Transit Terrorist Tools and Tactics (T4) PER-276 Version 2.1
Copyright Information Transit Terrorist Tools and Tactics (T4) National Center for Biomedical Research and Training, Academy of Counter-Terrorist Education, Louisiana State University and A&M College and Science Applications International Corporation 2011 All Rights Reserved. First Edition 2009 This Printing: August 2011 Printed in the United States of America. Science Applications International Corporation and the University of Tennessee originally developed this course. The National Center for Biomedical Research and Training reformatted and revised the course when the course was adopted under the Center s cooperative agreement. Reproduction of this document in whole, or in part in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, digital copying, recording, taping, or Web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems is strictly prohibited. This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number 2010-NA-T0-K002 administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Department of Homeland Security reserves a royalty-free, non-exclusive, and irrevocable license to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and authorize others to use, for federal government purposes: (1) the copyright in any work developed under an award or sub-award; and (2) any rights of copyright to which a recipient or sub-recipient purchases ownership with federal support.
Course Description Overview Terrorist train bombings in Mumbai, London, Madrid, and Moscow; the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania; suicide bomb attacks against buses in Israel; and the sarin attacks of the Tokyo subway system in 1995 are reminders of transit system vulnerabilities. The more than 400,000 transit employees in the United States are in an excellent position to identify unusual packages, suspicious substances, and people who are acting suspiciously. This requires observation and response skills that can be acquired through rigorous emergency planning, regular emergency testing and drills, and extensive training. In addition, as history has shown when threat levels are increased, law enforcement personnel are called upon to help secure public transportation infrastructure targets. As these threats have increased and evolved, the US government has expanded its support for initiatives to prepare transit personnel to respond appropriately and safely to terrorist incidents involving weapons of mass destruction (WMD) targeted at transit infrastructure. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is supporting several major initiatives to improve the capability of transit agencies to respond to WMD incidents. This Transit Terrorist Tools and Tactics (T4) course is one of those major initiatives. It is designed to provide transit operations level training to transit system personnel. Target Capabilities The terminal learning objectives of this course align with the following target capabilities: Planning Communications Risk Management Information Gathering and Recognition of Indicators and Warning Intelligence/Information Sharing CBRNE Detection Law Enforcement Investigation and Operations Defense and Devaluation of Physical Assets and Systems Defense and Devaluation of Cyber Assets and Systems On-Site Incident Management Responder Safety and Health Emergency Operations Center Management Critical Resource Logistics and Distribution Emergency Public Information and Warning WMD/Hazardous Materials Response and Decontamination Operations Version 2.1 Page 1
Explosive Detection Response Operations Public Safety and Security Response Scope This course is designed to address the technical aspects of detecting, deterring, preventing, mitigating and responding to a potential CBRNE attack directed against a transit system facility. As such, it provides detailed information through presentations and practical exercises requiring participants to demonstrate skills obtained during this course. The course consists of eight modules taught through a combination of classroom sessions and comprehensive practical exercises. Target Audience Participants will be sworn and non-sworn transit security staff, regional law enforcement personnel, multi-agency emergency responders, specialized response teams, and others responsible for security planning and securing public transportation infrastructure targets in midsized Urban Areas Security Initiatives (UASI) cities. The course is designed to provide participants with the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to detect, deter, prevent, mitigate, and respond to transit systems terrorist threats involving CBRNE. Target Audience Needs Knowledge alone will not prevent the next transit terrorist attack. Therefore, participants need hands-on, performance based training to prepare them to detect, prevent, and respond to acts of transit terrorism. This course is designed to provide that training. In order for the target audience to accomplish the course goal they need training in the following topics: Transit terrorist incidents and tactics Transit threat and vulnerability analysis Precursors, indicators, suspicious objects and activity Improvised explosive devices (IED) recognition Detection and identification of CBRNE components Characteristics of chemical, biological, radiological agents Nuclear and radiological threats (radiological dispersal device [RDD]) CBRNE detection equipment, operation, procedures, and techniques Personnel search procedures, visual, and non-intrusive inspection techniques and equipment for rail and bus systems Checkpoint security screening operations First responder considerations, responder protection, secondary devices Evacuation procedures Emerging CBRNE detection and mitigation technologies Scene control and media relations Version 2.1 Page 2
