture fr the pet 72, 76 trade Trap density f up t 570 traps/ km 2 73 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Highly fragmented ppulatin in very small range that is almst ttally defrested 12
Red ruffed lemur Varecia rubra (E. Geffry, 1812) Madagascar Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 59, 77 : Diurnal Inhabits trpical mist lwland frests Apparent need fr tall primary frest Primarily inhabiting primary frest Prefers high frest and is ften bserved in the crwns f large feeding trees Sea level t 1,200m asl Mves quadrupedally thrugh the canpy, leaping ccasinally Largely frugivrus (75 90%), with flwers, nectar and leaves Hme range size: 23 58ha 78 Multi-male, multi-female cmmunities f 5 31 individuals 78 Mating seasn May July Births frm September early Nvember Gestatin perid: 102 days Inter-birth interval: 2 years Mean litter size: Wild: 2.11 79 Captivity: 2.22 80 Estimated ppulatin 59, 77 : Density estimates: 31 53 individuals/km 2 in Andranbe 83 21 23 individuals/km 2 in Ambatnaklahy 84 Captive ppulatin f 590 in 2009 Range 77 : Very restricted range Masala Peninsula and the regin immediately nrth f the Bay f Antngil in nrtheastern Madagascar 81 4000km 2 Antainambalana River appears t separate this species frm V. variegata, but the western and nrthern limits f the red ruffed lemur s range remain unclear 59 Westernmst distributin near the cnfluence f the Antainambalana and Sahantaha rivers 82 Threats 77 : Habitat lss Slash-and-burn agriculture Human encrachment Illegal lgging First lemur t disappear frm degraded frest Hunting Heavily hunted in its entire range Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Small distributin range that is under severe threats f hunting and habitat lss 13
Nrthern sprtive lemur Lepilemur septentrinalis (Rumpler and Albignac, 1975) Madagascar Tp 25: 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 85 : Originally described based n cytgenetic and mrphmetric characteristics 86 Supprted by mre detailed studies since, especially mlecular data 87-89 Small grayish-brwn sprtive lemur with nt very prminent ears 90 Ncturnal Sleeps in tree hles during the day Little knwn abut its eclgy and behavir Range 59, 85 : Strictly limited t a few small patches f dry frest in extreme nrtheastern Madagascar, just t the suth f Antsiranana n the east cast Very small remnant frest patches: Near the villages f Madirbe and Ankarngana in the Sahafary regin In the immediate vicinity f Andrahna, a small muntain abut 30 km suth f Antsiranana, east f Rute Natinale 6 Estimated ppulatin 59, 85 : Ttal ppulatin unknwn, but very small A survey in 2007 prvided the fllwing estimates: Andrahna (frest patches and gallery frests f Andrahna, Analajanana, and Analanjavavy) - 20 individuals Ankarakatava (frests f Ankarakatava Be and Ankarakatava kely) - nne fund Sahafary (degraded frest patches in Western Sahafary, Sahafary East, Sahafary Nrth, Andravina, Sahandran, Andranmadir, and Analalava) - abut 100 individuals In 2012 prbably nly 19 individuals remaining in ttal Threats 59, 85 : Very small fragmented range Mst habitat already gne Des nt ccur in prtected areas Uncertain if remaining fragments are f sufficient size t warrant prtectin Habitat destructin Fr Eucalyptus plantatins Firewd cllectin Charcal burning Hunting Mst restricted and least prtected lemur Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Cmbinatin f small ppulatin, small range and rapidly decreasing suitable habitat, with high pressure frm hunting 14
Silky sifaka Prpithecus candidus (Grandidier, 1871) Madagascar Tp 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 91 : Large, white sifaka frm nrtheastern Madagascar Recently raised t full species level 59, 92, 93 This species des nt ccur with ther sifakas and cannt be cnfused with ther lemurs Fund mainly in trpical mntane frest Grup size: 2 9 94, 95 Hme ranges 34 47ha Quarter f time travelling between fraging sites Flivrus and granivrus, cnsuming fruits, seeds and leaves frm a large number f plant grups Mating ccurs just a few days a year in Nvember and January Yung brn in June r July 94 Well-develped lfactry cmmunicatin