Sex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components
|
|
- Piers Hamilton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components Gonadal sex Gonads or where gametes are produced by meiosis Somatic sex Somatic cells are cells that undergo mitosis. They can be divided into primary and secondary characteristics Secondary somatic sex characteristics are divided further into hair and body Sexual identification Sexual orientation
2 FOR HUMAN MALES Gonadal sex Consists of the testes where the gametes or sperm are produced Somatic sex characteristics Primary and Secondary Male primary somatic sex characteristics penis and scrotum Male secondary somatic sex characteristics Hair facial hair chest hair body hair Body pelvic build straight hips muscular build upper body Ability to generate muscle mass at a faster rate than females following puberty
3 Gonadal sex FOR HUMAN FEMALES Ovaries where eggs are produced Female primary somatic sex characteristics Clitoris, labia, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ability to bear children Female secondary somatic sex characteristics Hair vellus rather than terminal hair Body rounded hips, breasts, ability to nurse offspring, menstrual cycle, increased body fat composition, decreased upper body strength, decreased ability to generate muscle mass at a fast rate
4 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sex chromosomes At the cellular level the sex of an individual is determined genetically by the sex chromosomes. X and Y -> male X and X -> female 6-4 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers
5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sex chromosomes determine gender Human males are the heterogametic sex with two different sex chromosomes, (XY). Human females are the homogametic sex (XX). In other species sex determination differs: male birds ZZ female birds ZW 6-5
6 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sexual development At the beginning of human development either male or female development is possible. Unspecialized gonads and two sets of reproductive ducts exist until 6th week of development. An embryo develops as a male or female using information from the Y chromosome. 6-6
7 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Genes on the Y chromosome Y chromosome first seen 1923 Tips of Y chromosome are pseudoautosomal regions PAR1 and PAR2 They make up 5% of the chromosome Contain 63 pseudoautosomal genes that cross over with the X chromosome Most of the Y is male specific region or MSY 6-7
8 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Genes on the Y Chromosome Y chromosome has 2 pseudoautosomal regions whose genes match genes on the X chromosome And a large central region that does not recombine with the X chromosome This non-recombining region makes up about 95% of the chromosome 6-8
9 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3 Classes of Genes on the Y Genes shared with X chromosome define the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR) Genes similar to X chromosome genes are X- Y homologs 6-9 Genes unique to the Y including SRY gene
10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Genes on the Y chromosome Y chromosome is small and gene poor and prone to deletion Since the Y can not recombine with X, its genes began to rot Genes decayed except for SRY and the tips The Y is degrading fast, losing genes at the rate of 5/million years May have a way out of complete degredation Many of the DNA segments are palindromes 6-10
11 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Y chromosome is highly repetitive 6-11
12 During male meiosis a synaptonemal complex forms and one chiasma will always form in this region This results in regular exchange of material between the tips of XP and YP Any genes in this region are inherited as thought they are autosomal and that is why it is called the pseudoautosomal region PAR Contains known genes including the RSP gene for making ribosomes
13 6-13 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14 SEX REVERSAL This mutant hybrid chromosome is called an X (TDF) chromosome When it fertilizes an X bearing egg it results in a 46 XX (TDF) male When the corresponding mutant y chromosome fertilizes an egg it results in a 46 XY female
15 SEX REVERSAL Karyotype is XX but this individual will develop as an XY male because of the presence of the testes determining factor gene Remember the presence of testes, determines gonadal sex in males Even though these individual will look male they will suffer from testicular atrophy or small testes and sterility What causes the sterility?