Prerequisites General Prerequisites Participants should currently be actively employed in those areas specifically identified in the Target Audience section previously listed. Participant Pre-course Preparation Recommendations Participants of this Transit Terrorist Tools and Tactics course should have previously attended a basic awareness WMD/CBRNE course in order to achieve the most from attending this course. Course Length This course is designed for presentation over three consecutive days (24 hours of instruction). Participants will be present for nine hours each day: four hours of instruction, one hour for meals, and four hours of instruction. Beginning and ending time for instruction can be adjusted to accommodate local requirements at the training location for classroom facilities and identified practical exercise locations. It may be determined that the course will have to be conducted at night to preclude interference with routines of the civilian population and transit system operations. However, the schedule should permit one 10-minute break approximately every hour and a one-hour lunch break. Version 2.1 Page 3
The course is organized into the following modules: Module Number Module Title Time Allocation Classroom PE Module 1 Course Overview 1.5 0.0 Module 2 Transit Terrorist Incidents and Tactics 1.0 0.0 Module 3 CBRNE Considerations 1.5 0.0 Module 4 Transit Security Operations 3.0 1.0 Module 5 Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise 1.0 4.0 Module 6 Tabletop Simulation Exercise 0.0 3.0 Module 7 Testing and Administration 1.5 0.0 Module 8 Practical Field Exercise 0.0 6.5 Total 9.5 14.5 Required Materials and Facilities LSU-provided The following is a listing of equipment and resources that LSU will provide for the course. Instructor Guide Instructor ID Presentation slides CD-ROM Laptop with presentation software installed and CD-ROM capability Audio-visual (A/V) projection unit Projector screen Attendance sheet Black markers Pre-test Answer Keys Post-test Answer Keys Two correction tape dispensers One per participant of the following items: Participant Guide Scannable participant registration form FEMA Level 1 course evaluation form Pre-test Post-test Two scannable test answer sheets Version 2.1 Page 4
Black pen Tent name card Highlighter Emergency Response Guidebook Transit Terrorism Tools and Tactics (T4) Field Guide NCBRT WMD Response Guidebook Two radiation pagers Two isotope identifiers (alpha, beta, and gamma) Two chemical and explosive vapor tracers Two portable digital x-ray inspection systems Two handheld portable metal detectors Two visual search tool kits Two pole-mounted cameras and visual search kits One display of non-functional WMD training devices One set of functional WMD training devices One atomically correct inert explosive kit One set of exercise tools One set of WMD classroom display posters One roll of gaffer's tape Extension cord for tool box Surge protector with 12 slots and room for block plugs Four AA batteries (flashlights) Two AAA batteries (remote) Four 9 volt batteries (wands and devices) One box of rubber gloves (100) One box latex gloves (100) One tape gun with tape Four jackets (size XXL) for role players Four instructor radios 10 safety vests Two small tables One printer (for local scenarios) Host-provided A senior-level transit system person will be designated to serve as the primary Point of Contact (POC) for coordination with the LSU-designated POC for the course. The host agency will identify and support attendance of approximately 30 qualified participants. Host agency requirements are presented below in three categories: classroom requirements; training support Version 2.1 Page 5
personnel, facilities, and equipment; and participant equipment. Host agency personnel should be aware that photographs will be taken during the course for future training purposes. Classroom Requirements 40-person environmentally controlled classroom Tables and chairs to accommodate 40 people (30 participants and instructional support personnel) with room for course manuals and note taking Audio-visual (A/V) projection screen or area Large whiteboard (or chalkboard) Three easel pads with markers Eight power outlets for A/V components and computers used by the cadre and participants during the course Instructor access the day before course start date for classroom setup Adequate security to prevent having to reset classroom daily and to store equipment Adequate participant/instructor parking Adequate male/female or unisex restroom facilities Telephone or radio communications for emergency use Breakout room nearby, if possible Reference documents especially any transit security policies and interagency agreement for conducting transit security activities Training Support Facilities, Equipment, and Personnel A separate breakout room adjacent to the classroom is needed for detection equipment charging, which can also serve as an instructor breakout room for storage/preparation purposes. Exercise areas immediately adjacent to the classroom are required. All exercise areas should be closely adjacent to 110-volt electrical power outlets where extension cords can be used for powering/charging detection equipment, as needed. The following descriptions provide requirements for exercise areas by course module: Module 4 has an exercise on conducting observational techniques. A parking lot leading to an entry portal is required for conducting this exercise. This area will be utilized on the afternoon of the first day of the course. It should be reserved beginning at 3:00 p.m. and will be needed for approximately one hour. Version 2.1 Page 6
