Data to the problem of artificial cranial deformation, Part 1.

A N N A L E S HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS H U N G A R I C I Tomus 75. Budapest, 1983 p. 339-350. Data to the problem of artificial cranial deformation, Part 1. by I. P A P, B u d a p e s t Abstract Investigation o f individuals o f 10 artificially deformed and 4 non-deformed skulls originating from the 5th century G o t h i c - A l a n cemetery part ( K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a, H u n g a r y ) is presented. W i t h 4 tables and 3 photoplates. I n 1976-1980 the j o i n t Hungarian-Soviet expedition excavated a R o m a n fortified settlement and its vicinity o f F e n é k p u s z t a near Keszthely, south-west o f Lake Balaton. D u r i n g this w o r k were dug up 31 graves o f a 5th century cemetery situated south o f the R o m a n walls ( E R D É L Y I 1978, 1979; E R D É L Y I & S Á G I 1980). A c c o r d i n g to E r d é l y i ' s o p i n i o n a G o t h i c - A l a n population was buried i n this cemetery ( T I T O V & E R D É L Y I 1980). The numerous artificially deformed skulls originating f r o m the regular excavation give special importance to this material. U p t o now no cemetery containing such a great number o f deformed skulls had been f o u n d only cemetery w i t h i n the Carpathian Basin contain ing larger number o f artificially deformed skulls was found i n the territory o f the Soviet U n i o n. I n this paper I present the material o f 14 graves unearthed between 1976-1978. The rescued anthropological material has been desposited i n the A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l Department o f the H u n g a r i a n Natural History Museum. * * * Great number o f foreign and Hungarian researchers have already studied the p r o b l e m o f a r t i ficial cranial deformation. There is no possibility to sum up completely the foreign literature. T O P I N A R D (1881) was among the first to study the usage, spreading and chapes o f d i s t o r t i o n. L E V I N (1946-1947) gave account o f the custom o f deformation from the territory o f T u r k m e n i a ; R U E T S H K O V (1957) reported on this custom from Azerbaidzhan. G I N S B U R G ' S and Z I R O V ' S very i m p o r t a n t w o r k (1949) enabled the numerical characterization o f the degree o f the cranial distortion by apply ing the deformation index. T R O F I M O V A (1959) not only examined larger number o f deformed skulls originating f r o m the area o f the Soviet U n i o n and compared them w i t h the non-deformed skulls also. A N D E R S O N (1962), w h o prepared his w o r k for archaeologists, discussed the deformation types too. B o t h B O B I N and M A R K reported on artificially deformed skulls i n 1964. A c c o r d i n g t o G I N S B U R G ' S opinion the distortion was practiced in the V o l g a and K u b a n regions i n the Bronze Age (1968). I t was wide-spread among Sarmatians living in Central Asia, the Volga area and the N o r t h e r n Caucasus. I n the last few years M C N E I L L & N E W T O N (1965), Firshtein ( i n T Ó T H & F I R S H T E I N 1970), Ö Z B E K (1974), S I M O N (1978) K O N D O V A and her colleagues (1979) dealt w i t h artificial cranial deformation. I n our country B A R T U C Z (1936) was the first to treat the problem and in full details (1966). N E M E S K É R I (1944, 1952), B R A B A N T & N E M E S K É R I (1963), L I P T Á K (1961, 1970) also discussed the question. REGOLY MÉREi (1959) approached the problem from medical respects. K I S Z E L Y (1969, 1972, 1977) and H A N K Ó (1974) investigated deformed skulls o n several occasions ( H A N K Ó & K I S Z E L Y 1971-1972). W E N G E R (1972) and F A R K A S (1973) examined the problem in their papers respectively. I n the last few years L I P T Á K & M A R C S I K (1977) not only reported new finds but reevaluated the deformed skulls of K i s z o m b o r and compared them w i t h the deformed skulls o f the H u n g a r i a n M i g r a t i o n Period as well. M a t e r i a l and method T h e distribution among sex, age and deformation o f the skeleton material f r o m 31 graves m a y be seen i n Table 1. Sixty-seven percent o f the excavated skulls are artificially deformed. We c o u l d not decide for two children skulls whether they were deformed or not because o f their being fragmen tary and incomplete state o f preservation. The number o f male and female skeletons is nearly equal in both groups. The number o f children w i t h deformed skulls is higher than the non-deformed ones. It can be probably explained by incomplete uncovering. Skulls f r o m the 14 graves are reported i n Annls hist.-nat. 22* Mus. natn. hung., 75,1983

