The Challenge of Large Scale Wind Power Integration into Grid Operation Eckhard Grebe, RWE Transportnetz Strom, Germany Yvonne Sassnick, Vattenfall Europe Transmission, Germany Wilhelm Winter, E.ON Netz, Germany First International Conference on the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Energy Resources 1 st 3 rd December 2004, Brussels 1 Main Topics 1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 2
1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 3 Obligations of Transmission System Operators (TSO) Directive 2003/54/EC Internal Market to ensure long-term ability to meet reasonable demands for the transmission to contribute to security of supply through adequate capacity and system reliability to ensure a secure, reliable and efficient electricity system to ensure availibility of all necessary ancillary services Directive 2001/77/EC Renewable Energy Sources (RES) without prejudice to the maintenance of the reliability and safety of the grid to ensure transmission of electricity produced by renewable energy sources to may provide for priority access to the grid system of electricity from RES to give priority to generating installations using RES as the system operation permits Integration of electricity from renewable energy sources by maintaining system reliability and quality of supply Brussels, December 2004 4
Interconnection Systems in Europe Dortmund Berlin UCTE NORDEL UKTSOA ATSOI IPS/UPS N FIN S EE RU Stuttgart Bayreuth EnBW Transportnetze AG E.ON Netz GmbH RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH Vattenfall Europe Transmission GmbH P IRL E GB F NL B L CH DK D I PL LV LT BY CZ A SLO SK H RO HR BiH YU BG MK AL GR UA MD TR Brussels, December 2004 5 Secure Electricity System Stability Core Competence of the Transmission System Operators (TSO) P E IRL GB NL B...TSO shall be responsible for ensuring a secure, reliable and efficient electricity system... (EU-Directive, 25.06.03, Art. 9) F L CH DK D I S CZ A SLO HR An active LV system operation guarantees RU in LT each grid area all in all a BY reliable energy system! BiH Brussels, December 2004 6 PL SK H YU MK AL GR RO BG MD UA TR
The German 380/220 kv-gridmap NORDEL Bremen Hamburg line 380 kv line 220 kv HVDC link Berlin Essen Dortmund Hannover Leipzig switch gear Cities Köln Dresden Frankfurt UCTE (CENTREL) E.ON Netz Nürnberg RWE Transportnetz Strom UCTE Karlsruhe Stuttgart München EnBW Transportnetze Vattenfall Europe Transmission Brussels, December 2004 7 Integration of Wind Energy = Challenge for TSOs Important role of wind energy among RES installed capacity as at 31 December 2003 in Europe: in UCTE: in Germany: 28 700 MW 25 700 MW 14 345 MW Generation from wind energy differs from other renewable and conventional sources: limited predictability and high fluctuations increasing spread between min max generation no correlation to electricity demand curves far from consumption centers off-shore and on-shore farms as well no support of system security by natural characteristic of wind converters Integration of large generation capacities from wind energy requires new technologies and advanced solutions Brussels, December 2004 8
The three main Elements to be solved are 1. Provision of Transmission Capacities construction of new transmission lines - money, time and fast permit procedures 2. Matching the Generation and Demand of Electricity provision of balancing power usage of load demand management 3. Compatibility of Wind Turbine and Power Transmission Systems research projects close co-operation of TSOs and manufactures of wind converters Brussels, December 2004 9 1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 10
Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe Status December 2003 Great Britain 649 MW 2.3% Italy 904 MW 3.1% Netherlands 912 MW 3.2% Denmark 3 110 MW 10.8% Austria 415 MW 1.4% Sweden 399 MW 1.4% Greece 375 MW 1.3% Portugal 299 MW 1.0% France 239 MW 0.8% Ireland 186 MW 0.6% Others 407 MW 1.4% Germany 14 345 MW 50.9% MW Part worldwide 39,294 100% thereof Europe 28,706 73% North America 6,691 17% Others 3,897 10% Spain 6 202 MW 21.6% AWEA-EWEA News Releases, 10.03.2004 Amount: 28 706 MW Change to 2002: + 5 415 MW (thereof Germany + 2 608 MW, ~ 48%) Brussels, December 2004 11 Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Germany 16,000 MW 14,000 12,000 11,860 14,345 10,000 8,670 8,000 6,000 6,040 4,390 4,000 2,000 0 18 60 100 170 320 610 2,830 2,030 1,520 1,090 ~ 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Source: ISET/Uni Kassel Brussels, December 2004 12
