Internet structure: network of networks
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1 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and s 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-1 Internet structure: network of networks roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 s (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity/level3, Sprint, AT&T, QWest), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Tier 1 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs) Introduction 1-2
2 Tier-1 : e.g., Sprint Sprint US backbone network Introduction 1-3 Internet structure: network of networks Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s Connect to one or more tier-1 s, possibly other tier-2 s Tier-2 pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-2 s also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Introduction 1-4
3 Internet structure: network of networks Tier-3 s and s last hop ( access ) network (closest to end systems) Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 NAP Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 Introduction 1-5 Internet structure: network of networks a packet passes through many networks! Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 Introduction 1-6
4 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and s 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-7 How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers Introduction 1-8
5 Four sources of packet delay 1. nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link 2. queueing time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing Introduction 1-9 Delay in packet-switched networks 3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s A transmission Note: s and R are very different quantities! propagation B nodal processing queueing Introduction 1-10
6 Nodal delay d = d + d + d + d nodal proc queue trans prop d proc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay depends on congestion d trans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links d prop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs Introduction 1-11 Queueing delay (revisited) R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite! Introduction 1-12
7 Real Internet delays and routes What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes Introduction 1-13 Real Internet delays and routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to Three delay measements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns.net ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns.net ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms trans-oceanic link * means no reponse (probe lost, router not replying) Introduction 1-14
8 Packet loss queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity when packet arrives to full queue, packet is dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all Introduction 1-15 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and s 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-16
9 Protocol Layers Networks are complex! many pieces : hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks? Introduction 1-17 Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system s pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layer s service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in one procedure doesn t affect rest of system layering considered harmful? Introduction 1-18
10 Internet protocol stack application: supporting network applications FTP, STP, STTP transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits on the wire application transport network link physical Introduction 1-19 message segment datagram H n frame H t H t H l H n H t source application transport network link physical Encapsulation link physical H l H n H t H l H n H t switch H l H t H n H t H n H t destination application transport network link physical H l H n H t H n H t network link physical H l H n H t H n H t router Introduction 1-20
11 OSI Reference odel The International Standards Organization (ISO) proposal for the standardization of the various protocols used in computer networks (specifically those networks used to connect open systems) is called the Open Systems Interconnection Reference odel (1984), or simply the OSI model. Introduction 1-21 Why a Layered odel? All People Seem To Need Data Processing Introduction 1-22
12 Layers with Functions Introduction 1-23 Introduction: Summary Covered a ton of material! Internet overview what s a protocol? network edge, core, access network packet-switching versus circuit-switching Internet/ structure performance: loss, delay layering and service models You now have: context, overview, feel of networking more depth, detail to follow! Introduction 1-24
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