ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL DATA PLATFORM FOR PROMOTING COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Toshimitsu Ishiwata a, *, Masahiro Muroi b, Tsutomu Harada b, Hideo Nakajima a, Isamu Ogasawara a a Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd, 2-24-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0057, Japa - (toshimitsu_ishiwata, hideo_akajima, isamu_ogasawara)@kkc.co.jp b Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport 2-1-4 Hashimoto-cho, Kaagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kaagawa, 221-0053, Japa - (muroi-m83ab, harada-t82ab)@pa.ktr.mlit.go.jp Commissio Ⅳ,WG Ⅳ/1 KEY WORDS: Eviromet, Databases, GIS, Iteret/Web, Data Structures, Metadata, Radar, Real-time ABSTRACT: This paper reports a stadardizatio activity for coastal evirometal iformatio i Japa to promote the sharig of various spatial data amog related parties, icludig data specificatios, desigs of software tools to create ad utilize data based o the ISO/TC211 stadards, ad a case study of its implemetatio as a web-based iformatio system. It has become possible for everyoe to easily obtai evirometal iformatio by usig this system. As a result, cooperatio betwee related orgaizatios is also promoted ad effective evirometal maagemet ca be achieved. It is aticipated that this system will provide eough evirometal iformatio to practice evirometal policies, ad help cosesus buildig amog a wide rage of stakeholders. It is also expected that this system will promote research ad developmet for evirometal improvemet measures for eclosed coastal areas such as Tokyo Bay. 1. INTRODUCTION Various orgaizatios have bee dealig with ifrastructure improvemets i Japa. Therefore, we are able to ejoy a coveiet ad pleasat livig eviromet. However, as the ifrastructure improvemets focused o quatitative fulfilmet, mass productio, mass cosumptio ad mass disposal style socio-ecoomic activities ad lifestyles have take root. As a result of this, various evirometal problems are curretly emergig such as air-pollutio, water-pollutio, icreased waste ad a reductio of livig orgaisms. Japa, which is surrouded by sea o all sides, is blessed with fish ad mieral resources from the sea ad takes advatage of the qualities of the coastal areas ad utilizes them as places for idustry ad recreatio. So, we must implemet maagemet (adaptive maagemet icludig the PDCA: Pla Do Check Actio cycle) suitable to the eviromet after graspig a accurate uderstadig of the curret eviromet i order to pass it o to geeratios to come ad resolve evirometal issues i a desirable way. Moreover, the eviromet cotiues to chage hour by hour. Cosequetly, if oe is to grasp a uderstadig of the coastal zoe eviromet, it is essetial to gather a wide rage of evirometal iformatio about the various livig creatures ad the iaimate objects i the ample area from the lad to the coastal zoe. Accordigly, util ow, evirometal research has bee cotiuously carried out maily by admiistrative bodies such as the atioal ad regioal muicipalities ad the implemetatio of evirometal improvemet projects ad regulatios. Furthermore, recetly citizes kowledge of evirometal issues has heighteed, evirometal educatio is beig carried out ad there is active participatio i evirometal improvemet activities. Despite each body beig actively ivolved i evirometal improvemet, it seems that there are o results produced for the realizatio of a eviromet that we deem as desirable, for example results such as, water-purificatio ad icrease of biodiversity. The supposed reasos for this are idetified as follows. (1) May bodies for their evirometal objectives use idepedetly obtaied data. Thus, eve i the same coastal zoe, effectiveess of maagemet caot be wholly evaluated because the iitiative has ot bee uified. (2) To begi with, the details of the iitiatives are ot beig fully explaied to local residets ad related parties. (3) The curret problems ad ecessary iitiatives are ot eough to be uderstood by local residets ad related parties. Thus, effective evirometal improvemet projects are ot beig carried out. Therefore, i order to implemet more effective evirometal maagemet at a earlier stage, it is importat for the various bodies to share iformatio ad to deal with evirometal improvemet upo cosultig o cosesus