STEVEN E. CLARK (Revised 09.01.2015)

STEVEN E. CLARK (Revised 09.01.2015) Office address: Department of Psychology Riverside, CA 92521 (951)-827-5541 Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies University of California Riverside (951) 827-4894 Education: BS Illinois State University, 1981 PhD Indiana University, 1988 Dissertation Committee: Richard M. Shiffrin, Robert, M. Nosofsky, Janet Metcalfe, and Linda B. Smith. 1. Description of research My research is concerned with human memory and decision-making, eyewitness identification, and the role of eyewitnesses in the criminal justice system. The research is guided by mathematical models of memory, and by normative and psychological theories of procedural justice. Under that broad umbrella, my research addresses the following questions: How do witnesses and victims decide whether to cooperate with police and participate in the criminal justice process? What are the social and cognitive processes that underlie human memory and eyewitness decision-making? What are the policy implications for the criminal justice system? What is the relationship between social science, law, and the criminal justice system? 2. Employment history 01/05/15- present Director, UC Consortium on Social Science and Law 04/01/13-present Director, Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies 10/01/13 present Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, Emory University 07/01/06 - present Professor of Psychology 07/18/94-06/30/06 Associate Professor of Psychology 07/1/88-07/18/94 Assistant Professor of Psychology 7/1/87-06/31/88 Acting Assistant Professor of Psychology Steven E. Clark 1

3. Publications Manuscripts in preparation Clark, S.E. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and eyewitness identification reform. Larson, R.P. & Clark, S.E. Memory and decision processes of children and adults in eyewitness identification. Published or in press Clark, S.E., Wixted, J.T., Benjamin, A.S., Mickes, L., & Gronlund, S.D. (In Press). Eyewitness identification and the accuracy of the criminal justice system. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences Gronlund, S.D., Mickes, L., Wixted, J.T.., & Clark, S.E. (2015). Conducting an eyewitness lineup: How did the research get it wrong? The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 63, B. Ross (Ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Wixted, J.T., Mickes, L, Clark, S.E., Gronlund, S.D., & Roediger, H.L. (In Press). Initial Eyewitness Confidence Reliably Predicts Eyewitness Identification Accuracy. American Psychologist. Clark, S.E., & Gronlund, S.D. (in press). The development and evolution of theory in eyewitness identification. In Raaijmakers, J.G.W., & Criss, A. Cognitive Modeling in Perception and Memory: A Festschrift for Richard M. Shiffrin. New York: Routledge, Taylor, & Francis. Clark, S.E., Moreland, & Rush, R.A. Lineup composition and lineup fairness (in press). In T. Valentine & J. Davis (Eds.) Forensic Facial Identification, Wiley. Rush, R.A., & Clark, S.E. (2014). Social contagion for correct and incorrect information in memory. Memory, 22, 937-948. Mickes, L, Moreland, M.B., Clark, S.E., & Wixted, J.T. (2014). Missing the information needed to perform ROC analysis? Then compute d, not the diagnosticity ratio. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 58-62. Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 21, 251-267. Rush, E., Quas, J., Yim, I., Clark, S., Sumaroka, & Larson, R. (2014). Stress, interviewer support, and children s eyewitness identification accuracy. Child Development, 85, 1292-1305. Steven E. Clark 2

Clark, S.E., Brower, G., Rosenthal, R., Hicks, J.M., & Moreland, M.B. (2013). Lineup administrator influences on eyewitness identification and and confidence. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 158-165. Clark, S.E., Rush, R.A., & Moreland, M.B. (2013). Constructing the lineup: Law, reform, theory, and data. In B.L. Cutler (Ed.) Reform of Eyewitness Identification Procedures. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Clark, S.E. (2012). Costs and benefits of eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public policy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 238-259 Clark, S.E. (2012). Eyewitness identification reform: Data, due process, and procedural justice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 279-283. Clark. S.E. (2011). Blackstone and the balance of eyewitness identification evidence. Albany Law Review, 74, 1105-1156. Clark, S.E., Erickson, M.A., & Breneman, J. (2011). Probative value of absolute and relative judgments in eyewitness identification. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 364-380. Godfrey, R.D., & Clark. S.E. (2010). Repeated eyewitness identification procedures: Memory, decision-making, and probative value. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 241-258. Clark, S.E., Marshall, T., & Rosenthal, R. (2009). Lineup administrator influence on eyewitness identification decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15, 63-75. Clark, S.E., & Godfrey, R.D. (2009). Eyewitness identification and innocence risk. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 22-42. Clark, S.E. (2008). The importance (necessity) of computational modeling for eyewitness identification research. Applied Cognitive Psychology (Special Issue), 22, 803-813. Carlson, C., Gronlund, S.D., & Clark, S.E. (2008). Lineup composition, suspect position, and the sequential lineup advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 118-128. Clark, S.E., & Wells, G.L. (2008). On the diagnosticity of multiple-witness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 406-422. Clark, S.E., Howell, R., Davey, S.L. (2008). Regularities in Eyewitness Identification. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 187-218. Clark, S.E. (2008). WITNESS Model. In B.L. Cutler (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. Thousand Oaks: Sage. (pp. 864-866). Steven E. Clark 3