Scent-marking f territry Males guge trees prir t scentmarking Range 91 : Restricted range in nrtheastern Madagascar Includes the humid frest belt extending frm Marantsetra t the Andapa Basin and the Marjejy Massif Precise limits unknwn Marjejy Natinal Park is the nrthern limit f its knwn distributin and the frests f Makira and the Antainambalana River are regarded as the suthern limit 96 300 1,875m elevatin Patchy distributin and lw densities Majrity f the remaining ppulatin fund in tw prtected areas: Marjejy Natinal Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve A few grups have been fund in the Makira Frest Prtected Area at tw sites: Andaparaty (central-east Makira) and Manandriana, 44 km t the nrthwest, adjacent t the Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve). Als fund in the Betalana Crridr that cnnects Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marjejy, and the unprtected Tsaratanana Crridr t the nrthwest Estimated ppulatin 91 : Less than 250 individuals 96 Marjejy: 40 inidviduals/km 2 and 90 individuals/km 2 97 Threats 91 : Habitat destructin Slash-and-burn agriculture Illegal lgging f precius wds, including rsewd 96 Firewd Occurs in and adjacent t prtected areas they are fund in 98-100 Hunted thrughut range Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Small fragmented ppulatin under extensive pressure frm habitat destructin and hunting 15
Indri Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) Madagascar Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 59, 101 : Largest extant species f lemur Vertical clinger and leaper, with lng hind limbs Identified by its eerie wailing sng Male indri are slightly larger than females Males and females can als be distinguished by sng Inhabits trpical mist lwland and mntane frests Usually fund at lw elevatins, but ranges up t 1,800m 102 Lives in grups f 2 6 individuals, usually cnsisting f a mngamus adult pair Grups in fragmented habitats tend t 103, 104 be larger Primarily feeds n immature leaves, with flwers, fruit, seeds and bark als cnsumed 105 Descends frm canpy every day t cnsume sil, which may help 105, 106 detxify seeds cnsumed Hme range size 18ha in fragmented frest, up t ~40ha in pristine frest Reprductin is highly seasnal, with a single ffspring brn in May r June Birth interval: 2 3 years Reprductive maturity: 7 9 years 107 Range 59, 101 : Eastern rainfrests frm Anjanaharibe-Sud in the nrth t Ansibe An ala Classified Frest in the suth Nt fund n the Masala Peninsula r in the Marjejy Natinal Park Subfssil evidence indicates that indri were nce widespread acrss Madagascar Estimated ppulatin 101 : Lw ppulatin density 5.2 22.9 individuals/km 2 106 50% reductin ver the past 36 years Threats 101 : Habitat lss Frest lss fr fuel and timber Slash-and-burn agriculture Hunting Previusly cnsidered a tab, but nw significant in sme areas Hunted fr skins and meat Unsustainable 108 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: High rate f habitat destructin and unsustainable hunting 16
17
Pygmy tarsier Tarsius pumilus (Miller and Hllister, 1921) Indnesia (Sulawesi) Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 109, 110 : Largely data-deficient Prir t 2008, knwn nly frm three specimens frm 1916, 1930 and 111, 112 2000 Thught t be extinct until the 2000 specimen was fund dead in a rat trap In 2008, 3 individuals were captured and 1 additinal individual was bserved 110 Mean bdy mass: 50g, less than half f adult lwland tarsiers 110 Ncturnal Largely arbreal Lives in small grups Returns t the same sleeping tree each mrning 110 Unlike lwland tarsiers, pygmy tarsier grups cntain multiple adult males, and they rarely vcalize r scentmark 110 Fund at high altitudes (~1,800 2,200m asl) Adapted t clder, mntane clud frests 112 Arthrpd based insectivrus diet Range 109 : Suthern and central Sulawesi, Indnesia Specimen 1 (1916): 1,800 m frm Ran Ran, in the muntains between Palu and Ps Specimen 2 (1930): 2,200 m n Munt Rantemari in Suth Sulawesi Specimen 3 (2000): 2,200 m n the flank f Munt Rrekatimbu 111 2008 capture: Lre Lindu Natinal Park, Central Sulawesi 110 Estimated ppulatin 109 : Unknwn 3 museum specimens 3 captured and 1 additinal bservatin in 2008 110 Threats 109 : Habitat encrachment and destructin Expanding human ppulatin Human cnflict Sme areas f Central Sulawesi near knwn sites are cnflict znes Factinal fighting has seen the dislcatin f large human ppulatins that are then resettled in refugee camps Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Highly fragmented and islated ppulatins threatened by human encrachment and cnflict 18