buildig for evirometal objectives ad values. However, the issues which arise at the time of evirometal data sharig are listed below. (1) As the whereabouts of evirometal data is uclear, the existece ad iquiries of iformatio is ot idetified. (2) As data is defied by each body carryig out research ad the defiitios are ot icoformity, it is ot easy to share data. (3) For the evirometal data beig disclosed, there are may records of oly the fial figure, ad the method of creatig the data (examiatio tools ad aalysis methods etc.) is uclear. Thus, if the method of creatio is ot cofirmed the it caot be compared with other data. * Correspodig author. 25
The Iteratioal Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sesig ad Spatial Iformatio Scieces. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijig 2008 Accordigly, the Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport Kato Regioal Developmet Bureau Yokohama Research ad Egieerig Office for Port ad Airport (hereiafter referred to as the Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport) developed a web-based iformatio system for sharig the valuable evirometal data gathered thus far by the each body. 2. CONCEPT OF STANDARDIZATION AND INVESTIGATION MATTERS 2.1 Cocept of Stadardizatio The method used for sharig evirometal data has bee to share data format, measuremet methods, aalysis methods ad istrumetatios. O the other had, the stadardizatio of the evirometal data, examied i this study, is aimed at sharig the data structure i order for iformatio to be shared betwee various bodies. Sice evirometal data possess coordiates o the globe, it ca be treated as a form of geographic iformatio. I coectig with this geographic iformatio, data structurig defiitio work is beig carried out from amog the ISO/TC211, if this is applied the evirometal data may be stadardized i the same way as other geographical iformatio. The ISO/TC211 cosiders that geographic iformatio comes from geographic feature data ad metadata. Geographic feature data is cosidered to be evirometal data obtaied through practical study such as aalysis values ad observatio values ad metadata is data attributes, cotet, iformatio acquisitio source ad storage locatio ad is characterized as data used for explaiig evirometal data. Therefore, the metadata take up i this study has bee structured to permit represetatio of the outlie of the evirometal data based o the JMP2.0 (JapaMetadataProfile2.0) (Geographic Survey Istitute, 2003), which is domestic metadata specificatios coformig to the ISO/TC211 (ISO/TC211, 2003). I additio, the evirometal data has bee structured based o the data structure i ISO/TC211 (ISO/TC211, 2007). 2.2 Stadardizatio Ivestigatio Matters ElemetName Defiitio Obligatio/ Coditio Maximum occurrece Evirometal Data Title uique idetifier for the dataset Madatory 1 Cruise Iformatio ame of ship ad cruise project Optioal 1 Abstract brief arrative summary ad purpose of the cotet of the dataset Madatory 1 Poit Of Cotact idetificatio of,ad meas of commuicatio with,perso ad orgaizatios associated with the Madatory dataset observatio Items ame of observatio items(ex.watertemperature) Madatory Observatio Poits observed positio with coordiate of the dataset Madatory Observatio Areas observed area with coordiate of the dataset Referece descriptio of the spatial referece systems used i the dataset Madatory 1 Observatio Date period of the observatio Madatory Format descriptio of the computer laguage costruct that specifies the presetatio of dataset Optioal Distributio iformatio about the distributor of ad optios for Iformatio obtaiig the dataset Optioal Quality Iformatio iformatio about a evet i the creatio process for the dataset Optioal Laguage laguage used for documetig dataset Madatory 1 Descriptio text descriptio of the dataset Optioal 1 Poit Of Cotact (Metadata) party resposible for the metadata iformatio Madatory 1 Date Of Metadata Creatio date that the metadata was created Madatory 1 Laguage(Metadata) laguage used for documetig metadata Madatory 1 Poit Of Cotact (Result) Format Of Result party resposible for the result of usig dataset(ex.article) descriptio of the computer laguage costruct that specifies the presetatio of the result of usig dataset Distributio iformatio about the distributor