Clark, S.E. & Loftus, E. (2007). Eyewitness Evidence. In J.R. Greene (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Police Science. New York: Routledge. (pp. 491-495). Clark, S.E., Abbe. A., & Larson, R. (2006). Collaboration in Associative Recognition Memory: Using recalled information to defend new judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 32, 1266-1273. Clark, S.E. (2005). Re-examining the Effects of Biased Lineup Instructions in Eyewitness Identification. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 385-424. Clark, S.E., & Davey, S.L. (2005). The target-to-foils shift in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 151-172. Clark, S.E. (2003). A memory and decision model for eyewitness identification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 629-654. Clark, S.E., & Tunnicliff, J.T. (2001). Selecting lineup foils in eyewitness identification experiments: Experimental control and real-world simulation. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 199-216. Clark, S.E., Hori, A., Putnam, A., & Martin, T.J. (2001). Social collaboration in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 26, 1578-1588. Tunnicliff, J.T., & Clark, S.E. (2000). Matching suspects and descriptions in the selection of distractors for identification lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 231-258. Clark, S.E. (1999). Recalling to recognize and recognizing recall. In C. Izawa (Ed.), On Memory: Evolution, Progress, and Reflections on the 30 th Anniversary of the Atkinson- Shiffrin Model. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum., pp. 215-243. Clark, S.E. (1999). Special Report: Eyewitness Memory. Fire Findings, 7, 7-11. Clark, S.E. (1997). A familiarity-based account of confidence-accuracy inversions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 232-238. Clark, S.E., & Gronlund, S.D. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 37-60 Clark, S.E., & Loftus, E.F. (1996). The construction of space-alien abduction memories. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 140-143. Clark, S.E., & Loftus, E.F. (1995). The psychological pay-dirt of alien abduction memories. Contemporary Psychology, 40, 861-863. Steven E. Clark 4

Clark, S.E. (1995). The generation effect and the modelling of associations in memory. Memory and Cognition, 23, 442-455. Clark, S.E., & Hori, A. (1995). List-length and overlap effects in forced-choice associative recognition. Memory and Cognition, 23, 456-461. Clark, S.E., & Burchett, R.E.R. (1994). Word frequency and list composition effects in associative recognition and recall. Memory and Cognition. 22, 55-62. Clark, S.E., Hori, A., & Callan, D.E. (1993). Forced-choice associative recognition: Implications for global memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 871-881. Wong, E.H., Lox, C.L., & Clark, S.E. (1993). Relation between sports context, competitive trait anxiety, perceived ability, and self-presentation confidence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 847-850. Clark, S.E. (1992). Word frequency effects in associative and item recognition. Memory and Cognition, 20, 231-243. Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1992). Cuing effects and associative information in recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 20, 580-598. Ratcliff, R., Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1990). The list strength effect: I. Data and discussion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 163-178. Shiffrin, R.M., Ratcliff, R., & Clark, S.E. (1990). The list strength effect: II. Theoretical mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 179-195. Nosofsky, R.M., Clark, S.E., & Shin, J.H. (1989). Rules and exemplars in classification, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 282-304. Clark, S.E., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1987). Recognition of multiple-item probes. Memory and Cognition, 15, 367-378. Smyth, M.M., & Clark, S.E. (1986). My half-sister is a THOG: Strategic processes in a reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 275-287. Redding, G.M., Clark, S.E., & Wallace, B. (1985). Attention and prism adaptation. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 1-25. Steven E. Clark 5