Installed Capacity of Wind Power December 2003 Federal state Capacity [MW] Number 1 Niedersachsen 3,853 3,888 2 Schleswig-Holstein 1,934 2,556 3 Nordrhein-Westfalen 1,784 2,036 4 Brandenburg 1,765 1,537 5 Sachsen-Anhalt 1,631 1,352 6 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 912 1,014 7 Sachsen 641 645 8 Rheinland-Pfalz 599 643 9 Thüringen 410 385 10 Hessen 333 458 11 Baden-Württemberg 216 240 12 Bayern 166 192 13 Saarland 35 39 14 Bremen 33 39 15 Hamburg 33 58 16 Berlin 0 0 Germany 14,345 15,082 Source: ISET/Uni Kassel Brussels, December 2004 13 Wind Power Capacities in UCTE Countries (UCTE Position Paper, May 2004) DK 2003 2010 NL PL B D CZ L SK A F CH SLO H RO I HR BiH YU BG P E AL MK GR Brussels, December 2004 14
1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 15 Problems by Grid Expansion: The Requirement of the Rise of the Transmission Capacity without Expansion realized existing grid (transmission capacity) existing grid Trading and power plant substitute conditional grid expansion Security Trading EEG-horizontal delivery Trading and Transit (EU-stipulation) Security (EnWG-stipulation) EEG-horizontal delivery (EEG-stipulation) Today Tomorrow Today Tomorrow EEG-related grid expansion Brussels, December 2004 16
l f / f f f t f f Problems by Grid Expansion: Feeding from Wind Power Stations and Transmission Capacity Example: VE Transmission Grid Elkraft System Elkraft System Iztzehoe Wilster Audorf Itzehoe/ Brunsbüttel Brokdorf Lübeck Rostock Güstrow Bentwisch Lubmin Iven Kummerfel Staded Wilster Dollern Unterweser/ Ganderkesee Landes- Iztzehoe Wilster Audorf Itzehoe/ Brunsbüttel Brokdorf Lübeck Rostock Güstrow Bentwisch Lubmin Iven HH-Nord HH-Ost Krümmel Görries Kummerfel Staded Wilster Dollern Unterweser/ HH-Nord HH-Ost Krümmel Görries bergen HH-Süd Bertikow Ganderkesee Landesbergen HH-Süd Bertikow Stadorf/ Lüneburg Perleberg Putlitz Vierraden Krajnik Stadorf/ Lüneburg Perleberg Putlitz Vierraden Krajnik PSE Op. PSE Op. E.ON Netz Wustermark e Neuenhagen E.ON Netz Wustermark e Neuenhagen Helmstedt Wolmirstedt Thyrow Helmstedt Wolmirstedt Thyrow Magdeburg Magdeburg Preilack Preilack Ragow Jänschwalde Ragow Jänschwalde Schkopau Streumen Lauchstä Lippendorf dt Pulgar Eula Graustein Schwarz e Pumpe Bärwalde Boxberg Schmölln Hagenwerder Mikulowa Schkopau Streumen Lauchstä Lippendorf dt Pulgar Eula Graustein Schwarz e Pumpe Bärwalde Boxberg Schmölln Hagenwerder Mikulowa Meckla r Erfurt/Nord Eisenach Vieselbach Weida Röhrs - dorf Dresden/Süd Meckla r Erfurt/Nord Eisenach Vieselbach Weida Röhrs - dorf Dresden/Süd 2003 E.ON Netz Altenfeld Goldisthal Remptendorf Redwitz Markersbac h Hradec CEPS a.s. 2011 E.ON Netz Altenfeld Goldisthal Remptendorf Redwitz Markersbac h Hradec CEPS a.s. Increase central, consumer distant EEG-production (wind) and resulting EEG-far transport Brussels, December 2004 17 First Steps of the EEG-driven Grid Extension by VE Transmission Elkraft System Bjæverskov 400 kv DC KONTEK Lüdershagen Rostock Iztzehoe Wilster Audorf Itzehoe/ Brunsbüttel Brokdorf Lübeck Kummerfel HH-Nord Stade Wilster d Dollern HH-Ost Unterweser/ Ganderkesee Krümmel Landesbergen HH-Süd Görries Bentwisch Siedenbrünzow Güstrow Lubmin Iven Pasewalk Bertikow 380 kv connection Hamburg - Schwerin Stadorf/ Lüneburg Perleberg Putlitz Vierraden Krajnik PSE S.A. E.ON Netz Helmstedt Wolmirstedt Sandtorstraße Magdeburg Brandenburg West Hennigsdor Malcho w Reuter a b e c d e g Thyrow Neuenhagen Eisenhüttenstad 380 kv connection Halle - Schweinfurt Preilack Förderstedt Marke Ragow Jänschwalde Graustein E.ON Netz Mecklar Wustermark Klostermansfeld Taucha Wolkramshausen Schkopau Lauchstä Lippendorf dt Pulgar Großdalzi Eula g Erfurt/Nord Röhrsdorf Großschwabhausen Eisenach Vieselbach Weida Stahlwerk Thüringen Altenfeld Goldistha Hohenwarte II Redwitz Remptendor Crossen Zwönitz Streumen Niederwiesa Niederwartha Dresden/Süd Schwarze Pumpe Bärwalde Schmölln Boxberg Hagenwerder Mikulowa 380 kv grid reinforcement southwest area Herlasgrün Markersbac h CEPS a.s. dena Study: Hradec first results at the beginning 2005 Brussels, December 2004 18
