1. Introduction 2. Typology 3. Dialectology

Jespersen's Cycle: Notes from Typology and Dialectology Linguistic Cycles Workshop Arizona State University, April 2008 1. Introduction 2. Typology 3. Dialectology Johan van der Auwera Center for Grammar,Cognition, and Typology University of Antwerp 1 2 Jespersen s cycle concerns the origin of negative markers 1. Introduction in a restricted sense not about Verb > NEG Noun > NEG > NEG Croft 1980, vda 2006 van Gelderen 2007, about origin of NEG in clauses which already contain a NEG and which go through a cumulative phase e.g. ne > ne pas > pas 3 4 1 1

Jespersen s cycle concerns the origin of negative markers in a restricted sense not about the origin of negative or negatively polar pronouns, adverbs not about nothing, anything, a damn only about the origin of clausal negative markers only about not (although not < nothing ) 5 6 p. 4 7 8 2 2

non ne ne pas ne pas pas p. 4 Dahl, Östen (1979) Typology of sentence negation, Linguistics 17: 79-106. p. 88 9 10 non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening 11 12 3 3

non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening 13 14 non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening emphatic ne pas ne neutral ne pas pas ne pas ne ne pas neutral 15 16 strengthening strengthening emphatic pas 4 4

non ne ne pas ne pas pas + strengthening emphatic ne pas ne neutral ne pas pas 17 18 strengthening Jespersen 1917, Wackernagel 1926, Dahl 1979, Breitbarth & Haegeman 2008, Jespersen 1917, Wackernagel 1926, Dahl 1979, Breitbarth & Haegeman 2008, Gardiner 1905, Hock 1991, Hopper & Thompson 2003, Kiparsky & Condoravdi 2006, Gardiner 1905, Hock 1991, Hopper & Thompson 2003, Kiparsky & Condoravdi 2006, Bernini & Ramat 1996, Haspelmath 1997, Schwenter 2006, 19 Bernini & Ramat 1996, Haspelmath 1997, Schwenter 2006, 20 5 5

Gardiner, Alan H. 1905. The word,., Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 41: 130-135. Gardiner, Alan H. 1905. The word,., Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 41: 130-135. Winand, J. (1997) La négation bn ỉwa en néo-égyptien, Lingua Aegyptia 5: 223-236. Winand, J. (1997) La négation bn ỉwa en néo-égyptien, Lingua Aegyptia 5: 223-236. p. 134 p. 134 21 22 Lesson 1 The intellectual history of Jespersen s cycle starts (at least) 12 years before Jespersen (1917). 23 24 6 6

French, North Germanic, English, other Romance p. 88 p. 88 p. 95 25 p. 95 26 2. Contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Arabic, Berber Bernini & Ramat, Lucas, Chaker & Caubet, Obler,. 3. Non-contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Egyptian, Coptic Shisha-Halevy, Gardiner, Winand, 27 28 7 7

Barbiers, Sjef, van der Auwera, Johan, Boef, Eefje, Bennis, Hans, De Vogelaer, Gunther & Van der Ham, Margreet (2007, in print) van der Auwera (2008, in print) Lucas (2008) 2. Contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Arabic, Berber 3. Non-contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Egyptian, Coptic 2. Contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Arabic, Berber 3. Non-contemporary Southern Mediterrranean Egyptian, Coptic Bernini & Ramat, Lucas, Shisha-Halevy, Bernini & Ramat, Lucas, Shisha-Halevy, Chaker & Caubet, Obler,. Gardiner, Winand, Chaker & Caubet, Obler,. Gardiner, Winand, 3 traditions traditions 29 30 3 Nothing wrong with the focus on Europe and the Mediterranean Nothing wrong with the focus on Europe and the Mediterranean but wider focus - typology - macro-variation narrow focus - dialectology - micro-variation 31 32 8 8