4. Grant Support University of California, Office of the President (Multicampus Research Projects and Initiatives). UC Consortium for Social Science and Law $298,341 01/01/15 to 12/31/17 Federal Funding Critical Tests of Decision Models for Eyewitness Identification National Science Foundation 02/01/2011 to 01/31/2016 Memory and Decision in Eyewitness Identification National Science Foundation 04/01/07 to 03/31/2010 Developing a Model of Eyewitness Identification National Science Foundation 07/01/02 to 12/31/06 Similarity, Eyewitness Identification, and Models of Recognition Memory National Science Foundation 7/1/97 to 6/30/2001 Item and Associative Information in Human Memory National Science Foundation 3/1/93 to 2/28/95 5. Teaching Undergraduate: Graduate: Learning and Memory, Human Memory, Cognitive Processes, Eyewitness Testimony, Introductory Psychology, Psychology and Law Statistical Procedures, Cognitive Psychology, Models of Memory, Social Processes in Human Memory, Eyewitness Identification 6. Other Professional Activity Ad hoc reviewer for: Journal of Experimental Psychology, Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Memory & Cognition, Journal of Memory and Language, Acta Psychologica, Steven E. Clark 6

Consulting Editor: Board of Directors Chair Panelist (1997) Panelist (2007-09) Professional Memberships: Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, National Science Foundation, Israel Science Foundation, Applied Cognitive Psychology, Law and Human Behavior, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. Law and Human Behavior Association for Criminal Justice Research American Psychology and Law Society, Conference Committee National Science Foundation, Human Cognition and Perception National Science Foundation, Law and Social Sciences Psychonomic Society, Association for Psychological Science, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Law and Society Association, Society for Empirical Legal Studies, Association for Criminal Justice Research, American Criminological Society. Significant University Service: Director (2015 present) Director (2012 present) Chair (2011-2013): Representative (2012-13): Chair (1999-2008): Chair UC Consortium on Social Science and Law Robert Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies Academic Senate Committee on Undergraduate Admissions Campus Representative to the Board of Admissions and Relations with Schools (UC Office of the President) Interdisciplinary Program in Law and Society Campus Institutional Review Board 7. Conferences and Invited Presentations in the 21 st Century 2014 Clark, S.E., & Moreland, M.B. (Nov. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. American Society of Criminology, San Francisco CA. Moreland, M.B., & Clark, S.E. (Nov. 2014). Comparative processes in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Psychonomic Society, Long Beach, CA. Clark, S.E. (Oct. 2014). No easy answers: New research on the reliability of eyewitness evidence. Idaho Bench Bar Conference, U.S. District and Bankruptcy Court, Boise, ID. Clark, S.E. (Sept, 2014). Eyewitness Identification: University of Cincinnati School of Law. Clark, S.E. (Sept. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. Claremont Graduate University. Steven E. Clark 7

Clark, S.E. (Sept. 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. Center for Psychology and Law, University of California, Irvine. Clark, S.E., & Moreland, M.B. (May, 2014). The empirical and theoretical evolution of eyewitness identification reform. Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA. Clark, S.E. (April, 2014). Eyewitness identification: Research and Reform. Emory University School of Law. Clark, S.E. (March, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research and reform. Emory University, Department of Psychology. Clark, S.E. (February, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research and reform. University of Maryland. Clark, S.E. (February, 2014). Costs and benefits of eyewitness identification reform. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. Clark, S.E. (January, 2014). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification research and reform. Georgia State University. 2013 Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (March, 2013). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. American Psychology Law Society, Portland, OR. 2012 Clark, S.E., Moreland, M.B., & Gronlund, S.D. (November 2012). Evolution of theory and data in eyewitness identification reform. Psychonomic Society, Minneapolis, MN. Clark, S.E. (July, 2012). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological Science and Public Policy. National District Attorneys Association Meeting, Mystic CT. Clark, S.E. (June, 2012). Eyewitness evidence: Data and due process. International Conference on Law and Society, Honolulu, HI. Rush, R.A., & Clark, S.E. (March, 2012). Eyewitness identification: Absolute OR Relative judgments and the effects of lineup composition. Annual Conference of the American Psychology - Law Society, San Juan PR. Clark, S.E. (March, 2012). Eyewitness identification and the trade-off between correct identifications lost and false identifications avoided. Annual Conference of the American Psychology - Law Society, San Juan PR. 2011 Clark, S.E. (November, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Decisions and trade-offs. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seattle, WA. Gronlund, S.D., Clark, S.E., Carlson, C.A., & Goodsell, C.A. (November, 2011). Deconstructing the simultaneous and sequential lineup meta-analysis. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seattle WA. Clark, S.E. (July, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public policy. UC Center, Sacramento, CA. Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification. Training seminar for U.S. Attorney, Washington, DC. Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public Steven E. Clark 8