16 SEX REVERSAL In humans if there are 2 X chromosomes in a male germ line, it acts as a poison to the germ cells and kills them during meiosis The gonadal sex of this individual will be male because they will have testes But they can not make viable sperm
17 SEX REVERSAL When a sperm carrying a Y (deltdf) chromosome fertilizes an X bearing egg the result is an XY(delTDF) zygote This individual develops as female even though the karyotype is XY Ovaries are reduced and eggs that are produced will not survive Have a female build but little pubic or underarm hair
18 6-18 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SRY activates a cascade of developmental events
19 Sexual development
20 External genitalia differentiation
21 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mutations in genes involved in sexual development affect gender Mutation/absence of: SRY gene Normal female development Anti-Mullerian hormone Mullerian ducts persist in male gene Testosterone gene Early development as female Masculinization at puberty DHT converting enzyme External structures lack signal and develop as female, internal structures are male. 6-21
22 HORMONES Travel in the blood stream to receptors on the target cell Receptors bind the hormone and carry it across the plasma membrane of the cell to the nucleus Once inside the nucleus the hormone binds to DNA to promote gene expression It is the protein products of these genes that lead to sexual differentiation
23 HORMONES Chemical messengers that are produced by one cell type, released into the bloodstream and received by the target cell Hormones regulate gene expression in the target cell We will look at: testosterone excreted by testes and adrenal cortex in males estrogen excreted by ovaries and adrenal cortex in females
24 HORMONE RECEPTORS AND GENE REGULATION The TDF gene is on the Y chromosome and codes for the development of testes which produce testosterone But the receptor for testosterone is regulated by a gene on the X chromosome This AR gene or androgen receptor gene codes for the testosterone receptor A mutation in this gene cause testicular feminization Individuals are XY with a normal Y chromosome with a normal TDF gene
25 HORMONE RECEPTORS AND GENE REGULATION They can not respond to testosterone s masculinizing effects because they have no receptors to transport testosterone across the cell membrane Affected individuals develop as phenotypic females who are sterile This mutation is known as the AIS mutation, androgen insensitivity syndrome
26 ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME Produce testosterone This is where they differ from the XY (TDF del) individuals They have no receptors to transport testosterone across the cell membrane Referred to as AIS females Occur 1/20,000 births Taller than average External genitals are female Vagina looks normal from the outside Newborn is declared a girl and raised as such
27 ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME In utero AIS females develop testes because TDF gene present so their gonadal sex is male Produce MIF and Mullerian ducts regress But the cells of the embryo cannot sense testosterone Instead they respond to the low levels of estrogen being produced by the adrenal cortex and develop as female At birth appear female No vagina, cervix, uterus or fallopian tube
28 3 WAYS TO MANIFEST TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION XY (TDF del) no testosterone XY point mutation of TDF gene no testosterone XY with normal Y but with AIS mutation so no receptors for testosterone All these individuals will be tall
29 SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMANS REQUIRES 4 ELEMENTS TO BECOME MALE Y chromosome intact TDF gene (no point mutations) Sensing mechanism in the indifferent gonad to the testes determining factor Testosterone or estrogen produced by the gonads Testosterone or estrogen receptors in the somatic tissues intact. No AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome)
30 6-30 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SRY activates a cascade of developmental events
31 GUEVEDOCES Born XY with female genitalia At puberty the adrenal gland begins to produce testosterone Causes masculinization voice deepens muscles develop no breast development and no menses adrenal testosterone causes clitoris to enlarge and resemble a penis
32 SEX CHROMOSOME ANEUPLOIDY Aneuploidy refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes Such anomolies occur often enough that they have been recognized and studied by medical science We will discuss 3 different cases of aneuploidy Klinefelter males XXY XYY Turner syndrome XO
33 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nondisjunction in Sex Chromosomes X Chromosome XXX XXY Klinefelter syndrome XO Turner Syndrome 6-33
34 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. What determines gender? Number of X chromosomes, or presence of Y chromosome? Individuals with unusual chromosome combinations provide a clue: X0 XXY XY females XX males Female with Turner syndrome Male with Klinefelter syndrome SRY gene missing Small bit of Y with SRY gene present 6-34 => Y chromosome determines gender. => SRY gene on Y chromosome determines gender.