Module 5 consists of classroom instruction on detection equipment followed by hands-on practical application of the detection equipment. Three separate breakout areas are required for conducting this module. The classroom will suffice for one breakout area (portable x-ray assessment), another room that will accommodate a table and up to 15 people is needed for this breakout area (explosive, chemical, TIC detection), and a parking lot adjacent to the classroom is sufficient for the third breakout area (visual search tools and radiation detection). Module 6 consists of a tabletop exercise and the assigned classroom will be sufficient for conduct of this exercise. Module 8 is the final field practical exercise. Like in Module 5, three separate, but colocated areas are required. Typically, this exercise can be conducted in the parking area used during Module 4 s exercise. A parking lot leading to an entry portal is needed for conducting observational techniques. An entry portal for establishing a detection checkpoint is needed for conducting passenger-screening activities. A secluded, cordoned off corner of the parking lot that can be used to park a transit conveyance (such as a bus) for using the portable x-ray for unattended package assessment is needed. Transit vehicle for Module 8 exercise One roll of crime scene tape Fifteen role players of various ages (for example, citizen s advisory board members, law enforcement explorers, transit authority board members, cadets or trainees, retirees able to fully participate). These role players are not needed before 12:00 p.m. on the day of the exercise. They should be instructed not to wear uniforms, matching clothes, or visible recognition items. Furthermore, they should be asked to bring coats, backpacks, briefcases, or some other item to conceal simulated devices on their persons or in hand carried items. Optional: Photos, schematics, maps, blueprints, etc., of a local transit facility to be used during the tabletop exercise in Module 6. Severe weather conditions may require the use of alternate exercise sites if area does not have covered area such as a loading dock. Participant Equipment Requirements None The DHS policy entitled Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) Weapons and Safety Policy states: It is the policy of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, to ensure that every effort is made to provide a safe and secure environment during Preparedness Directorate-sponsored exercises for its participants, observers/vips, control/evaluation staff, volunteers, and the general public. Qualified personnel (law enforcement, security, military, etc.), with legal authority to carry weapons and who have an assigned exercise role (responder, tactical team, etc.) with Version 2.1 Page 7
the potential for interaction with other exercise participants (i.e., Actor Victims), shall NOT carry a loaded weapon within the confines of the exercise play area. Since the T4 course has exercises scheduled all three days (both inside and outside of the classroom) and DHS policy requires no weapons in the exercise area, participants will not be allowed to wear or bring personal or agency weapons (including impact and less-than-lethal weapons), live ammunition, weapon magazines, or flashbangs into the training area (including classroom) at any time during this course. Testing/Certification Participants will be given two tests a pre-test administered during the first module (prior to instruction), and a post-test administered during the last module after completion of instruction. Each test will include one or more items designed to assess mastery of the module enabling learning objectives. Successful performance on the post-test (70% or better) and a passing grade for all practical exercises as indicated on the Participant Skills Checklist will be recognized by issuance of a Certificate of Completion. Unsuccessful performance on the posttest will be reflected by issuance of a Letter of Attendance that recognizes the individual s presence during the instruction. Re-tests are available upon request. Participants achievement of affective goals will be evaluated by instructors through observation of individual participation in classroom and practical exercise activities, as well as through comments made during the course by participants concerning the complexity of responding to CBRNE incidents. Active participation and expressed understanding for and appreciation of the complexity in responding to CBRNE incidents will be accepted as reflecting achievement of affective goals. Reference List Arena, Kelli. Terror Plot Leaves Britain on Highest Alert, CNN, August 11, 2006. Baldwin, C. L., and R.S. Runkle. Biohazards Symbol: Development of a Biological Hazards Warning Signal. Science 158 (1967): 264 265. Chicago Police Department Department of the Army. Headquarters. Army Field Manual No. 3-19.30. Washington: Department of the Army, 2001. Department of the Army. Headquarters. Army Field Manual No. 8-9. Washington: Department of the Army, 1996. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. www.bt.cdc.gov. Version 2.1 Page 8
