Water Saving Technology Water Demand & Irrigation Miguel Aguila aguila@gemuese-garten.com Prof. Dr. S. Kleisinger Project for Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency November 6, 2009 EDUCATIONAL AND WORK HISTORY 2008 - Coordinator of Project for Water and Fertilizer Use efficiency, Company Behr AG, Germany 2004 2008 Professor, Colegio de Postgraduados in Agricultural Sciences, Mexico. 1999-2003 Doctoral Studies, Ph.D., Agricultural Sciences University of Hohenheim, Germany Thesis: Development of a Fully Automated Micro irrigation System for Horticultural Production under Field-Grown Conditions 1995 1997 Master in Science, M. Sc. Mexico. Rural Development, Thesis Efficiency of Water Use in Agriculture 1987-1991 Computer Engineering, B. Sc.. Mexico. Thesis Design of a Printed Circuit Boards
Agriculture Production Requirements -Products with Quality, and Quantity -High Efficiency of Water Use (due also water shortage, scarcity and water prices: m³ aprox. 0,5 ) Planta Water Soil Weather Water Saving Technology Irrigation system: - Surface Irrigation - Sprinkler Irrigation - Drip Irrigation Determination of Water Quantity and Timing: - Climatic water balance - Soil moisture with Sensoren
It is not the quantity of water applied to a crop, it is the quantity of intelligence applied which determines the result, there is more due to intelligence than water in every case ALFRED DEAKIN 1890 1 l Irrigation Systems 2 l Determination of Water Requirements and Irrigation Software
1 l Irrigation Systems Situation of the irrigation in Spain (Small Vegetables) Combination of Irrigations Systems Planting, Lettuce Field, Spain
Irrigation Car (30 min. after Planting) Local Irrigation to avoid initial stress
Installation of sprinkler irrigation (30 min./ha aprox.) Sprinkler Irrigation(begin 90 min. after Planting) During initial stage, 2-3 weeks
Water Source Water Reservoir Pump Station and Fertigation System
Drip Irrigation Installation (1h /ha aprox.) Drip irrigation during crop development, mid and late-season (during 5-10 weeks)
Double drip tubes density Soil water content between two drip tubes before and after irrigation Situation of the Irrigation in Germany
Double irrigation cannon Sprinkler Irrigation, midsize cannon
Reducing soil water evaporation Nozzle irrigation
Water Source (Groundwater) Mobile Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation on Linear Irrigation Machines Hamburg Germany
Combination of irrigation techniques - Sprinkler - Drip tubes and - Nozzles Sprinkler or nozzle irrigation during initial stage
Nozzle irrigation Mobile drip irrigation during crop development, mid and late-season
Mobile Drip-Irrigation Requirements Precision Planting
Adequate Micro-Irrigation Inadequate Micro-Irrigation
Energy Requirements Components: Water Valves and Micro-Irrigation tubes
Mobile Drip-Irrigation, Mexico (Master-Tesis) Mobile Drip-Irrigation, Mexico (Installation of the machine)
Surface Irrigation, China
Australia, Irrigation District, (Furrow Irrigation)
Furrow irrigation using siphon tubes (One person can irrigate 500 ha) Furrow irrigation in sugarcane
Drip irrigation in maize Water Use Efficiency, Australia
Efficiency of irrigation water use in Agriculture (Mexico) Agriculture: use 83% of total fresh water Problems: low efficiency of irrigation and soil erosion Efficiency of Conduction: 60-65% Field Efficiency: 50 60% Global Efficiency: 30 39% Situation of the Irrigation Inadequate irrigation practices are causing excessive evaporation and deep percolation losses
Inadequate Irrigation Practices, effect of water stress 2 l Determination of Water Requirements Methods to estimate irrigation needs: - Climatic water balance - Soil moisture with TDR or FDR-Sensors...
Soil Moisture Measurement in Root Zone (10 cm steps) content Devices for monitoring soil moisture and fertilizer Total ions+ -) SENTEK SENSOR : (FDR Technology), Australia EnviroScan (Constant Measurement and Moisture monitoring) EnviroSmart (Remote Moisture monitoring ) EasyAG (Local Moisture Sensor) TriScan Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Content (Measurement
Sensor TriScan Sentek Constant Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Content Measurement Sensor Diviner 2000 Sentek Mobile Soil Moisture Measurement Profundity 1,5 m in 10 cm Steps
Soil Moisture Measurement Access tube Installation
Data Analysis Mobile Soil Moisture Measurement
Labour intensive Installation TDR Sensor (used to measure volumetric soil water content)
Climatic Water Balance The Soil-Water-Plant-Atmosphere-Continuum Radiation Atmospheric humidity Air temperature Heat exchange Infiltration Transpiration Interception Evaporation Rain Photosynthesis & respiration Surface runoff Wind Heat flux Soil aeration & respiration Microfauna & microorganisms Capillary rise Capillary fringe Water table Water & nutrient uptake Solute movement Leaching & groundwater recharge Plant Soil Water Weather
Weather Station Components Climatic water balance DWD - Data or In Situ-Data?
Reference Evapotranspiration (hourly) ETo computed from meteorological data Equation Penman-Monteith ET 0 ( Rn G) * M W ( ea ed ) ( *) R r ( *) V Soil Characteristics and Measurements of the root profundity
Irrigation System Operation TDR- Sensor Control Ja Datenlogger FC PWP RAW Weather Measurement in Situ: Radiation, Temperature Air Humidity, Wind Speed and Rail Fall Reference-Evapotranspiration ETo (Penman-Monteith) 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3 0,0 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 Fns, Salat Kc; Salat Growing Period[h] Root Profundity, Salat Growing Periodh] Growing Period Soil Water Balance in Root Profundity Hourly Calculation of the Reference-Evapotranspiration Calculation of the Crop-Evapo- Transpiration with the KC-Curve Avoid Water Stress in Sensitive Growing Stage and Save Water during no Sensitive Stage with the Fns-Factor Consideration of the Soil- Volumen in the Root Profundity Calculation of the Water- Deficit from Crop- Evapotranspiration and effective Rain Fall
Information Technology IT
Irrigation Software
Precision Irrigation and Fertigation Technology -Goal To increase water-, energy and fertilizer efficiency of irrigated agriculture in the North China Plain Thank you very much