35 KLINEFELTER Klinefelter males have an extra X chromosome so they karyotype as XXY males Occurs 1/1000 live births 1940 Harry Klinefelter at Massachusetts General Hospital described a syndrome occurring in males not usually detected until after puberty
36 KLINEFELTER The testes are atrophied and do not produce much testosterone The level may be so low as to be about the same amount as the estrogen produced by the adrenal cortex Because the level is so low during puberty these individuals do not undergo normal development of male secondary sex characteristics, including muscular upper body, narrow hips and chest and facial hair
37 KLINEFELTER If treated during puberty with testosterone then breast development will stop and the hips will narrow and become more male like They will develop muscular upper bodies, broad shoulders, square jaw and deep voices Remain sterile because the undeveloped testes can not produce sperm But outwardly they will look like normal males
38 XYY MALES 1965 Jacobs in Scotland looked at the chromosomes of 197 mentally subnormal males with violent tendencies They found 7 of those males had a 47 XYY karyotype 7/197 = 1/28 a much higher ratio than among other groups of males tested XYY occurs 1/1000 live births Among tall males about 1/325 Among tall penal inmates 1/30
39 XYY MALES XYY males are over represented in mental and penal institutions Large scale study done by the Danish government suggested that tall males with lower intellectual function are more likely to be convicted of crimes regardless of their karyotype XYY karyotype is over represented in tall males 1/325 More than 95% of all XYY males are not in prison
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationReproductive System. from the Human Body System Series. catalog # 3322. Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING
Reproductive System from the Human Body System Series catalog # 3322 Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING 1560 Sherman Avenue Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 24-Hour Fax No. 847-328-6706
More informationGenetic Mutations. Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
Genetic Mutations Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes. Agenda Warm UP: What is a mutation? Body cell? Gamete? Notes on Mutations Karyotype Web Activity
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More information4 SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION
4 SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION 4.1 Sex chromosomes and Sex Determination Sex- chromosomes. If present, sex chromosomes may not have the same size, shape, or genetic potential. In humans, females
More informationPage 1. 1. The production of monoploid cells by spermatogenesis occurs in (1) zygotes (3) ovaries (2) testes (4) meristems
1. The production of monoploid cells by spermatogenesis occurs in (1) zygotes (3) ovaries (2) testes (4) meristems Base your answers to questions 2 and 3 on the diagram below of the female reproductive
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationReproduction Multiple Choice questions
Reproduction Multiple Choice questions 1. In mammals that are seasonal breeders, females are receptive only once a year. This is called A) a follicular cycle B) an estrous cycle C) a menstrual cycle D)
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationFemale Reproductive System. Unit 8 Lesson 2 Continued
Female Reproductive System Unit 8 Lesson 2 Continued Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Female produce ovum or egg cells. The egg (ovum) cell is the female sex cell. Female Reproductive
More informationChromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome.
Chromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome. Define the terms karyotype, autosomal and sex chromosomes. Explain how many of
More informationwww.njctl.org PSI Biology Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Classwork 1. Identify two differences between meiosis and mitosis. 2. Provide an example of a type of cell in the human body that would undergo mitosis. 3. Does cell division
More informationReproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1
Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1 1. Which two glands in the diagram produce gametes? A. glands A and B B. glands B and E C. glands C and F D. glands E and F 2. Base your answer
More informationHuman Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles. Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully
Human Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully Multiple alleles: three or more alleles for a trait are found in the
More information17. A testcross A.is used to determine if an organism that is displaying a recessive trait is heterozygous or homozygous for that trait. B.
ch04 Student: 1. Which of the following does not inactivate an X chromosome? A. Mammals B. Drosophila C. C. elegans D. Humans 2. Who originally identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase
More informationX-Plain Low Testosterone Reference Summary
X-Plain Low Testosterone Reference Summary Introduction Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone. It helps the body produce and maintain adult male features. Low levels of testosterone affect
More informationHere we will talk about:
Here we will talk about: What is puberty? When changes happen to boys? What are the sex organs? What are erections and why do they happen? For more information you can visit: What s Happening? What is
More informationInfluence of Sex on Genetics. Chapter Six
Influence of Sex on Genetics Chapter Six Humans 23 Autosomes Chromosomal abnormalities very severe Often fatal All have at least one X Deletion of X chromosome is fatal Males = heterogametic sex XY Females
More informationThe correct answer is c A. Answer a is incorrect. The white-eye gene must be recessive since heterozygous females have red eyes.
1. Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele? a. Because the trait is dominant b. Because the trait is recessive c. Because the allele is located on the X chromosome
More informationTERATOGENESIS ONTOGENESIS
TERATOGENESIS ONTOGENESIS Inborn developmental defects Occured during prenatal development Are present by delivery At about 3-5 % newborns are affected. Inborn developmental defects 1. CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS
More information2. What muscle pulls the testis down into the scrotum during development?
Anatomy & Physiology Reproductive System Worksheet Male 1. Put the following structures in order from testis to urethra: ductus deferens, rete testis, epididymus, seminiferous tubules 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. What
More informationSexual Reproduction. The specialized cells that are required for sexual reproduction are known as. And come from the process of: GAMETES
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction We know all about asexual reproduction 1. Only one parent required. 2. Offspring are identical to parents. 3. The cells that produce the offspring are not usually
More informationChromosomal Basis of Inheritance. Ch. 3
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Ch. 3 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE AND SEX CHROMOSOMES! The chromosome theory of inheritance describes how the transmission of chromosomes account for the Mendelian
More informationLesson Plan Sexual & Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Part I
Lesson Plan Sexual & Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Part I TOPIC: Sexual & Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Part I SUBJECT: Life Skills TARGET AGE RANGE: 9 15 TIME: 45 minutes IDEAL NUMBER OF LEARNERS:
More informationCHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE. Section B: Sex Chromosomes
CHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE Section B: Sex Chromosomes 1. The chromosomal basis of sex varies with the organism 2. Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance 1. The chromosomal
More informationChromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection Carl Correns 1900 Chapter 13 First suggests central role for chromosomes Rediscovery of Mendel s work Walter Sutton 1902 Chromosomal theory
More informationEndocrine System: Practice Questions #1
Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1 1. Removing part of gland D would most likely result in A. a decrease in the secretions of other glands B. a decrease in the blood calcium level C. an increase in
More informationExplore and Discover... Human growth. You have been asked to write a short leaflet for young people about growing up and puberty. Teacher information
You have been asked to write a short leaflet for young people about growing up and puberty. Explore and Discover... Teacher information Gallery visited Human Biology Suitable for Key Stage 3 (ages 11 to
More informationEVERY LIVING THING has a number of
Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Reproductive Systems EVERY LIVING THING has a number of organ systems operating to perform specific functions. If you were to examine one of these systems, you would observe
More informationEach person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 in all. We inherit one chromosome per pair from our mother and one from our father.
AP Psychology 2.2 Behavioral Genetics Article Chromosomal Abnormalities About 1 in 150 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality (1, 2). These are caused by errors in the number or structure of chromosomes.