Javan slw lris Nycticebus javanicus (Geffry, 1812) Indnesia Tp 25: 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 113 : Recgnized as a species in 2006 Ncturnal and arbreal Fund in bth primary and secndary frest 114 Requires arbreal cnnectivity between trees, via vines and lianas Feeds n sap, flral flrescence, gum and insects 114 Fund at elevatins f 0 1,600m but mre cmmn at higher elevatins 114 Range 113 : Western and central Java, Indnesia Less than 10% f the riginal frest remains, mst cvering the higher slpes f the central muntains Less than 20% f suitable habitat remains 17% f the ptential distributin is prtected Estimated ppulatin 113 : Unknwn Very lw ppulatin densities (0.02 0.20 animals/km 2 113 5 10 km must be walked t see a single lris Small ppulatin f cnfiscated animals in rescue centers but 95% 100% mrtality has been reprted due t health cnditins assciated with captivity Threats 113 : Habitat lss Defrestatin After an area is cleared, lrises are cllected as they remain clinging t the trees 115 Hunting Traditinal medicines 116, 117 Pet trade Nt always the intended target but are picked up when fund Numbers in animal markets exceed the ability fr ppulatin numbers t recver Frnt teeth remved at markets Mst lrises die f dental abscesses, pneumnia r malnutritin Unable t eat preferred gum and exhibit imprtant scial behavir 118 Cnfiscated animals unlikely t survive in the wild 119, 120 Rads and human disturbance Intrinsic risk: slw-reprducing 121 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Intensive hunting pressure 19
Simakbu r Pig-tailed snub-nsed langur Nasalis cnclr (Miller, 1903) Indnesia Tp 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 122 : Tw subspecies: Nasalis cnclr cnclr (Millar, 1903) Nasalis c. siberu (Chasen and Klss, 1927) Very little published n behavir and eclgy Fund in swamp frests and lwland rainfrests and primary frests n hillsides 123-125 Diurnal 124 Semi-terrestrial 124 Almst equal time resting (46%) and feeding (44%) and less time mving (7%) 126 Primarily flivrus 124 Birth seasn frm June t July 125 Range 122 : Endemic t Indnesia Cnfined t the Mentawai Islands ff the western cast f Sumatra 124 N. c. cnclr Inhabits Sipra, Nrth Pagai, and Suth Pagai Islands and several small islets ff Suth Pagai Remaining frest cver n the Pagai islands ~826km 2 127 N. c. siberu Only n Siberut Island 190,500ha Siberut Natinal Park cvers 47% f Siberut Island Remaining 53% utside f prtected areas Estimated ppulatin 122 : N. c. cnclr tw estimates: ~3,347 individuals n the Pagai islands 127 and 700 1,800 ttal ppulatin 128 N. c. siberu ~6,000 15,000 in Siberut Natinal Park Ttal ppulatin dwn frm 26,000 in 1980 Maximum decline f 75% in 20 years 124 Ppulatin densities als reduced, indicating a 73 90% decline in 10 years 128-130 Threats 122 : Hunting Preferred game species in 130, 131 sme areas Hunting pressure increased with imprved access and replacement f bws with air rifles 128 In 1987, estimated that twice as many individuals were hunted as were brn in the Pagai islands 123 Pet trade Frest lss Cmmercial lgging 124, 128 particularly sensitive 130 Cnversin t palm il plantatins and cash crps 124, 128 Human encrachment Frest clearing and extractin 124, 128 by lcal peple Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Heavy hunting and cmmercial lgging 20