\ this paper, considering 6 children, 1 juvenile and 7 grown-ups (3 male, 4 female). A m o n g them 1 male, 1 female and 1 child skull were non-deformed. I n the course o f the study I identified s e x o n the basis o f anatomical characters o f the cranium and the skeleton. I n the case o f children 1 have determined a g e by investigating the eruption o f deci duous and permanent teeth and by measuring the long bones. I n establishing the grown-ups' age I have taken into consideration the ossification os sutures, the epiphyses and the surface changing o f the facies symphyseos ossis pubis (FEREMBACH & al. 1980). I have followed the MARTiN-technique (1928) for the cranial measurements, i n the examination o f facial flatness I have used the method o f DEBETS & T Ó T H ( i n F A R K A S 1972). I have classified the measurements and indices according to A L E X EYEV & DEBETS (1964). For measuring the long bones I have followed the A L E X E Y E V - m e t h o d (1966). I have calculated stature and weight after DEBETS & D U E R N O V O (1971). Anthropological and pathological analysis Parameters o f t h e s k u l l s are presented i n T a b l e 2, the d a t a o f f a c i a l flatness are g i v e n i n T a b l e 3. P a r a m e t e r s o f the l o n g bones m a y be f o u n d i n T a b l e 4. G r a v e 1 G r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) female d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e. F a c e i n c o m p lete. F o r e h e a d slantwise r u n n i n g b a c k as a result o f d e f o r m a t i o n. A m i l d d i p b e h i n d t u b e r a f r o n t a l i a a n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. O c c i p i t a l r e g i o n because o f the s t r o n g o c c i p i t a l pressure flat, s t r a i g h t. I n c o m p l e t e p o s t c r a n i a l s k e l e t o n. Exostoses o n the d o r s a l vertebrae. G r a v e 2 Deformed skull fragment o f about 2 year-old child. Cribra orbitalia o n the r i g h t o r b i t (left o r b i t m i s s i n g ). S u t u r a m e t o p i c a, os apicis. F r a g m e n t a r y skeletal bones. G r a v e 3 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f 2-5 y e a r - o l d c h i l d, w i t h m a x i l l a p a r t a n d i n c o m p lete m a n d i b l e. A d i p caused b y d i s t o r t i n g b a n d a g e b e h i n d t u b e r a f r o n t a l i a a n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a b o t h o f sides. O s t e o p o r o s i s o n p l a t e. I n c o m p l e t e skeletal b o n e fragments. G r a v e 4 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d d e f o r m e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) female s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e ( P l a t e 1:1). T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a c a n n o t be seen i n consequence o f d e f o r m a t i o n. F o r e h a d slant w i s e r u n n i n g b a c k. A s l i g h t d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m (Plate 1:2). O b e l i o n r e g i o n flat, t r a c e o f d i s t o r t i o n c a n n o t be seen o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. R i g h t c a p i t u l u m m a n d i b u l a e d e f o r m e d because o f a r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s. R i g h t fossa m a n d i b u l a r i s also d e f o r m e d, its shize g r o w n b u t less deep. Exostosis its edge. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal bones. A r t h r o sis d e f o r m a n s o n t u b e r o s i t a s sacralis, facies a r t i c u l a r e s a n d o n tuberositas i l i a c a. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n r e g i o n o f r i g h t i n c i s u r a r a d i a l i s u l n a e, processus c o r o n o i d e u s, r i g h t e x t r e m i t a s sternalis c l a v i c u l a e, l e f t e x t r e m i t a s a c r o m i a l i s c l a v i c u l a e a n d left facies a r t i c u l a r i s a c r o m i i. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n facies a r t i c u l a r i s s u p e r i o r et i n f e r i o r vertebrae T h _» w i t h s t r o n g exostoses. A p e r f o r a t i o n caused b y discus h e r n i a o n T h v e r t e b r a b o d y. 3 1 0 9 G r a v e 5 Y o u n g ( j u v e n i l e ) female d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e ( P l a t e 1:3). A d i p caused b y d e f o r m i n g b a n d a g e after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m (Plate 1:4). T r a c e o f d i s t o r t i o n less a p p a r e n t o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. G r a v e 6 I n c o m p l e t e, fragmentary g r o w n - u p (maturus) non-deformed male crani u m. A w o r m i a n b o n e o n left side o f s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a. Cystae a b o v e \C, P M, a n d P M. A t r o p h i a i n s o m e places. I n c o m p l e t e s k e l e t a l bones. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n facies a r t i c u l a r i s sacri. Processus spinosus a n d r i g h t side processus a r t i c u l a r i s s u p e r i o r n o t ossified, caused p r o b a b l y b y d i s t u r b a n c e o f d e v e l o p m e n t. F o r a m e n vertebrae d e f o r m e d, processus spinosus twisted. 2 G r a v e 7 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f a 18 m o u n t h - o l d c h i l d. A d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m. P a r t i a l s u t u r a m e t o p i c a. B o t h o f sides c r i b r a o r b i t a l i a. I n c o m plete s k e l e t a l bones. G r a v e 8 Well-preserved g r o w n - u p (adultus) deformed male skull w i t h mandible ( P l a t e 2 : 1 ). A d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m. O c c i p i t a l r e g i o n s t r o n g l y

p r o t r u d i n g, n u m e r u o u s w o r m i e n b o n e s i n s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a (Plate 2 : 2 ). W o r m i e n b o n e s also o n b o t h o f sides o f s u t u r a s q u a m o s a a n d r i g h t side o f s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. P o r o s i s on vertebrae. 9 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f a 1-2 y e a r - o l d c h i l d. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m G r a v e is expressed. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a o n b o t h o f sides o r b i t. I n c o m p l e t e s k e l e t a l b o n e s. 10 D e f o r m e d s k u l l o f a 4-5 y e a r - o l d c h i l d (Plate 3 : 3-4 ). T u b e r c u l u m p r e Grave b r e g m a t i c u m very strong. I n c o m p l e t e skeletal bones. 11 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) d e f o r m e d f e m a l e s k u l l w i t h m a n Grave d i b l e (Plate 2 : 3-4 ). Basic p a r t i n c o m p l e t e. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m expressed. A d i p b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a s l i g h t l y l i m i t e d, f o r e h a e d slantwise r u n n i n g b a c k. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. Exostosis o n L _ 3 l vertebrae. 12 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) n o n - d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e. G r a v e A l v e o l a r s o f m o l a r s t o t a l l y a t r o p h i e d. I n c o m p l e t e, f r a g m e n t a r y bad-preserved s k e l e t a l b o n e s. Arthrosis deformans o n extremitas spinosus o f t h o r a c i c vertebrae s t e r n a l i s. Exostoses o n c e r v i c a l v e r t e b r a e. 13 D e f o r m e d s k u l l o f a 3-4 y e a r - o l d G r a v e Processi assimilated. child with m a n d i b l e (Plate 3 : 1 ). Basic p a r t i n c o m p l e t e. