Blaine Hanson Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis
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1 Blaine Hanson Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis
2 Irrigation Water Management - Science, Art, or Guess?
3 Irrigation water management: questions to answer When should irrigations occur? How much water should be applied? How long should the irrigation last?
4 Avoid Deficit Irrigation
5 Avoid Overirrigation
6 Methods ET based (sometimes called the water balance approach) Plant based Soil moisture measurements Experience Guess
7 ET based method Calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ET) between irrigations and apply that amount plus any needed for irrigation efficiency Assumes that the ET between irrigations equals the soil moisture depletion (does not apply under shallow ground water conditions ET = Kc x ETo x IN ET = crop evapotranspiration Kc = crop coefficient ETo = reference crop ET (California Irrigation Management Information System) IN = days between irrigations
8
9 Plant based Use leaf water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation Pressure chamber Time consuming Use ET = Kc x ETo to determine how much water to apply
10 Soil moisture measurements Approach 1 measure changes in soil moisture content between irrigations assumes that the ET between irrigations equals the soil moisture change between irrigations When to irrigate How much to apply Approach 2 measure soil moisture tension to determine when to irrigate Soil moisture tension tenacity with which water is retained in soil (the drier the soil, the higher the soil moisture tension Use reference crop ET and crop coefficients to estimate the amount of water to apply Not recommended for drip and microsprinkler irrigation
11 Recommended method for drip and microsprinkler irrigation Select an appropriate irrigation frequency Use the ET based approach to determine how much water to apply Do not use soil moisture measurements to determine how much water to apply Monitor soil moisture to ensure adequate irrigation over time Periodic measurements Limited data May be difficult to identify trends in soil moisture Continuous measurement trends are readily evident in data
12 Methods for monitoring soil moisture Soil probe Tensiometers soil moisture tension Electrical resistance blocks soil moisture tension Watermark sensor Gypsum block Neutron moisture meter soil moisture Radioactive source licensing, storage Not appropriate for grower use Dielectric moisture sensors soil moisture
13 Soil probe
14 0 Tensiometer Cap Reservoir Vacuum Gauge Water Porous Ceramic Cup
15 Electrical Resistance Blocks Watermark Block Gypsum Block
16 Neutron moisture meter
17 Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors Sensors measure an electrical property of soil called the dielectric constant varies with soil moisture content Calibration equation relates dielectric constant to soil moisture content
18 GroPoint Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensor
19 Echo Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensor
20 Enviroscan Dielectric Sensor
21 Conclusions of USDA ARS Research on dielectric soil moisture sensors All dielectric sensors studied required site specific calibration None of the sensors performed within the accuracy specifications published by the manufacturers Sensors were sensitive to soil bulk electrical conductivity Calibrations of sensors were more difficult to establish than for the neutron probe Sensor readings were sensitive to small scale variations of soil properties due to their very small zone of influence. These small scale variations were smaller than the scale at which plants respond to soil moisture
22 Drip/microsprinkler irrigation: where should the sensors be installed? Soil moisture under drip/microsprinkler irrigation varies with distance and depth from the emitter Root density also can vary with distance and depth from the emitters Installation too close very wet soil Installation too far little or no response to irrigation
23 Microsprinkler water application patterns Site 1 (Valencia) Site 2 (Young Navel) Distance (feet) Spinner High Low -10 Distance (feet) Fanjet High Low Distance (feet) Distance (feet) Microsprinkler Microsprinkler
24 Soil moisture microsprinkler (citrus) Soil water content July 24 (just after irrigation) Depth (feet) Depth (feet) Distance from micorsprinker (feet) July 29 (just before next irrigation) Distance from microsprinkler (feet) 1.7 High Low
25 Soil moisture drip irrigation Depth (inches) Distance From Tree (inches)
26 Root pattern flood irrigation of trees Tree Trunk Wetted Area Low Root Density Tree Skirt High Root Density
27 Root pattern microsprinkler irrigated tree Tree Trunk Wetted Area Low Root Density Tree Skirt High Root Density
28 Root pattern drip irrigated tree Tree Trunk Wetted Area Low Root Density Tree Skirt High Root Density
29 Soil moisture tension drip irrigated grapes 100 Grapes Soil moisture tension (centibars) Distance From Drip Line (feet) Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan-04 Courtesy Blake Sanden, UCCE, Kern County
30 How frequently should soil moisture be measured periodic vs. continuous measurements Periodic Measurement intervals once or twice per week Appropriate for sprinkle, furrow, and flood irrigation Not recommended for drip or microsprinkler irrigation Continuous Measurement interval few minutes to once per day Recommended for microirrigation
31 What Do The Readings Mean?
32 Soil moisture tension flood irrigated walnut 200 Depth (feet) Walnut (flood irrigated) Jun 25-Jun 28-Jun 2-Jul 10-Jul 12-Jul 16-Jul 19-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 9-Aug 13-Aug 16-Aug 20-Aug 23-Aug 27-Aug 1-Sep 3-Sep 6-Sep 10-Sep 13-Sep 17-Sep 20-Sep 2-Oct Watermark Block Reading (centibars)
33 Soil moisture tension microsprinkler irrigated citrus 100 Plot 4-6" " " Tensiometer Readings (centibars) 1-Aug 2-Aug 5-Aug 6-Aug 8-Aug 11-Aug 12-Aug 13-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug 22-Aug 23-Aug 26-Aug 27-Aug 29-Aug 30-Aug 2-Sep 3-Sep 5-Sep 6-Sep 9-Sep 10-Sep 12-Sep 13-Sep 16-Sep 17-Sep 19-Sep 20-Sep 23-Sep 24-Sep 26-Sep 27-Sep 30-Sep 1-Oct 3-Oct 4-Oct 6-Oct 10-Oct 11-Oct 13-Oct 14-Oct 15-Oct 17-Oct 18-Oct 21-Oct 22-Oct 24-Oct 25-Oct 28-Oct 29-Oct 31-Oct 1-Nov 4-Nov 5-Nov 7-Nov 8-Nov 4-Dec 13-Dec Date Soil moisture tension (centibars)
34 Continuous monitoring of soil moisture Sensor type Compatible for continuous measurement multiple measurements per day to once per day Placement of sensors (distance, depth) relative to drip emitters/microsprinklers Data logger Computer/software for evaluating data Wireless system or computer download Consultant or grower
35 Sensors for continuous monitoring of soil moisture Watermark electrical resistance blocks soil moisture tension Dielectric moisture sensors soil moisture
36 AMD 400 Data Logger
37 Irrometer Monitor Data Logger
38 Soil moisture tension drip irrigated almond A - Almond inches Depth (inches) Soil Moisture Tension (centibars) Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov B - Almonds inches 120 Depth (inches) Courtesy Blake Sanden, UCCE, Kern County Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov-04
39 Soil moisture tension flood irrigated peach Soil Moisture Tension (centibars) Peach Orchard - Flood Irrigation Depth (feet) May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep Day of Year
40 Wireless Systems Advantage frequent access to data from office Sensors Data logger Transmitter device at logger radio, cell phone Receiver device office, network Computer
41
42 Automating the microirrigation system Automation controller turns the irrigation system on and off Devices: soil moisture sensor, data logger, wireless system, controller What triggers the irrigation? Soil moisture level Predetermined amount of evapotranspiration Days between irrigation
43 anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu
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