Delacur s langur Trachypithecus delacuri (Osgd, 1932) Vietnam Tp 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010. 2012 Bilgy 132 : Restricted t limestne karst frest habitat, with additinal recrds f secndary frest in 133, 134 limestne areas Up t 1,000m asl 135 Caves thught t ffer prtectin frm predatrs and temperature extremes 136 Diurnal and crepuscular Degree f terrestriality is habitatdependent 135 60 80% f the diet cnsists f leaves, with 20 40% shts, fruit, flwers and bark 135 Tw prtected areas with imprtant subppulatins shwed a decline f 20% in 5 years frm 2000 t 2004 Fur prtected areas shwed a dramatic decline during 2009 137 Apprximately 6 lcatins extirpated Current ttal ppulatin unknwn, but likely t be a maximum f 250 wild individuals Range 132 : Very restricted area in nrth Vietnam 5,000km² between 20º 21ºN and 105º 106ºE Distributin clsely related t the limestne muntain ranges in the prvinces Ninh Binh, Thanh Ha, Ha Binh, and Ha Nam 133 17 islated lcatins ttaling less than 400 450km² (size estimates frm 18 136, 137 lcatins) Estimated ppulatin 132 : 1999/2000 estimated 281 317 136 320 hunted individuals ver 10 years, but actual number undubtedly higher 60% f ttal ppulatin in islated subppulatins with less than 20 individuals 133 Largest subppulatin, in the nly well guarded frest, has increased and 133, 138, 139 ttals ~68 70 individuals Threats 132 : Small ppulatin size Hunting Traditinal medicines Meat Fragmentatin Only the largest ppulatin f 68 70 individuals is thught 136, 137 likely t survive Inbreeding may result in lss f genetic viability Minr threat: Frest lss and degradatin Illegal grazing f gats 138, 139 Limestne quarrying Ptential threat: Turism and assciated develpment 135 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Critically small, fragmented ppulatin under hunting pressure 21
Glden-headed langur r Cat Ba langur Trachypithecus plicephalus plicephalus (Truessart, 1911) Vietnam Tp 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 140 : Inhabits trpical mist frest n limestne karst hills 70 100m asl, pssibly 0 200m 141 Six t seven taxa f the T. francisi grup share range Caves thught t ffer prtectin frm predatrs and temperature extremes, but are accessible by human hunters 136 Diurnal Arbreal and terrestrial 142 60 80% f the diet cnsists f leaves, with 20 40% shts, fruit, flwers and bark 135 Range 140 : Cnfined t the island f Cat Ba in the Gulf f Tnkin, nrtheastern Vietnam Further restricted t ~100km 2 area f ccupancy 143 Mstly in Cat Ba Natinal Park, which cvers mre than half f the main island 143 Wildlife prtectin deficient Divided int seven islated subppulatins due t habitat fragmentatin 143 Threats 140 : Small ppulatin size Fragmentatin resulting in inbreeding in subppulatins, which culd cmprmise genetic viability Limited mate chice Susceptible t natural r human disaster causing ttal 142, 143 extinctin Hunting Traditinal medicines Bushmeat Driven by increasingly attractive cmmercial gains Habitat disturbance and fragmentatin Increasing human ppulatin Turism and assciated develpment Rampant fires due t hney 142 144 cllectrs Estimated ppulatin 140 : 60 70 individuals (64 in 2006 142 ) 3 4 all-female, nn-reprducing grups 143 Reprductive utput lw Stagnated at 1 2 ffspring per year 143 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Critically lw ppulatin size and lw reprductive utput, with threats frm hunting 22
Western purple-faced langur Semnpithecus vetulus nestr (Bennett, 1833) Sri Lanka Tp 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 145 : Inhabits lwland trpical rainfrest Refugee ppulatins presently inhabit semiurban and rural hme gardens, rubber plantatins and areas with adequate canpy cver 146 Highly arbreal Fragmentatin frces this species t the grund fr which it is illadapted 147 Flivrus Fragmentatin and urbanizatin in mst f this species range has resulted in a diet mainly cnsisting f fruits frm residential gardens 148 Nutritinal cnsequences f urban diet unclear, but feeding n fruits lngterm may be detrimental as they are nt adapted t a frugivrus diet and fruits tend t ccur seasnally Range 145 : Western Sri Lanka, frm the nrth f the Kalu Ganga as far nrth as the rainfrest limit 149 Ranges up t 1,000m asl 146 Inhabits an area f high human density 81 90% f the entire histric range 147, 150 defrested and urbanized Only recrded as present in 43% f eastern (n=23) and 78% in the western (n=27) halves f the histrical range 147 Ppulatin