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m s t r o n g. A n i m p r e s s i o postbregmatica b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a expressed. F o r e h e a d l e a n i n g f o r w a r d v e r y s t r o n g l y (Plate 3 : 2 ). O b e l i o n - l a m b d a r e g i o n f l a t, n u c h a l r e g i o n s t r a i g h t b u t v e r y s t r o n g l y r u n n i n g f o r w a r d t o basic p a r t. W o r m i e n b o n e s o n s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a o n b o t h o f o r b i t s. H y p e r o s t o s i s spongiosa a p p a r e n t o n p a r i e t a l b o n e. W e l l p r e s e r v e d s k e l e t a l bones. 14 G r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) d e f o r m e d m a l e s k u l l w i t h w e l l - p r e s e r v e d m a n d i b G r a v e le. Face incomplete, fragmentary. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m l i m i t e d, a n impressio post b r e g m a t i c a b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. I n f l u e n c e o f d e f o r m a t i o n less expressed o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. W o r m i e n b o n e o n s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d s k e l e t a l b o n e s. P e r f o r a t i o fossae o l e c r a n i h u m e r i o n left side. A n exostosis o n v e r t e b r a Th x a n d trace o f i n f l a m m a t i o n o n v e r t e b r a 77/. S a c r a l i s a t i o n. 12 O n the type of deformation C i r c u l a r type o f d e f o r m a t i o n w e r e a p p l i e d t o a l l o f the e x a m i n e d c r a n i a. D e f o r m a t i o n was achieced w i t h t h e h e l p o f t w o bandages. O n e o f t h e m s t a r t e d f r o m t h e forehead a n d w e n t o n across the t e m p o r a l r e g i o n t o the nape o f t h e n e c k, s u r r o u n d i n g t h e h e a d c o n c e n t r i c a l l y. T h e o t h e r b a n d a g e started f r o m t h e s u m m i t o f t h e c r a n i u m g o i n g o n u n d e r the c h i n. I n consequence o f t h e b i l a t e r a l pressure there d e v e l o p e d t h e s o - c a l l e d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m b e t w e e n t h e bandages, a f t e r b r e g m a. E i t h e r the p o s i t i o n a n d t h e tautness o f the a p p l i e d bandages o r t h e t a x o n o m i c characters o f t h e c r a n i u m h a d r e m a r k a b l e effect o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t os s k u l l shape. W i t h i n t h i s c i r c u l a r t y p e o f d e f o r m a t i o n t w o g r o u p s can be seen i n t h e m a t e r i a l o f F e n é k p u s z t a : F i r s t g r o u p : T h e f o r e h e a d is s l a n t w i s e r u n n i n g b a c k, the c r a n i u m is h i g h, t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m a n d i m p r e s s i o p o s t b r e g m a t i c a is w e l l expressed. T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s k u l l s are classified a m o n g this g r o u p. Second g r o u p : T h e f o r e h e a d is v e r y l o w. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m is less expressed, i m p r e s s i o p o s t b r e g m a t i c a is s h a l l o w e r t h e n i n t h e first g r o u p. T h e c r a n i u m is l o w, l o n g. T h e p o s t a u r i c u l a r r e g i o n is v e r y e l o n g a t e d. T h e s k u l l f r o m the 8 t h g r a v e is classified a m o n g this g r o u p. * * *

I hope the studies o n the anthropological material excavated i n 1 9 7 9-1 9 8 0 make possible the more precise clarification o f the anthropological aspect o f the whole p o p u l a t i o n part. I n the second part o f this study I w i l l compare the series f r o m the Hungary and material extralimital to the Carpa thian Basin. References A L E X E Y E V, V. P. ( 1 9 6 6 ) : Osteometria. M e t o d i k a anthropologitsheskih isledovaniy. M o s k v a, 2 5 1 pp. ( i n Russian). A L E X E Y E V, V. P. & DEBETS, G. F. ( 1 9 6 4 ) : K r a n i o m e t r i a. M e t o d i k a anthropologitsheskih isledo vaniy. M o s k v a, 1 2 8 p p. ( i n Russian). A N D E R S O N, J. E. ( 1 9 6 2 ) : T h e h u m a n skeleton. A manual for archaeologists. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1 6 4 pp. B A R T U C Z, L. ( 1 9 3 6 ) : A k i s z o m b o r i t e m e t ő gepida k o p o n y á i [ G e p i d skulls o f K i s z o m b o r cemetery]. Dolgozatok, 12: 1 7 8-2 1 6 ( i n Hungarian). B A R T U C Z, L. ( 1 9 6 6 ) : Palaeopathologia I I I. A praehistorikus t r e p a n á c i ó é s o r v o s t ö r t é n e t i vonatko z á s ú sírleletek ( P a l ä o p a t h o l o g i e, I I I. D i e p r ä h i s t o r i s c h e Trepanation, Funde m i t medizinisch historischen und p a l ä o p a t h o l o g i s c h e n Beziehungen i n U n g a r n ). Orsz. Orvos tört. Könyvtár, Budapest, 6 1 2 pp. ( i n H u n g a r i a n ). B O B I N, V. V. ( 1 9 6 4 ) : Les recherches paleopathologiques des d e r n i è r e s a n n é e s sur les ossements d é c o u v e r t s en C r i m é e et Dans le Caucase d u N o r d. VII Congres Int. Se. Anthrop. Ethnol., Moscou, 1-6. B R A B A N T, H. & NEMESKÉRI, J. ( 1 9 6 3 ) : É t u d e anthropologique et stomatologique d'une série de cranes d ' â g e hunnique d é c o u v e r t s a M ö z s. De Bull. Group. Int. Rech. Sc. Stomatologie, 6: 3 1 7 e 338. DEBETS, G. F. & D U E R N O V O, Y U. A. ( 1 9 7 1 ) : ( L o n g bones f r o m Eneolithic burial grounds i n T u r k menia). Sovietskaya Arclieol., 1: 2 6-3 5 ( i n Russian). E R D É L Y I, I. ( 1 9 7 8 ) : Á s a t á s i j e l e n t é s [Excavation r e p o r t ], Régészeti füz., 31: 1 2-1 3 ( i n Hungarian). E R D É L Y I, I. ( 1 9 7 9 ) : Á s a t á s i j e l e n t é s [Excavation report]. Régészeti füz., 32: 9 4 ( i n Hungarian). E R D É L Y I, & S Á G I, K. ( 1 9 8 0 ) : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen v o n K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a. Mitt. arch. Inst., 8/9: 1 5 1-1 5 6. F A R K A S, G Y. ( 1 9 7 2 ) : P a l e o a n t r o p o l ó g i a i m e t o d i k á k [ A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l practice]. Szeged, 2 8-6 6. (in Hungarian). FARKAS, G Y. ( 1 9 7 3 ) : Macrocephalic a n d " A v a r p e r i o d " m o n g o l o i d anthropological finds from W o i w o d i n a. Acta biol., 19: 2 0 3-2 1 1. FEREMBACH, D., S C H W I D E T Z K Y, I. & S T L O U K A L, M. ( 1 9 8 0 ) : Recommandations pour determiner Page et le sexe sur le squelette. Bull. Mém. Soc. d'anthrop., 13: 7-4 5. G I N S B U R G, V. V. ( 1 9 6 8 ) : A n anthropological characterization o f the Sarmatians i n the V o l g a area. Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 60: 3 0 7-3 1 1. G I N S B U R G, V. V. & Z I R O V, E. V. ( 1 9 4 9 ) : Anthropologitsheskie materialue iz Kenkolskogo k a t a k o m b nogo m o g i l n i k a v doline r. Talas K i r g i z s k o y SSR. Sbornik AN, 10: 2 1 3-2 6 5. ( i n Russian). H A N K Ó, K. I. & K I S Z E L Y I, I. ( 1 9 7 1-1 9 7 2 ) : M e s t e r s é g e s e n d e f o r m á l t k o r a n é p v á n d o r l á s k o r i férfi k o p o n y a T a m á s i - A d o r j á n p u s z t á r ó l [Artificially deformed male skull o f the early M i g r a t i o n Period f r o m T a m á s i - A d o r j á n p u s t a ], Szekszárdi Múz. Évk., 2: 6 7-8 4. ( i n Hungarian). K I S Z E L Y, I. ( 1 9 6 9 ) : Anthropologische Untersuchung der f r ü h v ö l k e r w a n d e r u n g s e i t l i c h e n Skelettfunde mit k ü n s t l i c h deformierten S c h ä d e l n v o n L e t k é s. Mitt. arch. Inst., 2: 1 0 3-1 1 7. K I S Z E L Y I, I. ( 1 9 7 2 ) : Des deformierte S c h ä d e l i n Garbfund v o n K e s z t ö l c. Mitt. arch. Inst., 3: 123-127. K I S Z E L Y, I. ( 1 9 7 7 ) : Anthropologische Bearbeitung der p r ä l o n g o b a r d i s c h e n G r ä b e r i n Soponya. Mitt. arch. Inst., 6: 1 2 5-1 3 1. K I S Z E L Y I H A N K Ó, I. ( 1 9 7 4 ) : A brief anthropological characterization o f three artificially deformed skulls f r o m Sweden. Ossa, 1: 3 8-5 0. K O N D O V A, N., B O E V, P. & C H O L A K O V, S. ( 1 9 7 9 ) : ( U n n a t u r a l l y d e f o r m e d skulls f r o m the necropolis in the village o f Kyulevcha Shumen country). Arch. Inst. Muz. BAN, 3-4: 1 2 9-1 3 8. (in Russian). L E V I N, M. T. ( 1 9 4 6-1 9 4 7 ) : D e f o r m a c i y a golovue u T u e r k m e n. Sov. Etnogr., 6-7: 1 8 4-1 9 0. (in Russian). L I P T Á K, P. ( 1 9 6 1 ) : Germanische Skelettreste v o n H á c s - B é n d e k p u s z t a aus dem 5. J h. U. Z. Acta arch, hung., 13: 2 3 1-2 4 6. L I P T Á K, P. ( 1 9 7 0 ) : A m a g y a r s á g e t n o g e n e z i s é n e k p a l e o a n t r o p o l ó g i á j a [ P a l e o a n t h r o p o l o g y o f H u n g a r i a n ethnogenesis]. D o k t o r i ért. tézisei [ D o c t. diss, thesis]. Anthrop. Közi., 14: 8 5-9 4. (in Hungarian).