policy. Riverside County Bar Association, Riverside, CA. Clark, S.E. (April, 2011). Eyewitness identification reform: Psychological science and public policy. Distinguished speaker series, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. Larson, R. & Clark, S.E. (March, 2011). Eyewitness participation in the criminal justice system: Procedural justice, willingness, and actual reporting of crime. Annual meeting of the American Psychology - Law Society, Miami, FL. 2010 Clark, S.E. (January, 2010). DNA exonerations and eyewitness identification reform: Protecting the innocent is not free. Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools, New Orleans, LA. 2009 Clark, S.E. November, 2009). Protecting the innocent is not free. Conference on Empirical Legal Studies, University of Southern California School of Law. 2008 Brenaman, J.S., & Clark, S.E. (November 2008). Probative value of absolute and relative decision rules. Annual Meeting of the Society for Judgment and Decision-Making, Chicago, IL. Rush, R., & Clark, S.E. (November 2008). Relative and absolute decisions in eyewitness identification, similarity, and preference. Annual Meeting of the Society for Judgment and Decision-Making, Chicago, IL. Clark, S.E. (February, 2008). Invited talk, San Bernardino County District Attorney. Breneman, J.S., & Clark, S.E. (March, 2008). Diagnosticity of Absolute and Relative Decision Rules. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL. Carlson, C.A., Gronlund, S.D., Clark, S.E., & Dailey, S. (March, 2008). Sequential lineup advantage: Lineup Fairness and Suspect Position. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL. Godfrey, R.D. & Clark, S.E. (March 2008). The effects of pre-lineup exposure on eyewitness identification. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL. Rush, R.A. & Clark, S.E. (March, 2008). Using lineup composition to distinguish between absolute and relative decision rules. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Jacksonville, FL. 2007 American Psychological Association, 115 th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA (Invited Address, Theoretical Development on the Road from Mistaken Identification to Wrongful Conviction. SARMAC (Society of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition), Annual Conference, Bates College, Lewiston Maine (July, 2007) Off the Witness Stand. John Jay College of Criminal Justice and CUNY Graduate School, New York, NY (March, 2007) Steven E. Clark 9

2006 Psychonomic Society Meeting, Houston, TX (November, 2006) University of Oklahoma (September, 2006) Litigating Eyewitness Identification, Washington DC (June, 2006) Federal Defenders, San Francisco, CA (May, 2006) American Psychology & Law Society Annual Meeting, St. Petersburg, FL. 2005 Psychonomic Society Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, Iowa State University National Meeting on Science, Technology, and the Law, St. Petersburg, FL. American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, La Jolla, CA Ontario Crown Conference, Collingswood, Ontario Canada California Attorneys for Criminal Justice and California Public Defenders Association, Capital Case Defense Seminar, Monterey, CA 2004 Decision and Justice Conference. Institute for Mathematical and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys, Atlanta, GA. Departments of Psychology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas, El Paso American Psychology-Law Society Meeting, Scottsdale, AZ 2003 Psychonomic Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada Psychology and Law International Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA 2002 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, Austin, TX. San Bernardino County District Attorneys Office, San Bernardino, CA International Association for Applied Psychology, Singapore Los Angeles Criminal Defense Bar, Los Angeles, CA 2001 International Conference on Memory, Valencia, Spain Society for Research in Memory and Cognition Annual Meeting, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Departments of Psychology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas, El Paso 2000 American Psychology and Law Society Meeting, New Orleans, LA Psychology Department, Claremont Graduate University Steven E. Clark 10

8. Consultation and Expert Testimony I have testified as an expert in eyewitness memory and eyewitness identification in state courts in Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Washington. I have testified as an expert approximately 80 times. I have consulted with prosecuting and defense attorneys and law enforcement, and have and testified in both civil and criminal cases, and in both State and Federal court. I have also written several reports and declarations for post-conviction appeals. Steven E. Clark 11