fragmentatin and islatin Largest inhabited frests, with a ttal area f 21km 2, surrund tw reservirs (Kalatuwawa and Labugama) 147 Estimated ppulatin 145 : Unknwn Believed t have undergne a decline f mre than 80% ver three generatins 151 Extirpatin 151 Threats 145 : 152, 153 Habitat lss and fragmentatin Urbanizatin, including human settlement and infrastructure and industry Agriculture, particularly crp plantatins Defrestatin Dependent n gardens fr survival Dangers frm pwer lines and 147, 151, 152 rads Dgs 147 Occasinal hunting Pet trade Persecutin fr crp-raiding 154 Lcal trade fr meat, but nt significant 152 Becming mre tlerant t humans which is putting them at increased risk 153 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Habitat lss, fragmentatin and urbanizatin 23
Grey-shanked duc mnkey Pygathrix cinerea (Nadler, 1997) Vietnam Tp 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 155 : Mstly fund in primary muntain evergreen frest 156 Altitude f 900 1,400m asl Canpy cver f 80 90% 156 Range 155 : Central Vietnam between 13º30' and 16ºN Recrded in five prvinces: Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Kn Tum, Gia Lai, 136, 156 and Binh Dinh Occurrence cnfirmed in eight prtected sites: Sng Thanh Nature Reserve, Ngc Linh Nature Reserve, Ba T Cultural and Histrical Site, An Tan Nature Reserve, Kn Cha Rang Nature Reserve, Kn Ka Kinh Natinal Park, Mm Ray Natinal Park and A Yun Pa Nature Reserve Estimated ppulatin 155 : 600 700 individuals 156 Fragmented Sme areas with assumed ccurrence nt yet surveyed 156 Endangered Primate Rescue Center has begun a breeding prgram with cnfiscated animals Threats 155 : Hunting Meat Traditinal medicine Pets 156 Prblem inside prtected areas Respnse t hunting is t hide mtinless rather than fleeing, which makes them mre susceptible 136 Snares cmmn Degraded habitats increase the risk f being caught in snares whilst travelling Hundreds f traps installed in trees frequently used by mnkey grups Trapped animals are ften severely injured r mutilated Less than ne quarter f hunted animals are cnfiscated alive 155 Frest lss Agricultural expansin Illegal lgging Firewd cllectin Almst 10,000ha f frest are selectively lgged every year in the central highlands 156 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Intensive lgging and hunting 24
Tnkin snub-nsed mnkey Rhinpithecus avunculus (Dllman, 1912) Vietnam Tp 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 157 : Described in 1912 Cllected n n mre than tw ccasins ver the next 50 60 years Presumed extinct Rediscvered in 1989 Trpical evergreen frests assciated with karst limestne hills and 158, 159 muntains Largely restricted t primary frest 160 200 1,200m asl 158 Selective feeder cnsuming yung 159, 160 leaves, unripe fruits and seeds Diurnal 161 Arbreal and terrestrial 159 Range 157 : Nrtheastern Vietnam 149 Histrically ccurred east f the Red River 136 Due t widespread defrestatin and intensive hunting, its distributin has becme severely restricted 136 Currently, five cmpletely islated lcalities knwn Small frest patches in Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan, Ha Giang and Thai Nguyen Prvinces 136 Estimated ppulatin 157 : Tat Ke sectr 158 1993: 72 individuals bserved, 80 estimated 160 2005: far lwer densities, 17 22 estimated 158 Ban Bung sectr 158 1993: 23 bserved, 50 estimated 160 N verifiable infrmatin fr 2005 158 Cham Chu Nature Reserve 1992: survey with lcals estimated 20 40 individuals 162 2001: 70 estimated 163 2006: N evidence, but lcal reprts suggested 8 12 TSM cnservatin area, Ha Giang Prvince 2001: estimated 30 40 based n interviews 164 2006: bserved abut 81 animals; estimated 90 158 Tung Vai Cmmune f Quan Ba District clse t the brder with China 60 individuals Ttal ppulatin: estimated arund 200 250+ individuals thrughut 157, 159 range Threats 157 : Hunting pressure 159 136, 158 Traditinal medicines High pressure 158 Hydrelectric pwer prject increases number f peple 136, 158 and demand fr meat Nt shy and d nt necessarily flee when encuntered 161 Habitat degradatin Firewd Timber explitatin Shifting cultivatin Cllectin f nn-timber frest prducts fr cmmercial purpses Rads 159 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Critically small fragmented ppulatin under hunting pressure 25