LIPTÁK, P. & MARCSIK, A. (1977): Kora-népvándorláskori embertani leletek Kelet-Magyarországon (Anthropologische Funde in Ostungarn aus der frühvölkerwanderungszeit. Neuere Angaben zur Frage der Künstlichen Schädeldeformation). Déri Múz. Évk., 35-48 (in Hungarian). MARK, K. (1964): Anthropology of the Volga and Permian Finno-Ugric Peoples. VII. Int. Congr. Anlhrop. Ethn., Moscow, p. 1-5. MARTIN, R. (1928): Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, II. Jena, p. 579-1182. MCNEILL, R. & NEWTON, G. N. (1965): Cranial based morphology in association with intentional cranial vault deformation. Am. J. Phys. Anthr., 3: 241-254. NEMESKÉRI, J. (1944): The anthropological examination of the artificially deformed skull deriving from the grave from Gyöngyösapáti (Hun-period). Arch. Ért., 71: 303. NEMESKÉRI, J. (1952): An anthropological examination of recent macrocephalic finds. Acta arch. hung., 2: 223. ÖZBEK, M. (1974): Etude de la déformation crânienne artificielle chez les chalcolithiques de Byblos (Liban). Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthr op., XIII, 1: 455-481. RÉGÖLY MÉREI, GY. (1959): Kórbonctani szempontok sírleletek torzult és torzított koponyáinak vizsgálatakor, különös tekintettel a domolospusztai leletekre (Pathologisch-anatomische Angaben über die unwillkürliche Schädeldeformation und die Schädelplastik, mite besonderer Berück sichtigung des Grabfunds vom Domolospuszta (Komitat Baranya). Janus Pannonius Múz. Évk., 275-286. (in Hungarian). RUETSHKOV, YU. T. (1957): O deformatsii golovue v svyazii s obuetshayamue uhoda za detmi. UEAN Kratkie soobs., 27: 64-82. (in Russian). SIMON, CH. (1978): Nouveaux cas de déformation crânienne artificielle eu Suisse occidentale. Arch, suisse d'anthr op., 42: 17-22. TITOV, V. S. & ERDÉLYI, I. (1980): (The first results of the Hungarian-Soviet Expedition in Hungary). Sov. Arh., 1: 130-146. (in Russian). TOPINARD, P. (1881): Az anthropológia kézikönyve [Anthropology]. Budapest, 768 pp. (in Hungarian.) TÓTH, T. & FIRSHTEIN, B. V. (1970): Antropologitsheskie dannue k voprosue o velikom pereselenii narodov avarue i sarmatue. Leningrad, 201 pp. (in Russian). TROFIMOVA, T. A. (1959): Drevnee naselenie Horezma. Moskva, 176 pp. (in Russian). WENGER, S. (1972): Data to the anthropology of the Avar Period population in the Northern Plains, Hungary. Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 64: 401-413. Author's address: DR. ILDIKÓ PAP Anthropological Department Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest, Bajza utca 39 H-1062 Table 1. Distribution of deformation, sex and age Age Males Deformed Females Non-deformed Undet. sex Total Males Females Undet. sex Total Undecided Together Infans I. 9 9 2 2 2 13 Infans II. 1 1 1 1 2 Juvenis 1 3 4 4 Adultus 1 1 2 1 1 3 Maturus 3 2 5 2 2 4 9 Total 4 4 13 21 3 2 3 8 2 31