Nothing wrong with the focus on Europe and the Mediterranean but wider focus - typology - macro-variation Lewo Nothing wrong with the focus on Europe and the Mediterranean but wider focus - typology - macro-variation Lewo Elly van Gelderen Flemish Flemish Anne Breitbarth narrow focus - dialectology - micro-variation narrow focus - dialectology - micro-variation 33 34 2. Typology Lewo (Malayo-Polynesian, Vanuatu, Early 1994) NEG.V PART pe re pe re re reanalysis realis 35 36 9 9

NEG.V PART pe re pe re re realis NEG.V PART pe re pe re re realis reanalysis reanalysis reanalysis ne pas ne pas pas 37 ne pas ne pas pas 38 NEG.V PART pe re pe re re realis Lesson 2 ally pragmatically enriched NEG reanalysis reanalysis sem pragm sober NEG sem pragm form sober NEG ne pas ne pas pas 39 Jespersen s cycle is a specific, pragmatically driven case of a more general negative cycle, the other type being the ally driven type. 40 10 10

realis realis pe re re pe re re pe re poli re poli 41 42 pe re realis re Ve a-akan re! NEG.IRR 2SG-eat NEG Don t eat it! pe re poli re poli ve re toko ve re irrealis Ve a-akan re toko! NEG.IRR 2SG-eat NEG PROH Don t eat it! 43 Early 1994: 76-77; van der Auwera 2006: 10 44 11 11

Ve a-akan re! NEG.IRR 2SG-eat NEG Don t eat it! Ve a-akan re, toko! NEG.IRR 2SG-eat NEG refrain Don t eat it, don t! Ve a-akan re toko! NEG.IRR 2SG-eat NEG PROH Don t eat it! synchronic strengthening reanalysis Lesson 3 After the doubling stage there are two scenario s: simplification back to single negation amplification on to triple negation Early 1994: 76-77; van der Auwera 2006: 10 45 46 3. Dialectology a. Flemish is archaic 47 p. 20 48 12 12

not niet (ne) pas nicht pas p. 20 49 p. 20 50 East, West & French Flemish not niet (en) nie (ne) pas nicht pas p. 20 51 Barbiers, Sjef, van der Auwera, Johan, Boef, Eefje, Bennis, Hans, De Vogelaer, Gunther & Van der Ham, Margreet (in press): Syntactic atlas of the Dutch dialects. Volume II. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 52 13 13

Lessons 4 a. Contact convergence may slow down Jespersen s cycle (also Breitbarth 2008) b. The answer to why Flemish has retained the IE negative particle may have an areal dimension. c. Since Bernini & Ramat (1996) we know that Romance dialects are interesting for Jespersen s cycle. Germanic dialects are no less interesting. b. Flemish is progressive Like Afrikaans, Ladino, North Italian, some Lat Am Romance, Flemish allows a sentence final NEG Hij wil geen soep (niet) meer eten niet. he wants no soup not more eat not He doesn t want to eat soup anymore. Els wilt niet dansen en ze wil Els wants not dance and she wants niet zingen ook niet. not sing also not Els doesn t want to dance and she doesn t want to sing either. 53 54 en nie nie nie Brabantic East, West & French Flemish Brabantic Barbiers, Sjef, van der Auwera, Johan, Boef, Eefje, Bennis, Hans, De Vogelaer, Gunther & Van der Ham, Margreet (in press): Syntactic atlas of the Dutch dialects. Volume II. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 55 56 14 14

en nie nie nie en nie nie nie East, West & East, West & French Brabantic French Brabantic Flemish Flemish?? en nie nie?? en nie nie Blancquaert (1923: 68) 57 58 en nie main clause nie nie en nie main clause nie nie East, West & East, West & French Brabantic French Brabantic Flemish Flemish?? en nie nie nie en subordinate clause?? nie en nie Blancquaert (1923: 68) Blancquaert (1923: 68) 59 60 15 15