Gibbns in Peril: Three species f gibbn were cnsidered fr this editin: Nmascus hainanus, N. leucgenys and N. nasutus N. hainanus was recently listed n the ZSL/IUCN list f 100 mst threatened species (Priceless r Wrthless), with just 23 25 individuals remaining Fr the Wrld s 25 Mst Endangered Primates 2012 2014, we have selected N. nasutus as a flagship species t highlight the plight f ther gibbns Ca-Vit r Eastern black-crested gibbn Nmascus nasutus (Kunkel d'herculais, 1884) China, Vietnam Tp 25: 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 165 : Histrically ne f tw subspecies, but 166, 167 bth elevated t species level Inhabits mntane and limestne frests in a wet trpical mnsn climate 168 500 900m asl 168 Primarily fruivrus (86.6%), but als cnsumes leaves (4.7%), animal matter (0.5%) and undetermined fd 169, 170 class (8.2%) Range 165 : Histrical range was east f the Red River in China and Vietnam Current range very restricted Sin-Vietnam brder, nrtheastern 167, 171, 172 Vietnam 48km² 22º55'N 106º30'E Includes the nrthern Phng Nam-Ngc Khe frests (abut 30km²) f Trung Khanh District, Ca Bang Prvince, Vietnam Jingxi Cunty, Guangxi Zhuang Autnmus Regin, sutheastern 167, 171, 172 China Area immediately adjacent t Vietnam ~18km² Estimated ppulatin 165 : Feared extinct until a survey rediscvered a ppulatin in the limestne frest f Phng Nam-Ngc 171, 172 Khe Cmmunes 2002: estimated 26 individuals in five 171, 172 grups 2004: 37 individuals in eight grups 173 Ttal ppulatin estimated at 110 individuals living in 18 grups 173 Threats 165 : Habitat lss and disturbance Cleared fr cultivatin Pasture fr livestck Firewd cllectin Charcal prductin Already restricted range 170 Small ppulatin Inbreeding effects Pr mate chice Human r natural disaster 167, 170 Hunting 170 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Small range and ppulatin size, with a large threat frm habitat lss and disturbance 26
27
Variegated r Brwn spider mnkey Ateles hybridus (I. Geffry, 1829) Clmbia, Venezuela Tp 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 Bilgy 174 : Tw subspecies: Ateles hybridus brunneus A. h. hybridus 175 Large size Slw reprductive rate f a single ffspring at 3 4-year intervals Spider mnkeys are generally highly frugivrus (83%), but als eat yung leaves and flwers 176 They frm grups f up t 20 30 individuals 176 Range 174 : A. h. brunneus Restricted t Clmbia Between the lwer Rís Cauca and Magdalena in the Departments f Blívar, Antiquia and Caldas 177 Small gegraphic range where frest lss, degradatin and fragmentatin are widespread Surrunded by human ppulatins 9% f ptential range remains cntinuus frest A. h. hybridus Right bank f the Rí Magdalena extending int 175, 178 western Venezuela Extremely fragmented, with small ppulatins Estimated ppulatin 174 : Unknwn Lw ppulatin densities A. h. hybridus extremely fragmented and there may be few ppulatins f an adequate size t be viable in the 175, 177 mid- t lng-term Ptential extirpatin Held in captivity in zs and rescue centers in Clmbia Threats 174 : Habitat lss and increasing fragmentatin Agriculture and cattle Human expansin Land clearing Lgging Cnversin t secndary frest Ptential crridrs at risk Hunting A. h. hybridus a favurite game species in the Perijá Muntains 179 Pet trade Justificatin fr the Tp 25: High rate f habitat lss and hunting 28
Ecuadrian brwn-headed spider mnkey Ateles fusciceps fusciceps (Gray, 1866) Ecuadr Tp 25: 2006, 2012 Bilgy 180 : Trpical and subtrpical human frests frm 100 t 1,700m asl 181 Diurnal Strictly arbreal, preferring the uppermst levels f the canpy Grup size f up t 35 individuals Diet cnsists mainly f ripe fruit (83%), but als flwers and a number f species f leaves 182 Slw reprductive rate f ne ffspring at up t 3-year intervals 183 Range 22, 180 : Endemic t Ecuadr in the nrth, west f the Andes, in the Prvince f Esmeraldas, and, at least histrically it wuld seem, suth as far as the Crdillera de Clnche Very small distributin, which is highly fragmented Tw