More informationSTUDENT S WORKSHEETS. Eva M. Zamudio Zamudio
STUDENT S WORKSHEETS January April 2009 HUMAN LIFE CYCLE HANDOUT 1 1. Write the name of each stage in the right order: retirement adolescence babyhood adulthood - childhood 2. What stage does it belong
More information5. The cells of a multicellular organism, other than gametes and the germ cells from which it develops, are known as
1. True or false? The chi square statistical test is used to determine how well the observed genetic data agree with the expectations derived from a hypothesis. True 2. True or false? Chromosomes in prokaryotic
More informationVon Mäusen und Menschen E - 1
Von Mäusen und Menschen E - 1 Mus musculus: Genetic Portrait of the House Mouse E - 3 Outline Mouse genome Mouse life cycle Transgenic protocols Addition of genes by nuclear injection Removal of genes
More informationSexual reproduction in humans
Sexual reproduction in humans Name: WHY DO HUMANS NEED TO REPRODUCE? The reason humans reproduce is to have children so that our species can continue to exist. Humans reproduce sexually, which means like
More informationCHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE
SECTION 12-1 REVIEW CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. sex chromosome, autosome 2. germ-cell mutation, somatic-cell
More informationBasic Human Genetics: Reproductive Health and Chromosome Abnormalities
Basic Human Genetics: Reproductive Health and Chromosome Abnormalities Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Training Course in Sexual and
More information4.2 Meiosis. Meiosis is a reduction division. Assessment statements. The process of meiosis
4.2 Meiosis Assessment statements State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. Define homologous chromosomes. Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing
More informationUnderstanding Fertility
Understanding Fertility 6 Introduction The word fertile means the ability to become pregnant or to cause pregnancy. Basic knowledge of both the male and female reproductive systems is important for understanding
More informationCELL DIVISION. STAGES OF MITOTIC DIVISION (Diag. C1)
1 CELL DIVISION Cell division is the process by which cells replicate in order to replace cell loss, repair tissue damage and reproduce the organism. Two types of cell division are encountered in the Eukaryotic
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS A. Organ a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function that can any
More informationPuberty is the name given to the physical changes that happen between childhood and adulthood
LENScience 09-501-A3 Growing Up! A resource for Science Classes Growing Up! As a human you are going to spend a life time growing and changing. It all started at the time of fertilisation, or conception,
More informationScience 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction 10 Name Due Date Show Me NOTE: This worksheet is based on material from pages 367-372 in Science Probe. 1. Sexual reproduction requires parents,
More informationChapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
Chapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Know the principles and terminology associated with variations
More informationUnit 3 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Unit 3 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE Learning Objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: Explain the importance of understanding the male and female reproductive
More information1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
More informationGerm cell formation / gametogenesis And Fertilisation
Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lecture 3 The first steps to forming a new organism Descriptive embryology I Germ cell formation / gametogenesis And Fertilisation Why bother with sex? In terms of
More informationInformed Consent Form for Testosterone Therapy
Student Health Services Oregon State University, 201 Plageman Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-8567 Tel 541-737-9355 General Fax 541-737-4530 Medical Fax 541-737-9665 http://studenthealth.oregonstate.edu/
More informationThere are four areas where you can expect changes to occur as your hormone therapy progresses.
You are considering taking testosterone, so you should learn about some of the risks, expectations, long term considerations, and medications associated with medical transition. If is very important to
More informationCHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
More informationFact Sheet 14 EPIGENETICS
This fact sheet describes epigenetics which refers to factors that can influence the way our genes are expressed in the cells of our body. In summary Epigenetics is a phenomenon that affects the way cells
More informationII. III. 2004 Core Knowledge National Conference, Grade Level, (Unit Name Here) 1
Teaching A Touchy Topic: Life Cycles and Reproduction Grade Level: Fifth Grade Written by: Kimberly Ruckh, Linda Cambra, Dallas Bankston; Challenge Charter School, Glendale, Az. Length of Unit: Five Lessons
More informationMCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for
More informationREI Pearls: Pitfalls of Genetic Testing in Miscarriage
The Skinny: Genetic testing of miscarriage tissue is controversial and some people question if testing is helpful or not. This summary will: 1) outline the arguments for and against genetic testing; 2)
More information12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin
More informationWhat Is Genetic Counseling? Helping individuals and families understand how genetics affects their health and lives
What Is Genetic Counseling? Helping individuals and families understand how genetics affects their health and lives What does the career involve? Explore family histories to identify risks Reducing risks