of ad optios for Iformatio Of Result obtaiig the result of usig dataset Table 1. Scheme of OOMP Optioal Optioal Optioal 2.2.1 Metadata Structurig: Sice the purpose of the metadata is to explai the evirometal data, it must allow users to examie the ecessity of the evirometal data. Therefore, questioaires were set out to users of the evirometal data o sea areas ad iterviews were coducted, while a review meetig was held icludig academic experts i the field of sea area eviromet, to set metadata items that would permit judgmet of the possibility of utilizatio by users. Metadata items were set based o the JMP2.0, ad some itrisic items that showed the outlie of the eviromet data were added, to make the OOMP (Oceaographic Observatio Metadata Profile). (Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport, 2004). Table 1 shows the outlie of the OOMP. 2.2.2 Evirometal Data Structurig: The first task to be doe to advace the stadardizatio of evirometal data is to systematically orgaize the data structure. As show i Figure 1, the systematic orgaizatio of the data structure ivolves extractig the commo sectios (elemets) from the data groups, ad structurig the data while idetifyig the relatio betwee the elemets. Figure 1. Data Structurig ElemetName Defiitio Obligatio/ Coditio projected observatio poit projected coordiate of observatio poit projected observatio lie projected coordiate of observatio lie Madatory projected observatio area projected coordiate of observatio area defiitio of observatio item ame of observatio item Madatory defiitio of uit uits usig dataset Madatory defiitio of istrumet iformatio of observatio istrumet Optioal Optioal 1 iformatio of calibratio iformatio of calibratio about observatio istrumet Maximum occurrece defiitio of method iformatio of observatio method Optioal observatio poit observed coordiate of observatio poit observatio lie observed coordiate of observatio lie Optioal observatio area observed coordiate of observatio area time istat observatio date ad time 1 Madatory time period rage of observatio date ad time 1 orgaizatio orgaizatio of observatio Madatory 1 referece system descriptio of the spatial ad temporal referece systems used i the dataset Madatory 1 locatio determig method method of determiatio of observatio poit Optioal 1 the depth which the observatio had bee depth istat 1 coducted Optioal the depth betwee upper level ad lower level depth extetio 1 which observatio had bee coducted water depth water depth at observatio poit Optioal 1 category of observatio item(water quality,bottom observatio category material) Madatory 1 value observed value Madatory Table 2. Scheme of CML Based o the result, the items that should be described as the evirometal data, as well as their relatios, were structured based o the UML (Uified Modelig Laguage) ad a class diagram was created. The authors examied the validity of the data structure based o the class diagram i questio together 26
The Iteratioal Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sesig ad Spatial Iformatio Scieces. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijig 2008 with the academic experts i the field of sea area eviromet to draw up stadard specificatios (explaatio of data structure) of the evirometal data (hereiafter referred to as the Evirometal stadard data ). The stadard specificatios of the evirometal stadard data were amed the CML (Coastal ad Estuarie Markup Laguage) (Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport, 2004). The outlie of the CML is show i Table 2. 2.3 Data Creatio 2.3.1 Metadata Creatio: The JMP2.0 stipulates the creatio of metadata i the XML (extesible Markup Laguage) format. Creatio of metadata i the XML format has bee regularized also i the OOMP that is a extesio of the JMP2.0. As show i Figure 2, XML is iformatio laguage that describes text form ad qualified iformatio by surroudig part of the text by a tag. The followig are three properties of XML. (1) It ca preset a sectio of data by surroudig it with tags. (2) Tags ca be freely cofigured. (3) It ca be read by humas ad systems. format of the data i order to share it. The ISO/TC211 recommeds that XML be used for geographic feature data format. Therefore, use of the XML format has bee regularized also for creatio of evirometal