Department of Homeland Security. Protective Security Division. Characteristics and Common Vulnerabilities Infrastructure Category: Subways. Version 2. Washington: DHS, 2003. Department of Homeland Security. Protective Security Division. Potential Indicators of Terrorist Activity Infrastructure Category: Subways. Version 2. Washington: DHS, 2003. Department of Homeland Security. Transportation Security Administration. Screening of Passengers by Observational Techniques (SPOT). Washington: DHS. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice. The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies. Washington: NIJ, 1999. Director of Central Intelligence. IEDs and Other Criminal and Terrorist Devices, Washington, D.C. 2000. EagleEye Camera Systems. n.d. EagleEye Pole Mounted Camera Operations Manual. emedicine from WebMD. www.emedicine.com. Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center. New Mexico Tech. Prevention of and Response to Suicide Bombing Incidents. Socorro, NM: EMRTC. Environmental Protection Agency. Radiation Protection. Understanding Radiation. Health Effects. 2009. http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/health_effects.html. Federation of American Scientists. www.fas.org. Federal Bureau of Investigation and Department of Homeland Security. Potential Threat to Homeland Using Heavy Transport Vehicles. Federal Bureau of Investigation and Department of Homeland Security Bulletins. July 30, 2004. Funato, Tatsuo. 2005. Lessons Learned from Tokyo Subway Sarin Gas Attack and Countermeasures Against Terrorist Attacks, European Conference of Ministers of Transport and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japanese Government. Garrett Metal Detectors. n.d. Garrett SuperWand Handheld Portable Metal Detector OperationsManual. Garland, TX: Garret Metal Detectors. Google Earth Homeland Security Act of 2002. (P.L. 107-296), United States Statues at Large. 116 Stat. 2135. Horvath, F., B. Jayne, and J. Buckley. Differentiation of Truthful and Deceptive Criminal Suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews. Journal of Forensic Science. Volume 39, Issue 3 (1994): 793-807. Version 2.1 Page 9
Institute for Bio-Security. Saint Louis University School of Public Health. www.bioterrorism.slu.edu. Journal of the American Medical Association. www.jama.ama-assn.org. Katz, Samuel M. Jihad in Brooklyn: The NYPD Raid That Stopped America's First Suicide Bombers. New York: New American Library, 2005. Kohler, J., and R. Meyer, R. Explosives. New York: VCH Publishers, 1993. The Library of Congress. www.loc.gov. Linzer, Dafna, and Craig Whitlock. Tip Followed '05 Attacks on London Transit. Washington Post, August 11, 2006. National Institute of Justice. Office of Science and Technology. Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders: NIJ Guide 103-00, Volume 1. Rockville, MD: National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, 2001. NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects Of NBC Defensive Operations Amedp-6(B) Occupational dose limits for adults. Code of Federal Regulations Title 18, Pt. 20.1201, 1991 ed. Office of Hazardous Materials Safety. Research and Special Programs Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Hazardous Materials Shipments. Washington: Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, 1998. Olson, Kyle B. 1999. Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat? Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 1. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Chemical Terrorism in Japan: The Matsumoto and Tokyo Incidents. http://www.opcw.org/resp/html/japan.html. Radioactive Material and Nuclear Weapons. Awareness Level WMD Training Power Point Presentation. PT080904V7.0. Radiological Dispersal Device RDD. www.jonchristianryter.com. RAE Systems. n.d. NeutronRAE II Gamma Neutron Radiation Operations Manual. San Jose, CA: RAE Systems. Savannah River Site Radiological Worker Training Manual. 1998. Version 2.1 Page 10
Science Applications International Corporation. GR-135 Radiation Isotope Identifier Operations Manual. Science Applications International Corporation. RTR-4N LAI Operations Manual. Sidell, Frederick R., William C. Patrick, and Thomas R. Dashiell. Jane s Chem-Bio Handbook. Alexandria, VA: Jane s Information Group, 1998. Smiths Detection. Sabre 4000 Explosives/Chemical Warfare Agent/Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) Detector Operations Manual. Technical Support Working Group. Bomb Threat Standoff Card. Technical Support Working Group. Personnel Screening Guide. Washington: TSWG, 2004. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Transit Cooperative Research Program. TCRP REPORT 86, Volume 9: Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises. Washington: TCRP, 2006. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Inspection Service. www.aphis.usda.gov. U. S. Air Force. Installation. Force Protection Guide. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Advisory System. U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Office of Strategic Intelligence and Information. United States Bomb Data Center. Madrid Railway Bombings 11th March 2004: The recovered IED Briefing note 20.03.04. Official U.K. Bomb Data Center Release. Washington: Bomb Data Center, 2004. U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Office of Strategic Intelligence and Information. United States Bomb Data Center. U.K. Transit System Attacks. Official U.K. Bomb Data Center Release. Washington: Bomb Data Center, 2005. U.S. Department of State. 2010. Country reports on Terrorism 2009. Washington: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. U.S. Department of State. Overseas Security Advisory Council. London Public Transportation Explosions (7/7/05). Presentation. Washington: OSAC, 2005. U.S. Department of State. Overseas Security Advisory Council. Mumbai 07/11 Railway Blasts. Washington: OSAC, 2006. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration. National Transit Institute System Security Awareness for Transit Employees. Washington: NTI. Version 2.1 Page 11