More informationUnit #5 Human Growth and Development 6 th Grade - Chapter 7, 8 7 th Grade - Chapter 12 8 th Grade - Chapter 16, 17
8 th Grade HGD Chapter 16 Summary Your Body Systems Lesson 1 Your Skeletal System 1. Skeletal system is a body system: a. Bones b. Joints c. Connective tissue 2. Marrow, which is a soft tissue in the center
More information1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells
Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells A. is half of that of the parent cell. B. remains the same as in the
More informationThe Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger Chapter 3 Heredity and Environment PowerPoint Slides developed by Martin Wolfger and Michael James Ivy Tech Community College-Bloomington
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
More informationBIOLOGY REDISCOVERING. Sex and Gender. Molecular to Global Perspectives. Introduction
REDISCOVERING BIOLOGY Molecular to Global Perspectives I think humans like things to be ordered, and they get bothered about gray areas and when things become less clear-cut. But these days I don t think
More informationMaster Curriculum Topic Study: Human Body Systems
Master Curriculum Topic Study: Human Body Systems Session C Section I: Culminating Ideas for Adult Literacy 1. The fundamental building block of organisms is cells. a. Cells combine to form tissues, which
More informationCell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients
More information1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes? 2. Define: gamete zygote meiosis homologous chromosomes diploid haploid
More informationIntroduction to puberty
Introduction to puberty Objective: Structure: Time: Materials: Participants will describe some of the common external changes associated with puberty. Presentation by educator with large group discussion.
More informationPractice Problems 4. (a) 19. (b) 36. (c) 17
Chapter 10 Practice Problems Practice Problems 4 1. The diploid chromosome number in a variety of chrysanthemum is 18. What would you call varieties with the following chromosome numbers? (a) 19 (b) 36
More informationInformation About Hormonal Treatment for
Information About Hormonal Treatment for Trans Men Leighton J Seal PhD FRCP Consultant Endocrinologist, Gender Identity Clinic, West London Mental Health NHS Trust (Charing Cross) Leighton J Seal 1 Patient
More informationMitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1
Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1 I. Introduction When you fall and scrape the skin off your hands or knees, how does your body make new skin cells to replace the skin cells that were scraped off? How
More informationThe Endocrine System
The Endocrine System from The Human Body Systems Series catalog # 3254 Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING 1560 Sherman Avenue Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 24-Hour Fax No. 847-328-6706
More informationGene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15
Gene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15 Lecture Objectives What Are Mutations? How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations Analyzed? How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? What DNA Changes Lead to
More informationWorkshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis
Workshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis Introduction In this workshop you will examine how cells divide, including how they partition their genetic material (DNA) between the two resulting
More informationReproductive Technology. Chapter 21
Reproductive Technology Chapter 21 Assisted Reproduction When a couple is sub-fertile or infertile they may need Assisted Reproduction to become pregnant: Replace source of gametes Sperm, oocyte or zygote
More informationReproduction and its Hormonal Control
Reproduction and its Hormonal Control Page 1 Reproduction and its Hormonal Control Different mammals have different patterns of reproduction Eg mammals, rats and mice can breed all year round, whereas
More informationGenetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
More informationReproductive System. Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Function: producing offspring Reproductive System propagation of the species in terms of evolution the only reason all the other systems exist only major system that doesn t work continuously only activated
More informationChapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Bio 100 Patterns of Inheritance 1 Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel s quantitative experiments with pea plants History of Heredity Blending theory of heredity -
More informationWOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500. Birth Control Pills
Birth Control Pills WOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500 Birth control pills (also called oral contraceptives or "the pill") are used by millions of women in the United States to
More informationThe Endocrine System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 9 The Endocrine System Slides 9.1 9.48 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook The Endocrine System Second messenger
More informationClient Information for Informed Consent TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER PATIENTS
Client Information for Informed Consent TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER PATIENTS You want to take testosterone to masculinize your body. Before taking it, there are several things you need to know about.
More informationHUMAN CHROMOSOMES. Using this criterion, human chromosomes are divided in: metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric.
