Internet Routing. Review of Networking Principles

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1 Internet Routing Review of Networking Principles 1

2 Principles of the Internet Edge vs. core (end-systems vs. routers) Dumb Intelligence at the end-systems Different communication paradigms Connection oriented vs. connection less Packet vs. circuit switching Layered System Network of collaborating s 2

3 The core Mesh of interconnected routers The fundamental question: How is data transferred through net? Circuit switching: Dedicated circuit per call: telephone net Packet switching: Data sent through net in discrete chunks 3

4 Routing Goal Move pkts among routers from src to dst Datagram Destination address determines next hop Routes may change during session Virtual circuit Each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop Fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed through call Routers maintain per-call state 4

5 Internet protocol stack Application: supporting s Transport: host-host data transfer Network: uniform format of packets, routing of datagrams from source to destination Link: data transfer between neighboring elements Physical: bits on the wire 5

6 Layering: Logical communication Each layer: Distributed Entities implement layer functions at each node Entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers 6

7 Layering: Physical communication data data 7

8 Internet structure: Network of s Roughly hierarchical National/international backbone providers (NBPs) E.g., BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T, IBM, UUNet Interconnect (peer) with each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs) Regional s Connect into NBPs Local, company Connect into regional s NAP regional NBP B NBP A regional NAP 8

9 Internet structure: Network of s Roughly hierarchical At center: tier-1 s (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage Treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public access points (NAPs) 9

10 Internet structure: Network of s Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s Connect to one or more tier-1 s, possibly other tier-2 s Tier-2 pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-2 s also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 10

11 Internet structure: Network of s Tier-3 s and s Last hop ( access ) (closest to end systems) Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 IXPs Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 11

12 Example Tier-1 : Sprint 12

13 The Operator View Tier 1 and 2 operators divide their s in different ways Architectural access, aggregation, core Service WAN, data center, wireless Helps in management and service provisioning Traffic/Routing view optimizes equipment utilization and management Service view facilitates offering customers specific kinds of services 13

14 The Operator View: Architectural Access Network Oversubscribed Aggregation Network BGP less Core Network: MPLS Mesh, All Optical, Overprovisioned Enterprise /Campus Network Gateway Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) To Metro Agg. B To Metro Agg. C Internet Note: Often equipment is deployed in pairs for redundancy. DLSLAM, PON, or other FTTH Terminator To Metro Agg. D BGP Speaker 14

15 The Operator View:xDSL Detail From 15

16 The Operator View:Service Wide Area Network (WAN) Data Center Internet ireless 16

17 The Operator View: Service Offerings WAN L3 VPN L2 VPN Internet Data Center Web hosting Data storage Wireless Voice Minutes Data bundles Texts 17

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