Demands for the Transmission Capacity bottleneck Transmission of electricity produced by RES Security margin TSO s Internal electricity market (trading) Who s first? Brussels, December 2004 19 1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 20
Balancing Windpower: New installations will increase requirements Windpower is limited and not balanced forecast is limited share of wind power in the peak load [%] 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 J. F. M. A. M. J. J. A. S. O. N. D. Wind Forecast Wind actual TSO has to balance and to reserve power for a stable grid operation wind power infeed MW 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 time Offshore-Windfarms: will increase the need of reserve power demand forecast situation will keep stable but: more yield of wind power will be expected 21 System Reliability and Reserve Power Installed capacity of wind power in Germany?? MW low demand case 14,345 29,000 Availibility of wind power back-up capacities balancing power classical ancillary services 2003 2010 2003 2010 Interconnected systems and large back-up capacities (reserve power) are necessary for integration of large wind power shares. Brussels, December 2004 22
Availibility of Wind Power Vattenfall Control Area 2003 [MW] 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Installed capacity of wind farms by the end of the year: ~ 5,400 MW Availibility of a conventional (or biomass) power plant Average ~ 15% (760 MW) 0 1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001 4501 5001 5501 6001 6501 7001 7501 8001 8501 9001 40 hours 70 to 80% more than 5,000 h less than 10% [h] Brussels, December 2004 23 1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 24
New Requirements Further development of the wind power requires, that wind farms must fulfil the same requirements as conventional power plants: - controllable power factor for voltage control - participation in frequency and load control -Short-circuit current contribution Today Tomorrow?! Brussels, December 2004 25 Network Codes in Germany Network access 220 kv network access 110 kv network access 110 kv* * only RES edition: August 2004 Brussels, December 2004 26
Identified Actions to maintain Power System Security generation control of wind farms by TSO s contribution of wind units to power system stability - no supply interruption of wind units in disturbed grid conditions - control of voltage and frequency present status given by commonly agreed connection rules for wind farms and other RES The new German guideline is available in English on www.vdn-berlin.de Brussels, December 2004 27 1. Role of Transmission System Operators 2. Development of the Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe and Germany 3. Wind Power and Transmission Capacity 4. Wind Power and System Security 5. New Requirements on Wind Turbines Grid Codes 6. Conclusions Brussels, December 2004 28
Conclusions The increased usage of wind energy in Europe requires common activities among European TSO to maintain system reliability - development of the European transmission grids - harmonisation of grid requirements to RES - co-operation with manufactures and research projects adaptation of the political framework on an European level - control of the development of RES with respect to security of supply - creating of joint authorisation procedures for wind power plants and grid extensions - harmonisation of contradictory elements arising from legal support and free market for electricity production Brussels, December 2004 29 Recommendations of the German Council for Sustainable Development to the German Government: What is Sustainability? Sustainability means to equally consider environmental, social and economic aspects. Thus, future-oriented management means: we have to leave our children and grandchildren an intact ecological, social and economic system. One cannot be achieved without the other. Brussels, December 2004 30
Thank you for your attention! Brussels, December 2004 31