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES Normal human somatic cells contain a diploid number of chromosomes (2n=46), so there are 23 pairs of chromosomes: - 22 pairs are identical in man and women and are called autosomes; -
More informationMCAS Biology. Review Packet
MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements
More informationHeredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationCauses of Birth Defects
Causes of Birth Defects Some medical / genetic terms: congenital defects: visible defects present at birth (due to any cause (genetic, developmental error ). syndrome: the symptoms that characterize any
More informationAP Psych Review Gender and Sexuality
AP Psych Review Gender and Sexuality Vocab Term Definition of Term Example Sex One s biological classification as male or female. Gender Psychological and social characteristics associated with being male
More informationBIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES
BIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a human structure with its corresponding function. A. ANATOMY = the study of
More information*Please consult the online schedule for this course for the definitive date and time for this lecture.
CHROMOSOMES AND DISEASE Date: September 29, 2005 * Time: 8:00 am- 8:50 am * Room: G-202 Biomolecular Building Lecturer: Jim Evans 4200A Biomolecular Building jpevans@med.unc.edu Office Hours: by appointment
More informationMEDICAL COVERAGE POLICY SERVICE: Gender Assignment and Reassignment Surgery. SERVICE: Gender Assignment, Reassignment Surgery or Gender Dysphoria
Gender Assignment and Page 1 of 7 Important note Even though this policy may indicate that a particular service or supply may be considered covered, this conclusion is not based upon the terms of your
More informationPlant Growth & Development. Growth Stages. Differences in the Developmental Mechanisms of Plants and Animals. Development
Plant Growth & Development Plant body is unable to move. To survive and grow, plants must be able to alter its growth, development and physiology. Plants are able to produce complex, yet variable forms
More informationLecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis
Lecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis Cell Division Essential for body growth and tissue repair Interphase G 1 phase Primary cell growth phase S phase DNA replication G 2 phase Microtubule synthesis Mitosis Nuclear
More informationRespiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.
B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the
More informationLAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Los Angeles Mission College Biology 3 Name: Date: INTRODUCTION BINARY FISSION: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce asexually by binary fission. Bacterial
More informationMale Health Issues. Survivorship Clinic
Male Health Issues The effects of cancer therapy on male reproductive function depend on many factors, including the boy s age at the time of cancer therapy, the specific type and location of the cancer,
More informationA test your patients can trust.
A test your patients can trust. A simple, safe, and accurate non-invasive prenatal test for early risk assessment of Down syndrome and other conditions. informaseq Prenatal Test Simple, safe, and accurate
More informationRelated KidsHealth Links
Grades 3 to 5 Personal Health Series KidsHealth.org/classroom Teacher s Guide This guide includes: Standards Related Links Discussion Questions Activities for Students Reproducible Materials Standards
More informationTestosterone. Testosterone For Women
Testosterone Testosterone is a steroid hormone. Popular use of the term steroid leads people to believe that it signifies a drug that s illegal and abused by some body builders and other athletes. While
More informationBiology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA
Page 1 of 5 Biology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA Genetics Exercise: Understanding how meiosis affects genetic inheritance and DNA patterns
More informationAbnormal Uterine Bleeding
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding WOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500 Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common reasons women see their doctors. It can occur at any age and has
More informationUterine fibroids (Leiomyoma)
Uterine fibroids (Leiomyoma) What are uterine fibroids? Uterine fibroids are fairly common benign (not cancer) growths in the uterus. They occur in about 25 50% of all women. Many women who have fibroids
More informationbodyworks bodyworks bodyworks odyworks bodyworks bodywor bodyworks yworks bodyworks bodyworks bodywork bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks odyworks body
Bodyworks Your guide to understanding reproduction orksody odyworks body bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks dyworks ork bodywor odyworks bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks bodyworks bodywork
More informationB2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses
B2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses 65 minutes 65 marks Page of 55 Q. A woman gives birth to triplets. Two of the triplets are boys and the third is a girl. The triplets developed from two egg cells released
More information