stadard data. A variety of evirometal observatios have bee coducted curretly, ad i may cases, the respective observatio results have bee arraged i formats uique to respective egieers who arrage the evirometal data. Excel is used for the most part of such formats. The the observatio modes are classified ito three, ad the respective sheet forms of excel files have bee stipulated (as show below). (1) Observatio carried out by cotiuously chagig the depth (2) Observatio carried out cotiuously at a costat poit (3) Observatio of livig orgaisms A macro has bee added to the three excels correspodig to the above-metioed observatio modes to provide a coversio tool used to chage data ito the evirometal stadard data. After observatios, the results should be recorded i either oe of the three tools to automatically create the evirometal stadard data. The image of the evirometal stadard data creatio tool (for observatio carried out by cotiuously chagig the depth) is show below. Figure 2. Descriptio Method for XML Text We have bee developed a tool usig the excel macro to create metadata based o the OOMP. The tool will permit creatio of metadata without ay kowledge about XML. The image of the metadata creatio tool is show below. Figure 4. Evirometal Stadard Data Creatio Tool Figure 3. Metadata Creatio Tools 2.3.2 Evirometal stadard Data Creatio: Although evirometal stadard data is created based o the stadardized data structures, if users create evirometal data usig their ow formats the it is ecessary to comprehed the Meawhile it is very effective for promotio of data sharig to chage the log-term observatio by specific equipmet, as well as such data as has bee collected by a o-goig cotiuous observatio ad made ito a database i a origial format, ito the evirometal stadard data. Uder such a circumstaces, efforts have bee made to select istrumets (multi-parameter water quality meter ad ADCP), develop a coversio tool that will chage data ito the specific evirometal stadard data correspodig to the output data format, ad develop a tool that will covert the public water moitorig data, which has bee coducted sice the 1970s by the Miistry of the Eviromet, ito the evirometal stadard data. The Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport is observig the surface curret i Tokyo Bay i real time with the help of a ocea radar, emittig radio waves from a lad-based atea ad receivig ad processig the reflected echoes to cotiuously observe the curret (directio ad velocity) ad waves (height, period, ad directio) ear the sea surface that is tes of square kilometers wide. Therefore, a tool 27
The Iteratioal Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sesig ad Spatial Iformatio Scieces. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijig 2008 to covert such data ito the evirometal stadard data has bee developed. These tools ad data are provided free of charge by the Tokyo Bay Evirometal Iformatio Ceter described later. The flow of creatio of evirometal stadard data is show i Figure 5. Observatio/Aalysis Observatio istrumets TokyoBayEvirometalIformatioCeter Cotets aimed at iformatio disclosure GIS EvirometalStudy Ocea Radar DepthShiftData TimeShiftData LivigOrgaismsData OceaRadar BBS SourceData Creatio Tool Cotets aimed at iformatio sharig Evirometal Stadard Data Clearighouse Create ad Utilize Tools Figure 5. Creatio of Evirometal Stadard Data by XML 3. DEVELOPMENT OF TOKYO BAY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION CENTER WEBSITE Figure 6. The Coceptual of the TBEIC 3.1 Overview of the Tokyo Bay Evirometal Iformatio Ceter The details of the clearighouse that will be the foudatio of data sharig are described below. The Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport commeced operatio of the Tokyo Bay Evirometal Iformatio Ceter (TBEIC) website (URL: http://www.tbeic.go.jp) i Jue 2003, as a spatial data ifrastructure for sharig evirometal data regardig Tokyo Bay. Figure 6 shows a coceptual figure of the Tokyo Bay Evirometal Iformatio Ceter (hereiafter referred to as the ceter). I the ceter, the cotets aimed at iformatio disclosure ad cotets aimed at iformatio sharig are beig built up. The mai cotets are as show below. Cotets aimed at iformatio disclosure (1) Cotets of accumulated evirometal data regardig