Reproductive System. Accessory glands - several glands contribute to reproductive system
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1 Reproductive System Gonads - organs of reproductive system that produce gametes (eggs or sperm) Ducts - passages or canals that transport &/or store gametes Accessory glands - several glands contribute to reproductive system Gametogenesis - the production of gametes (haploid cells) through meiosis - cutting the chromosomal number in half Khan Academy Reproductive System
2 Male Reproductive System Spermatogenesis -process in which spermatozoans (sperm cells) are produced Male Reproductive Organs
3 Spermatozoan -acrosome -protective cap-like structure on head -hyaluronidase -enzyme in acrosome to help penetration of ovum -head -23 chromosomes -middle piece -filled w/mitochondria -tail -flagellum (9+2 microtubule doublets)
4 Male Reproductive System Testes -produce spermatozoans -lie outside body in scrotum for cooler body temp. -optimal temp. for sperm cells to mature is 34 C (93.2 F) Lobules -several hundred compartments w/in each testis Seminiferous tubes -w/in each lobule -each tube is lined w/spermatogonia (cells that give rise to sperm cells)
5 Ducts of Male Reproductive System Epididymis -tightly coiled tubule -lies just outside each testis -storage of mature sperm cells -connects testes to vas deferens Vas deferens (ductus deferens) -carries sperm cells via peristalsis -smooth muscular walls -coils from epididymis to ejaculatory duct Ejaculatory duct -continuous w/vas Deferens -receives sperm cells & secretions from seminal gland -runs through prostrate gland
6 Ducts of Male Reproductive System Urethra -common passageway for both urine & sperm Accessory glands of male reproductive system Seminal gland -secretions rich in fructose & prostaglandins -60% of semen Prostrate gland -secretions alkaline in nature (activates sperm cells) % of semen Cowpers gland (bulbourethral gland) -mucus (lubrication), protect sperm from female acid, removes urine
7 Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Organs
8 Oogenesis -process in which eggs (ovum) are produced Ovaries -produce ovum Germinal epithelium -first layer of ovaries -cuboidal epithelia cells Tunica albupinea -second layer of ovaries -wavy cells Stroma -third layer of ovaries -bulk of ovaries; made up of two sections: Cortex dense outer layer; follicles contained here Medulla- inner loose layer of stroma Ovarian follicles -egg production cells Corpus lutem -ruptured follicle; hormone secreting *Progesterone-increase development of mammary glands *Estrogen- start mammary gland development
9 Uterine (fallopian) tubes -transports ovum to uterus Infundibulum -funnel-like opening of fallopian tube Frimbriae -finger-like structures at opening of infundibulum Mucosa -inner layer of fallopian tube -ciliated columnar cells -second layer of fallopian tube -smooth muscle layer Serous membrane -outer covering of fallopian tubes
10 Uterus -thick walled muscular organ for developing fetus Insemination to birth Fundus -upper dome-shaped portion of uterus Body -tapering portion of uterus Cervix -narrow opening of uterus to vagina Serous layer -outer covering of uterus Myometrium -middle layer of uterus -bulk of uterus -smooth muscle Endometrium -inner layer of uterus -2 parts: -stratum basalis -stratum functionalis
11 Cellular Division -Advanced multi-cellular animals undergo two types of cellular division, throughout their life cycle: Mitosis & Meiosis
12 Meiosis -occurs during the production of egg + sperm -sex cells or gametes (non-gamete cells are known as somatic cells) -in humans; the combination or zygote contains 46 chromosomes -each gamete contributes 1/2 or 23
13 Somatic Cell Cycle -2 major parts of somatic cell life history 1) Interphase 2) Mitosis 1) Interphase -the period between cell division -has three subparts a) Gap 1 (G1) = growth b) S phase = replication c) Gap 2 (G2) = tubulin synthesis (microtubules) 2) Mitosis -includes four phases a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase
14 Dividing Cells: Overview of Division Mechanisms -reproduction begins with the division of single cells -each new generation must receive a duplicate of parental DNA & enough cytoplasmic machinery to start its own operation -mitosis & meiosis are eukaryotic nuclear division mechanisms -mitosis is used by multicellular organisms for growth by repeated divisions of somatic cells -meiosis occurs only in gamete cells -cytokinesis is the actual cytoplasmic division of a parental cell into 2 daughter cells
15 A Closer Look at Chromosome Structure -chromosomes are molecules of DNA complex with proteins -prior to division, each threadlike chromosome is duplicated -a centromere joins sister chromatids -microtubules will attach to centromere during nuclear division
16 Chromosome Number & Pairs -each species have a precise number of chromosomes -humans have 46 (23 homologues) -amoebas have 50 (25 homologues) -dogs have 78 (34 homologues) -chromosomes occur in pairs -Homologous Chromosomes -somatic cells that contain both homologues of each chromosome pair are known as Diploid or 2n (doubled) Haploid or n (halved) -gamete cells contain only one homologue from each pair
17 Somatic Cell Cycle: Interphase 1) Interphase -about 90% of a cell s existence Three stages of interphase: G 1 (Gap one) -cell grows to nearly twice its size -protein synthesis, organelle construction S - phase -DNA combines with proteins (chromatin) - now known as chromosomes -each chromosome is duplicated, forming two sister chromitids G 2 (Gap two) -a period of renewed protein synthesis -primarily tubulin (for microtubules)
18 Somatic Cell Cycle: Mitosis 2) Mitosis (nuclear division) -microtubular spindle fibers -microtubular organizing center -astral rays radiate from centrioles -continuous spindle fibers -centromeric spindle fibers Four Phases 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
19 Phases of Mitosis Prophase -centriole pairs migrate to cell s poles -chromosomes condense -nuclear envelope is dismantled -chromosomes are drawn to cell equator Metaphase -sister chromatids become orientated towards either pole -spindle fibers attach to chromatids from either side and attach to the centromere -chromatids are aligned at the cell s equator
20 Phases of Mitosis Anaphase - chromatid pairs separate - individual chromosomes are pulled to each pole by spindle fibers Telophase (reverse Prophse) - begins when chromosomes arrived at the poles - nuclear envelope forms from the fusion of small vesicles
21 Cytokinesis -part of cell division (but NOT part of mitosis) Animal cells -division of cytoplasm & plasma membrane formation -contractile microfilaments at the cleavage furrow pull the membrane downward
Cell Division CELL DIVISION. Mitosis. Designation of Number of Chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes. Meiosis
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