ppulatins remaining: Nrth f the Ri Mira, in the Reserva Etnica Awá clse t the Clmbian brder 22 T the suth, largely within the limits f the Reserva Eclógica Ctacachi- Cayapas and the neighburing frest (nrth), mainly in a private reserve: Reserva Bilógica Ls Cedrs 22 It has been suggested that A. f. fusciceps may be fund in suthern Clmbia, cntinuus with the ppulatins in Ecuadr 178, but there is still n evidence t supprt this Estimated ppulatin 22, 180 : Unknwn Ppulatin density f 1.2 individuals/km 2 in Ctacachi- Cayapas 184 80% decline due t habitat lss 185 Threats 22, 180 : Habitat lss and fragmentatin High rate due t defrestatin 185 Hunting Strng pressure 185 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Restricted distributin with high fragmentatin, and small ppulatin size 29
Ka apr capuchin mnkey Cebus kaapri (Queirz, 1992) Brazil Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 186 : Arbreal quadrupeds, typically fund in the lwer t mid-canpy and understrey 187-189 Undisturbed and slightly disturbed dense lwland Amaznian high frest Altitudes f 200m r less 190 Can als be fund in edge habitat in the transitin with the Zna ds Ccais Frugivrus and insectivrus diet, they are manipulative and extractive scavengers Grups bserved t be 1 7 individuals 191 Males disperse Bth sexes take up linear hierarchies, the tp ranking male being dminant ver the tp ranking female 187 Sympatric with Cebus apella, causing inter-species cmpetitin 192 Range 186 : Nrthwest Maranhã and nrtheast Pará in the Brazilian Amazn 190 Ranging frm east f the lwer Ri Tcantins t the bank f the Ri Grajaú where it enters the Zna ds 190, 191, 193-196 Ccais Nw absent east f the Ri Grajaú 193 Estimated ppulatin 186 : Unknwn Drastic decline f at least 80% ver the past three generatins Threats 186 : Estimated density: 0.98 individuals/km² in the Gurupí Bilgical Reserve 192 0.99 grups/10 km in the Fazenda Cauaxi in Paragminas 191 Three grups in 480km walked in the Gurupí Bilgical Reserve 197 Habitat lss Hunting Pet trade 190 Frests in suthern Pará and Maranhã have been extensively destryed Regin with the highest human ppulatin density and the highest level f defrestatin and habitat degradatin in the entire Brazilian Amazn 191 Occurs in nly ne prtected area, which has lst half f its frest Selective lgging f trees prviding fruit that are a significant part f the diet 197 Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Extreme threat frm defrestatin and hunting causing drastic ppulatin decline 30
San Martín titi mnkey Callicebus enanthe (Thmas, 1924) Peru Tp 25: 2012 Bilgy 198 : Able t survive in a wide variety f habitats including, at least in the shrt 199, 200 term, in frest fragments Mngamus Fund in small family grups f tw t six Females usually give birth t ne ffspring per year Diet cnsists primarily f insects and fruit Liana species and fruits frm the mistlete family are particularly imprtant Insects frm a larger prtin f the diet than in mst ther titi mnkey species 201 Range 198 : Fund in the upper Ri May Valley, extending t the suth int the Baj May and Huallaga central At least 60% f the riginal habitat has been lst 202 Additinal surveys are required in all ptential habitats in San Martin Nt fund in any prtected areas Estimated ppulatin 198 : Estimated density f 1.4 individuals /ha Remaining ppulatins extremely fragmented and in small grups Grups bserved in fragments as small as 2ha 199 Estimated decline f 80% ver the last 25 years This is largely the cultivatin f rice and cffee Cattle ranching and selective lgging als ccur Rapid rates f defrestatin have caused the lss f 40% f the frest ver the last 20 years Cnstructin f a tw-lane asphalt rad has further increased human activity in the area Als hunted fr bushmeat 200, 202, 203, with pressure likely t increase as ther game becmes scarce and frest fragmentatin increases access. 200, 202-204 Ppular as pets Threats 198 : 200, 203 Habitat lss and fragmentatin Majr agrarian prgram has attracted huge numbers f immigrants t the area Justificatin fr the Tp 25: Massive defrestatin f this species preferred habitat resulting in a drastic ppulatin decline 31