Table 2. Parameters of the cranium Keszthely-Fenékpuszta Deformed Non-deformed M ARTIN No i. 4. 5. 8. 11. 14. 6. 12. F+ 1 F M+ + F M M F 1 156 170 161 183 169 177 175 165 le 159 161 156 167 160 169 174 164 2 157 168 148 172 157 171 174 160 5 96 104 93 8 117 123 135 144 142 143 144 131 9 86 87 97 89 91 92 10 116 111 106 128 1 19 118 119 113 11 1 17, 130 130 126 126 116 12 107 101 117 109 106 112 108 17 136 131 131 143 127 B ab* 141 140 136 130 20 125 118 I2<S 113 118 104 26 117 121 110 126 133 121 120 27 122 121 113 117 131 111 125 111 28 126 128 115 111 29 109! 16 104 117 122. 109 107 30 106 103 100 102 114 97 110 101 31 103 105 99 96 32 77 65 75. 77 32 75 56 67 70 40 90 94 93 93 43 100 96 104 103 106 102 101 45 _ 138 130 123 46 86 97 90 87 97. 92 47 107 117 101 119 1 1 1 102 48 73 61 69 69 62 51 42 42 39 43 42 42 52 34 35 31 37 34. 32 54 24 25 23 23 25 27 24 55 52 53 44 51 52 44 62 41 47 46 42 43 63 40 44 38 42 41 65 123 106 121 117 66 94 91 97 101 97 105 86 68 69 81 71 77 79 81 81 79 68/1 56 51 51 62 56 60 67 54 69 22 28 24 29 26 29 28 70 64 60 59 71 64 R!67 75 64 71a 28 31 31 29 33 33 29 31 72 84 84 79 73 87 90 87 82 74 60 66 62 75 61 61 57 75/1 23 23 32 8: 1 75.00 72.35 83.85 78.69 84.02 80.79 82.29 79.39 17: 1 84.47 71.58 74.01 81.71 76.97 17: 8 100.74 90.97 91.61 99.31 96.95 9: 8 69.92 64.44 67.36 62.68 63.19 70.23 26:25 34.15 34.46 35.09

Continuation of Table 2. MARTIN Deformed Non-deformed No 1. 4. 5. 8. 11. 14. 6. 12. F+ F F M++ F M M F 27:25 31.71 33.94 32.46 28:25 34.15 31.61 32.46 29:26 93.16 95.87 94.55 92.86 91.73 90.08 89.17 30:27 86.89 85.12 88.50 87.18 87.02 87.39 88.00 90.99 31:28 81.75 86.07 86.09 86.49 47:45 86.23 85.38 82.93 48:45 50.00 53.08 50.41 52:51 80.95 83.33 79.49 86.05 80.95 76.19 54.55 46.15 47.17 52.27 45.10 48.08 54.55 63:62 92.68 89.36 89.13 Deformation 95.27 81.40.. 79.53 81.25 index Glabella 1 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 Arcus superciliaris 2 2 2 3 1 2 I Prot. occ. ext. 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 Proc. 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 mast. Orbita s* o** r o o s s + Female, >- + Male. Basion-antibasion distance, * s = subrectangular, ** o = oblong, *** r = rounded Table 3. Parameters of the facial flatness Characteristics Deformed skull Non-deformed skull 1. 4. 5. 8. 11. 14. 6. 12. MC 16 18 18 19 17 MS 6 7 8 7 7 BC 92 91 96 95 100 94 BS 21 19 21 18 16 NA 131.0 135.8 133.7 138.5 142.9 ZS 33 20 22 27 27 26 ZC 96 89 86 96 99 89 ZA 111.8 130.8 125.8 122.4 122.7 119.3 DC 19 22 20 28 20 DS 11 11 13 11 11 ID 59.14 51.82 63.00 39.86 _ 53.92 SC 7 11 11 10. 9 SS 3 4 7 5 4 IS 40.54 36.36 63.06 45.00 38.04 C 45 56 50 50 s 7 9 9 12 S:C 14.67 16.49 17.51 24.00 IMMS 23 31 24 24 28 27 IMMC 6 5 6 5 6 6, IMM index 26.67 16.13 25.00 21.19 21.74 22.22 Fossa canina 2 2 3 2 4 MC = Maxillofrontal chord, MS = Maxillofrontal subtense, BC = Bi-malar chord, BS = Bi-malar subtense, NA = Nasomalar angle, ZC = Zygomaxillar chord, ZS = Zygomaxillar subtense, ZA = Zygomaxillar angle, DC = Dacryal chord, DS = Dacryal subtense, ID = Dacryal index, SC = Simotical chord, SS = Simotical subtense, IS = SimoticaL index, C = Malar chord, S = Malar subtense, S :C = Malar arc index, IMMS = Incisure maxillo-malar subtense, IMMC : Incisure maxillo-malar chord