U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration. National Transit Response Model. Homeland Security Presidential Directive #3. FTA Policy Statement. Washington: FTA, 2002. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration Research and Special Programs Administration. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. The Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide. Cambridge, MA: Volpe Center, 2003. U.S. Department of Transportation. Research and Special Programs Administration. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. Transit Security Design Considerations. REPORT NUMBER DOT-VNTSC-FTA-05-02, November 2004. U.S. Department of Transportation, Transport Canada, and Secretariat of Communications and Transportation of Mexico. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. U. S. Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Requesters. Passenger Rail Security. GAO-05-851. Washington: GAO, 2005. Vrij, Aldert, Katherine Edward, Kim P. Roberts, and Ray Bull. 2000. Detecting Deceit Via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. Volume 24, Number 4: 239-263. Walters, Stan. B.1996. Principles of Kinesic Interview and Interrogation (Practical Aspects of Criminal & Forensic Investigation). New York: CRC Press. Yahoo Maps Evaluation Strategy Participants are required to complete a course evaluation at the end of the course, which focuses on the following issues: Value of materials in supporting the course goal and module objectives Effectiveness of instruction (instructors presented content in an understandable manner, used relevant examples, encouraged participation, and answered questions in a clear and concise manner) Relevance of instruction to each participant s assessment of real-world requirements and concerns Version 2.1 Page 12
Course Structure/Content Outline Module 1: Course Overview Terminal Learning Objective Participants will state the course goal and major module objectives. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 1-1 Describe how performance is evaluated. 1-2 Summarize the course and its agenda. Module 2: Transit Terrorist Incidents and Tactics Terminal Learning Objective At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to recognize transit terrorist tactics in use, how transit system components intensify terrorist tactics, and federal threat level designations and response recommendations. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 2-1 Define terrorism and WMD. 2-2 Compare and contrast relative threat, impact and probability of CBRNE. 2-3 Discuss terrorist tactics used against transit targets based upon case studies of past transit attacks. 2-4 Discuss why terrorists target transit assets and how their methods are intensified by transit components. Version 2.1 Page 13
Module 3: CBRNE Considerations Terminal Learning Objective At the conclusion of this module, participants will recognize CBRNE devices and describe the concepts for detection and identification of CBRNE components and devices. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 3-1 Compare and contrast characteristics of CBRNE agents and the potential effects of each against transit targets. 3-2 Differentiate techniques for detecting and identifying CBRNE components and devices. 3-3 Recognize current CBRNE detection equipment capabilities and limitations. Module 4: Transit Security Operations Terminal Learning Objective At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to plan for CBRNE interdiction and implement screening operations, non-intrusive inspection techniques, isolation zones, evacuation, and media relations. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 4-1 Discuss the requirements for transit threat and vulnerability analyses and how they can be used to improve transit security. 4-2 Describe components of effective transit system defense. 4-3 Identify indicators of a potential terrorist attack against a transit target. 4-4 Demonstrate search procedures and non-intrusive (including visual) inspection techniques and equipment applicable for transit assets. 4-5 Explain major considerations in isolating incident scenes and conducting evacuations during a transit terrorist incident. 4-6 Discuss media relations for a transit CBRNE incident. Version 2.1 Page 14
Module 5: Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise Terminal Learning Objective Recognize federal threat level designations and response recommendations and apply targeted detection and personnel screening techniques in a controlled transit system environment. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 5-1 Recall federal threat level designations and Federal Transit Administration response recommendations. 5-2 Given detection equipment and a local scenario, perform targeted detection activities in a controlled transit system environment. 5-3 Given a local scenario and applicable equipment, perform personnel screening activities in a controlled transit system environment. Module 6: Tabletop Simulation Exercise Terminal Learning Objective At the conclusion of this module, participants will identify major concerns regarding transit terrorism and develop methods for addressing those concerns. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 6-1 Identify operational environment and transit terrorism concerns. 6-2 Develop methods to address identified operational environment and transit terrorism concerns. Module 7: Testing and Administration Terminal Learning Objective Participants will complete a comprehensive post-test and course evaluation. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 7-1 Successfully complete a comprehensive post-test. 7-2 Provide feedback by completing a course evaluation form. Version 2.1 Page 15