Tokyo Bay retrievable by GIS. (2) Evirometal study cotets aimig at improvig awareess of the eviromet ad developig evirometal improvemet activities. (3) Cotets that ca be freely registered such as details of evirometal improvemet evets ad photographs related to the eviromet. (4) Cotets which ca obtai, i real time, the observatio results of ocea radar cotiuously observig Tokyo Bay. Cotets aimed at iformatio sharig (1) Cotets that retrieve ad display the details ad whereabouts of evirometal data cotrolled by the various bodies. (clearighouse) (2) Cotets that provide tools to create ad utilize evirometal stadard data ad the stadard specificatios of the evirometal data recommeded by the ceter. 3.2 Overview of the Clearighouse I order to promote the sharig of evirometal data it is importat to have a mechaism where essetial iformatio ca be easily obtaied. I may of the databases costructed thus far for sharig evirometal data, the data has bee aggregated ad cotrolled i oe database. However, the problems related to costructig a database i such a way are listed below. (1) The format of evirometal data differs accordig to the data maagemet body. (2) Rules are ecessary to defie rights ad resposibilities relatig to evirometal data. (3) Vast amouts of labour are ecessary for maiteace ad update of evirometal data. (4) Each body is providig their ow evirometal data. Accordigly, i order to resolve these issues the Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport has created a clearighouse at the ceter, as show i Figure 7, as a cotet which ca retrieve the locatio of the evirometal data which the various bodies possess. The clearighouse oly possesses the metadata which explais evirometal data. I additio, evirometal data is data maaged by each body that obtais it ad provided to data users. The volume of data is less i compariso with existig highly cocetrated databases due to this structure. Accordigly, the burde of supervisors is reduced ad it will be possible to develop a system takig ito accout the itellectual property rights of data creators. Furthermore, as the clearighouse is 28
The Iteratioal Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sesig ad Spatial Iformatio Scieces. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijig 2008 costructed o the iteret, users ca retrieve iformatio at ay time. Data Users Iteret Clearighouse TBEIC Data creators provide metadata to the clearig house(tbeic) ObservatioData ObservatioData ObservatioData 3.4 Use of Stadard Data The clearighouse will clarify the whereabouts of the ecessary data, permittig its acquisitio through the shortest chael. Whe progress is made i future toward creatio of the evirometal stadard data based o the CML examied by the Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport, users ca obtai the evirometal stadard data from various data maagemet bodies. Users will itegrate or extract obtaied data to achieve respective results, but data processig will require labor because the obtaied data are i the XML format. Therefore, the Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport is developig ad offerig the evirometal stadard data utilizatio tool (hereiafter referred to as a utilizatio tool) that will support users efforts to process the data collected from various data maagemet bodies after itegratio ad extractio of those data without regard to the data format. The outlie of the tool is show below. EvirometalStadardData load Data Creators Begi year moth day TOKYO Pref Ed year moth day Figure 7. The Coceptual of Clearighouse KANAGAWA Pref 3.3 Clearighouse Utilizatio As illustrated i Figure 8, the cocrete flow of evirometal data procuremet by the clearighouse ca be explaied by separatig it ito the retrieval process which retrieves the locatio of essetial evirometal data ad the procuremet process. Retrieval Process (1) Users refer to the clearighouse to check for required evirometal data. (2) Clearighouse provides metadata matchig the requiremets. Procuremet Process (3) Data users select the required evirometal data from the metadata provided by the clearighouse. (4) Data users request the required evirometal data to the creators who possess the data. (5) Data users receive evirometal data from the data creators. Clearighouse Data Creators