en nie main clause nie nie East, West & French Flemish Brabantic nie en subordinate clause Pas op dat ge nie take.care that you NEG en valt nie! NEG fall NEG Take care that you don t fall! (Pauwels 1958: 454) Typological support NEG1 NEG2 Lewo ve re Dutch en nie Dialectological support 61 NEG2 NEG1. NEG2 NEG3 Lewo re ve re poli Dutch nie en nie nie 62 c. Flemish is archaic Flemish dialects can retain the original IE negative particle without a negative sense c. Flemish is archaic Flemish dialects can retain the original IE negative particle without a negative sense NEG1 NEG2 en nie NEG2 NEG1. NEG2 NEG3 nie en nie nie 63 64 16 16

c. Flemish is archaic Flemish dialects can retain the original IE negative particle without a negative sense c. Flemish is archaic Flemish dialects can retain the original IE negative particle without a negative sense Ik dacht da ge op café en zat. I thought that you on pub PART sat I thought that you were in a pub. NEG1 NEG2 en nie NEG1 NEG2 en nie PART en NEG2 NEG1. NEG2 NEG3 nie en nie nie PART en NEG2 NEG1. NEG2 NEG3 nie en nie nie 65 66 Neuckermans 2008: 177 Brabantic Neuckermans 2008: 177 Brabantic French too (Pohl 1969: 1354, Sankoff & Vincent 1977: 245) 67 68 17 17

Lesson 3 CONCLUSION After the doubling stage there are two scenario s: simplification back to single negation the older negation disappears the older negation stays but loses its negative meaning amplification on to triple negation 69 70 Thanks are due to Gunther De Vogelaer (Ghent) Eitan Grossman (Jerusalem) Mena Lafkioui (Ghent) Samia Naïm (Paris) 71 References Barbiers, S. J. van der Auwera, H. Bennis, E. Boef, G. De Vogelaere & M. van der Ham (2007, in print) Syntactische atlas van de Nederlandse dialecten, deel II / Syntactic atlas of the Dutch dialects, volume II. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam. Bernini, G. & P. Ramat (1992) Le frase negative nelle lingue d Europa. Bologna: Il Mulino. Bernini, G. & P. Ramat (1996) Negative sentences in the languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton. Blancquaert, E. (1923) Over de dubbele ontkenning en nog wat. Handelingen van het Vlaamse filologencongres 6: 60 69. Breitbarth, A. (2008) The role of dialect contact in slowing down Jespersen s cycle in Middle Low German, Conference Transmission and diffusion, Nijmegen Breitbarth, A. & L. Haegeman (2008) Not continuity, but change: stable stage II in Jespersen s cycle. NORMS workshop on negation, Oslo. Chaker. S. D. Caubert (eds.) (1996) La négation en berbère et en arabe maghrébin. Paris: L Harmattan. Dahl, Ö. (1979) Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics: 17.79-106. Early, R. (1994) Lewo. Typological Studies in Negation, Eds. P.Kahrel & R.van den Berg, 5-92. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gardiner, A.H. (1904) The word, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 41.130-135. Haspelmath, M. (1997) Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hock, H. H. (1991) Principles of historical linguistics. Berlin: Mouton. Hopper, P.J. & Traugott, E.C. (2003) Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jespersen, O. (1917) Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen: Høst. Kiparky, P. & Condoravdi, C. (2006) Tracking Jespersen s cyle. Proceedings of the 2nd international conference of Modern Greek dialects and linguisic theory, Eds. M. Janse, B.D. Josephy & A.Ralli, 172-197. Mytiline: Doukas. Lucas, C. (2007) Jespersen s cycle in Arabic and Berber, Transactions of the Philological Society 105. 398-431. Lucas, C. (2008) How does contact lead to change? The development of negation in three languages of North Africa, Conference Transmission and diffusion, Nijmegen Neuckermans, A. (2003/2008) Negatie in de Vlaamse dialecten. Manuscript Universiteit Gent. 72 18 18

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