Module 8: Practical Field Exercise Terminal Learning Objective At the conclusion of this module, participants will plan for and implement a rapid response to a high-risk transit terrorist threat. Enabling Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 8-1 Develop and implement a rapid response plan for a high-risk transit terrorist threat. 8-2 Perform detection and search activities, establish pre-approved scene control measures, and prepare to perform evacuation. Version 2.1 Page 16
Course Design Matrix Module 1: Course Overview Scope Statement In this module, participants and instructors will complete course administrative requirements, and participants will learn how their performance will be evaluated. Instructors will administer a pre-test that is a self-evaluation to assist participants in determining their level of knowledge regarding the course material before the course begins. This module provides instructors the opportunity to present an overview of the course and allows participants and instructors to introduce themselves. In addition, participants will complete a questionnaire designed to elicit local concerns for discussion during the roundtable session in Module 6. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) Participants will state the course goal and major module objectives. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 1-1 Explain how performance is evaluated. 1-2 Summarize the course and its agenda. Lesson Topics Welcome, Introductions, Administrative Matters, Evaluation Strategy, Target Audience, Introduction, Course Goal, Course Overview, Resource Materials, Importance Scale Survey Form Instructional Strategy Lecture; Pre-test Assessment Strategy Instructor observation of participants involvement in the classroom discussion. Instructor-led discussion to ensure that participants understand both how their performance will be evaluated and how that evaluation will impact participant outcomes. Instructor administration of a pre-test to assess participants prior knowledge of course materials. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Not applicable Version 2.1 Page 17
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Module 2: Transit Terrorist Incidents and Tactics Scope Statement During this module, participants will be provided with an overview of transit terrorism. Specific topics include past transit terrorist attacks and implications on the national and transit specific threat levels. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to recognize transit terrorist tactics in use, how transit system components intensify terrorist tactics, and federal threat level designations and response recommendations. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 2-1 Define terrorism and WMD. 2-2 Compare and contrast relative threat, impact and probability of CBRNE. 2-3 Discuss terrorist tactics used against transit targets based upon case studies of past transit attacks. 2-4 Discuss why terrorists target transit assets and how their methods are intensified by transit components. Lesson Topics Introduction: Terrorism and WMD Defined, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive (CBRNE) Threat Assessment, Transit System Attack Statistics, Case Studies in Transit Terrorism, Successful Interdictions Instructional Strategy Lecture Assessment Strategy Instructor observation of participants involvement in the classroom discussion. Instructor administration of an objectives-based post-test to assess the knowledge participants have gained from each module. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Not applicable Version 2.1 Page 19
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Module 3: CBRNE Considerations Scope Statement During this module, instructors will present the characteristics of CBRNE and the concepts for the detection and identification of CBRNE components and devices. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will recognize CBRNE devices and describe the concepts for detection and identification of CBRNE components and devices. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 3-1 Compare and contrast characteristics of CBRNE agents and the potential effects of each against transit targets. 3-2 Differentiate techniques for detecting and identifying CBRNE components and devices. 3-3 Recognize current CBRNE detection equipment capabilities and limitations. Lesson Topics Introduction; Chemical Agents: Chemical Warfare Agents, Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs); Biological Agents: Biological Classifications, Bacterial Agents, Viral Agents, Toxins, CDC Biological Categories, Biological Agent Detection; Nuclear/Radiological: Nuclear Weapon, Suitcase Bomb, Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) or Dirty Bomb, Radioactive Agents, Types of Radiation, Radiation Dose, Effects of Radiation, Radioactive Materials Used For RDDs, Radium-226, Effects of an RDD, Nuclear/Radiological Detection; Explosives and Explosive Effects: Explosives, Types of Explosives, Blast Effects, Explosive Devices/Improvised Explosive Device (IED), Major Components of an IED, Switch/Fusing Systems, Initiation Methods, Methods of Containment, Delivery Methods, Explosive Detection; Emerging CBRNE Detection and Mitigation Technologies: Unattended Baggage/Unattended Object Detection, Millimeter Wave Camera, Concealed Weapons Detector Instructional Strategy Lecture Assessment Strategy Instructor observation of participants involvement in the classroom discussion. Instructor administration of an objectives-based post-test to assess the knowledge participants have gained from each module. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Not applicable Version 2.1 Page 21