Table 4. Parameters of the postcranial skeleton Keszthely-Fenékpuszta Deformed Non-deformed MARTIN No 1. 4. 5. 8. 11. 14. 6. 12. 1 F F F M F M M F Humerus 1 R 306 * 346 L 301 * 344 298 329 5 R 19 20 21 23 21 25 20 L 18 20 20 21 20 23 25 20 6 R 15 15 17 20 14 20 16 L 15 15 17 19 16 19 20 17 7 R 53 54 55 65 54 64 57 L 51 53 54 61 53 61 68 55 6: 5 R 78.95 75.00 80.95 86.96 66.67 80.00 80.00 L 83.33 75.00 85.00 90.48 80.00 82.61 80.00 85.00 7: 1 R 17.65 18.79 L 17.61 17.73 17.79 18.54 Radius 1 R 238 218 279 L 236 * 267 2 R 226 * 208 266 L 225 * 211 254 3 R 36 38 34 43 32 L 34 38 40 34 42 43 4 R 13 15 14 18 14 L 12 15 16 14 15 18 5 R. 11 10 10 12 10 L 11 11 13 10 13 13 5: 4 R 84.62 66.67 71.43 66.67 71.43 L 91.67 73.33 81.25 71.43 86.67 72.22 3: 2 R 15.93 16.35 16.17 L 15.11 16.11 16.54 Ulna 2 R 231 L * 210 3 R 31 31 L 30 34 31 35 39 11 R 11 11 12 L 10 1 1 11 13 15 12 R 13 12 13 L 12 14 14 15 18 13 R 18 18 16 22 23 L 18 18 16 20 21 14 R 21 22 22 24 26 L. 21 24 23 26 28-3: 2 R 13.42 L 14.76-11:12 R 84.62 91.67 92.31 L 83.33 78.57 78.57 86.67 83.33 13:14 R 85.71 81.82 72.73 91.67 88.46 L 85.71 75.00 69.56 76.92 75.00

Continuation of Table 4. Deformed Non-deformed IVÏAR TIN No l. 4. 5. 8. 11. 14. 6. 12. F F F M F M M F Femur 1 R 414 404 472 L 408 414 406 434 472 502 2 R 410 396. 470 L 404 407 397 427 468 6 R 25 25 26 29 23 28 31 L 23 26 27 34 24 28 31 26 7 R 25 25 25 28 27 30 32 L 26 27 24 26 27 29 32 28 8 R 80 79 88 78 89 95 L 77 81 79 94 79 88 97 83 9 R 32 2<S 31 34 30 31 37 L 33 28 31 33 30 32 39 32 10 R 23 26 25 2S 30 29 27 L 22 27 25 30 27 30 30 25 8: 2 R 19.51 19.95 18.94 L 19.06 19.90 19.90 18.50 18.80 6: 7 R 100.00 100.00 104.00 108.37 85.19 93.33 96.88 L 88.46 96.30 112.50 130.77 88.89 96.55 96.88 92.86 10: 9 R 71.88 92.86 80.65 82.35 100.00 93.55 72.97 L 66.67 96.43 80.65 90.91 90.00 93.75 76.92 78.13 Tibia 1 R 341 338 386 341 380 321 L 343 336 393 386 8a R 30 29 30 37 29 36 34 30 L 38 31 31 35 30 35 33 31 9a R 21 23 19 26 21 24 24 21 L 20 20 21 31 20 24 25 20 10b R 65 64 65 77 63 71 80 63 L 63 65 67 78 62 71 79 9a:8a R 70.00 79.31 63.33 70.27 72.41 66.67 70.59 70.00 L 71.43 64.52 67.74 88.57 66.67 68.57 75.76 64.52 10b:l R 18.77 19.23 19.95 18.48 18.68 19.63 L 18.95 19.94 19.85 18.39 Stature (cm) 155.03 152.05 160.27 173.66 Weight (kg) 53.00 52.84 63.66 * Without epiphysis

Plate 1.

Plate 2.

Plate 3. Figs. 1-4. K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a, 5th century: 1-2 = Grave 13, 3-4 = Grave 10