WaterQuality W.Temp. WaterQuality COD WaterQuality Saliity BottomMaterial IL BottomMaterial COD Coordiate Time Depth TotalDepth Item Value Uit GRAPH Figure 9. The Coceptual of Utilizatio Tools CHIBA Pref OUTPUT Users will first load multiple evirometal stadard data ito the utilizatio tool, ad the utilizatio tool will read the cotets (ivestigatio item ad locatio) of the loaded data ad display a list. Users select the iformatio to be extracted from the list. Fially, as show i Figure 10, users specify the output format (excel, CSV, etc.) to output the iformatio. Retrieval Process Data Creators Procuremet Process Figure 8. Clearighouse Utilizatio Figure 10. Extracted data by utilizatio tool (excel format) This tool ca also draw four types of graphs listed blow. (1) Vertical graph (2) Bar graph (3) Sequetial lie graph (4) Scatter graph 29
The Iteratioal Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sesig ad Spatial Iformatio Scieces. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijig 2008 After selectig the iformatio to extract, users will specify the type of graph to display. For example, the vertical graph is show below. Coastal Zoe Evirometal Maagemet Figure 7. Implemetatio of Effective Evirometal Maagemet by Usig the Spatial Data Ifrastructure Figure 11. Vertical graph 4. ANTICIPATED RESULTS OF INFORMATION SHARING It is aticipated that by sharig iformatio i this way, various bodies (govermets, research istitutes, private compaies, NPOs etc.) will be able to obtai iformatio equally ad there will be icreased opportuities to discuss problems or issues arose. At preset, startig with the geeral eviromet of the coastal zoe, diversificatio of the evaluatio of iformatio sharig is advacig ad it has become a situatio i which the previous type of oe-sided evaluatios from busiesses are ot acceptable. I other words, cooperatio will occur due to various bodies equally obtaiig iformatio ad by firstly draftig valid couter-measures ad appropriate cosesus buildig, ad the realizatio of couter-measures will become possible. From here o, maagemet to ascertai how to reduce the burde o the eviromet, the specifics of the past ad curret eviromet i the coastal zoe ad to cotrol the eviromet is required for cotiuig work i Japa s coastal areas. It is ecessary to promote the followig approaches by usig stadardizatio ad the clearighouse of evirometal data for that. (1) Aytime ad aywhere, the perso who eeds iformatio ca obtai itelligece. (2) The admiistrative body ad the local populace use the same iformatio, ad commuicatios are activated. (3) It works for the evirometal service based o the accurate itelligece. Utilizig this structure will develop a situatio i which everyoe ca share evirometal data ad it is expected to be able to qualitatively improve evirometal improvemet techology ad aalysis techiques related to evirometal impact assessmets which accompay the settig of evirometal improvemet targets ad work i respose to the coditios at the time. 5. CONCLUSION I order to share evirometal data that everyoe ca easily utilize, it is ecessary for as may bodies as possible to uderstad the iitiative ad participatio. At preset this iformatio sharig structure is also beig used for the Japaese eclosed coastal areas of Osaka Bay, Ise Bay, the Seto Ilad Sea as well as Tokyo Bay. Furthermore, as this kid of evirometal data sharig structure ca also be utilized for the evirometal data of lad areas i additio to coastal areas, from hereo we also thik that by uderstadig this evirometal data sharig structure ad widely dissemiatig it, may researchers will cotribute to the implemetatio of sustaiable atioal lad improvemet. Refereces Geographical Survey Istitute, 2003. Japa Metadata Profile (JMP) 2.0 (i Japaese) http://zgate.gsi.go.jp/ch/jmp20/jmp20.html (accessed 23 Apr. 2008) ISO/TC211, 2007. ISO19136 - Geographic iformatio Geomatics ISO/TC211, 2003. ISO19115 - Geographic iformatio Metadata Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport, 2004. Coastal ad estuarie Markup Laguage (CML) (i Japaese) http://www.tbeic.go.jp/ch/chmaual/ch_pro.html (accessed 23 Apr. 2008) Miistry of Lad, Ifrastructure ad Trasport, 2004. Oceaographic Observatio Metadata Profile (OOMP) (i Japaese) http://www.tbeic.go.jp/ch/chmaual/ch_pro.html (accessed 23 Apr. 2008) 30