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Module 4: Transit Security Operations Scope Statement During this module, participants will be provided with an overview of security operations that can be applied for protection of transit assets from terrorist acts. Participants will be able to plan for CBRNE component and device interdiction and implement screening operations, non-intrusive inspection techniques, scene control, evacuation, and media relations. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to plan for CBRNE interdiction and implement screening operations, non-intrusive inspection techniques, isolation zones, evacuation, and media relations. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 4-1 Discuss the requirements for transit threat and vulnerability analyses and how they can be used to improve transit security. 4-2 Describe components of effective transit system defense. 4-3 Identify indicators of a potential terrorist attack against a transit target. 4-4 Demonstrate search procedures and non-intrusive (including visual) inspection techniques and equipment applicable for transit assets. 4-5 Explain major considerations in isolating incident scenes and conducting evacuations during a transit terrorist incident. 4-6 Discuss media relations for a transit CBRNE incident. Lesson Topics Introduction; Threat and Vulnerability Analyses: Threat, Vulnerability, Criticality, and Risk Assessments, Transit System Vulnerabilities, Reducing Transit System Vulnerabilities, Transit System Defenses; Interdiction: Physical Countermeasures, Procedural Countermeasures, Staffing Countermeasures, Operational Countermeasures; Surveillance Indicators: General Characteristics of Terrorist Surveillance, Surveillance Indicators; General Characteristics of Behavioral Assessment: Four Steps of TO SPOT, Personal Security/Safety TO SPOT Practical Exercise; Search Methodology: Passenger Inspection Safety Procedures, Passenger Screening Process; Isolate, Notify, Evacuate: Time, Distance, Shielding, and Detection, 2008 ERG, CBRNE Isolation Considerations, Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances, General CBRNE Isolation/Protection Distances, TSWG Bomb Threat Standoff Card, Notification, Evacuation Considerations, Secondary Devices; Media Relations Instructional Strategy Lecture Version 2.1 Page 23
Assessment Strategy Instructor observation of participants involvement in the classroom discussion. Instructor administration of an objectives-based post-test to assess the knowledge participants have gained from each module. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement The practical exercise conducted during this module consists of dividing participants into three groups and having them apply the Transit Oriented Screening of Passengers by Observational Techniques (TO SPOT) taught during this module in order to identify suspicious people requiring additional screening Version 2.1 Page 24
Module 5: Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise Scope Statement During this module, participants will be able to recognize federal threat level designations and response recommendations. Instructors will demonstrate the operation of a selected set of detection and screening equipment to facilitate a scenario-based practical exercise where participants will conduct targeted detection activities and participant security screening. In this module, the participants will receive hands-on instruction in the operation of the radiation, explosives, chemical, and x-ray based detection/assessment systems. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) Recognize federal threat level designations and response recommendations and apply targeted detection and personnel screening techniques in a controlled transit system environment. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 5-1 Recall federal threat level designations and Federal Transit Administration response recommendations. 5-2 Given detection equipment and a local scenario, perform targeted detection activities in a controlled transit system environment. 5-3 Given a local scenario and applicable equipment, perform personnel screening activities in a controlled transit system environment. Lesson Topics Introduction; Threat Levels and Response Recommendations; Detection Equipment: Visual Search Tools, Handheld Metal Detector, Radiation Pager and Isotope Identifier, Dual Technology Explosive, Chemical Weapon, and TIC Detector, Portable X-ray; Targeted Detection and Screening Exercise Instructional Strategy Practical Exercise Assessment Strategy Individual participant exercise performance is assessed against specific objectives found on the Participant Skills Checklist in Annex 5-9. Version 2.1 Page 25
Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Participants will be required to conduct targeted detection and passenger screening activities appropriate to the scenario and the venue. Participants will be divided into three groups of 10 and will rotate through three stations to receive detector/threat specific operating instructions. At the end of the first four-hour period, the three groups will each deploy equipment to detect and identify threats while the other two teams observe. Version 2.1 Page 26
Module 6: Tabletop Simulation Exercise Scope Statement During this module, instructors will lead participants in a roundtable discussion to identify major local transit terrorism concerns. Based on these local concerns, instructors will lead participants in a scenario-based tabletop simulation exercise to develop methods for addressing one or more of the identified concerns. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will identify major concerns regarding transit terrorism and develop methods for addressing those concerns. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 6-1 Identify operational environment and transit terrorism concerns. 6-2 Develop methods to address locally identified operational environment and transit terrorism concerns. Lesson Topics Introduction; Two Phases of the Module: Phase I, Phase II; Phase I - Survey Data Compilation: Alternative Countermeasures; Phase II Tabletop Simulation Exercise: Overview of Facility Instructional Strategy Instructor-led discussion; Practical exercise Assessment Strategy Individual participant exercise performance is assessed against specific objectives found on the Participant Skills Checklist in Annex 5-9. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Instructors will lead the participants in a scenario-based tabletop simulation exercise addressing one or more of the major concerns at a hypothetical transit facility. The participants will only use assets based on what is available to the agency locally. Version 2.1 Page 27
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Module 7: Testing and Administration Scope Statement In this module, participants will be administered an objectives-based post-test. They must score a 70% or greater to receive a Certificate of Completion. Retests may be administered on-site if needed. Participants will also complete a course evaluation form and will provide feedback on the course instruction, content, and materials. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) Participants will complete a comprehensive post-test and course evaluation. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 7-1 Successfully complete a comprehensive post-test. 7-2 Provide feedback by completing a course evaluation form. Lesson Topics Introduction; Course Review; Post-Test; Course Evaluation; Questions; Graduation Instructional Strategy Lecture; Post-test; Course Evaluation Assessment Strategy Instructor administration of an objectives-based post-test to assess the knowledge participants have gained from each module. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Not applicable Version 2.1 Page 29
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Module 8: Practical Field Exercise Scope Statement During this module, participants will be required to plan for and conduct a response to intelligence information regarding a potential terrorist attack directed at a transit asset. Based on the situation presented, participants will be required to develop and implement a detection and search plan (including contingencies for first responders, evacuation, scene control, and media relations). Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will plan for and implement a rapid response to a high-risk transit terrorist threat. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to: 8-1 Develop and implement a rapid response plan for a high-risk transit terrorist threat. 8-2 Perform detection and search activities, establish pre-approved scene control measures, and prepare to perform evacuation. Lesson Topics Introduction; Two Phases of the Exercise; Threat Information; Phase One Exercise: Phase One Briefing; Phase Two Exercise: Phase Two Briefing Instructional Strategy Practical exercise Assessment Strategy Individual participant exercise performance is assessed against specific objectives found on the Participant Skills Checklist in Annex 5-9. Practical Exercise (PE) Statement Based on data derived from participants and the transit venues available for the conduct of the exercise, the lead instructor will develop a scenario involving an explosive device (such as a placed IED or suicide bomber). Participants will be required to conduct targeted detection and personnel screening activities appropriate to the scenario and the venue. Version 2.1 Page 31
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Course Agenda Day 1 Module 1 Course Overview 1.5 hours Module 2 Transit Terrorist Incidents and Tactics 1.0 hour Module 3 CBRNE Considerations 1.5 hours Module 4 Transit Security Operations 4.0 hours Module 5 Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise 5.0 hours Module 6 Tabletop Simulation Exercise 3.0 hours Module 7 Testing and Administration 1.5 hours Module 8 Practical Field Exercise 6.5 hours Version 2.1 Page 33
Time Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 0800-0830 0830-0850 Module 1 Course Overview Overview Module 7 Testing and Administration 0900-0930 0930-0950 1000-1030 1030-1050 1100-1130 Module 2 Transit Terrorist Incidents and Tactics Module 3 CBRNE Considerations Module 5 Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise 1130-1200 1200-1300 LUNCH LUNCH 1300-1330 1330-1350 Module 5 Targeted Detection and Security Screening Exercise (Continued) Module 8 Practical Field Exercise 1400-1430 1430-1450 1500-1530 1530-1550 Module 4 Transit Security Operations Module 6 Tabletop Simulation Exercise 1600-1630 1630-1700 Version 2.1 Page 34