How To Understand The Internet From A Telephone To A Computer (For A Computer)
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1 Basic Concepts In Computer Networking Antonio Carzaniga Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano September 19, 2014
2 Goal of this Lecture Understand what packet switching is Understand what circuit switching is Understand their differences Understand what a protocol is
3 Outline What is the Internet? Types of network Types of service Protocols The Internet protocol stack
4 History Antonio Carzaniga
5 History Antonio Carzaniga
6 History Antonio Carzaniga
7 History Antonio Carzaniga
8 What is the Internet? Internet
9 What is the Internet? Internet
10 What is the Internet? Internet
11 What is the Internet? Internet
12 What is the Internet? Internet end system or host
13 End Systems End system or host ( )
14 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer
15 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart )
16 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer)
17 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer) a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
18 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer) a camera (a.k.a., webcam) a temperature sensor
19 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer) a camera (a.k.a., webcam) a temperature sensor a PDA
20 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer) a camera (a.k.a., webcam) a temperature sensor a PDA... a car a television set a picture frame a toaster...
21 End Systems End system or host ( ) a computer a phone (more or less smart ) a server (well, that would also be a computer) a camera (a.k.a., webcam) a temperature sensor a PDA... a car a television set a picture frame a toaster... a toilet seat? a toothpick?...
22 What is Inside the Internet? Antonio Carzaniga
23 What is Inside the Internet? Antonio Carzaniga
24 What is Inside the Internet? packet switch local-area network
25 What is Inside the Internet? packet switch local-area network communication link
26 Basic Concepts The Internet uses packet switching
27 Basic Concepts The Internet uses packet switching Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
28 Basic Concepts The Internet uses packet switching Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router Communication link: a connection between packet switches and/or end systems
29 Basic Concepts The Internet uses packet switching Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router Communication link: a connection between packet switches and/or end systems Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a. path)
30 Basic Concepts The Internet uses packet switching Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router Communication link: a connection between packet switches and/or end systems Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a. path) Protocol: control the sending and receiving of information to and from end systems and packet switches
31 Communication Links Various types and forms of medium
32 Communication Links Various types and forms of medium Fiber-optic cable Twisted-pair copper wire Coaxial cable Wireless local-area links (e.g., , Bluetooth) Satellite channel...
33 Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
34 Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
35 Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
36 Packet Switching The Internet is a packet-switched network
37 Packet Switching The Internet is a packet-switched network Information is transmitted in packets
38 Packet Switching The Internet is a packet-switched network Information is transmitted in packets Switches operate on individual packets
39 Packet Switching The Internet is a packet-switched network Information is transmitted in packets Switches operate on individual packets A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to other switches or to end systems
40 Packet Switching The Internet is a packet-switched network Information is transmitted in packets Switches operate on individual packets A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to other switches or to end systems Every forwarding decision is taken on the basis of the information contained in the packet
41 Circuit Switching Antonio Carzaniga
42 Circuit Switching Antonio Carzaniga
43 Circuit Switching The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
44 Circuit Switching The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network Communication requires a connection setup phase in which the network reserves all the necessary resources for that connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
45 Circuit Switching The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network Communication requires a connection setup phase in which the network reserves all the necessary resources for that connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.) After a successful setup, the communicating systems are connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their connection for the entire duration of their conversation
46 Circuit Switching The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network Communication requires a connection setup phase in which the network reserves all the necessary resources for that connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.) After a successful setup, the communicating systems are connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their connection for the entire duration of their conversation When the conversation ends, the network tears down the connection, freeing the corresponding resources (links, buffers, etc.) for other connections
47 Circuit vs. Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
48 Circuit vs. Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
49 Circuit vs. Packet Switching Antonio Carzaniga
50 Circuit vs. Packet Switching Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase however, once the connection is established, little or no processing is required
51 Circuit vs. Packet Switching Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase however, once the connection is established, little or no processing is required Packet switching does not incur any setup cost however, it always incurs a significant processing and space overhead, on a per-packet basis processing cost for forwarding space overhead because every packet must be self-contained
52 Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2) Antonio Carzaniga
53 Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2) Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of quality-of-service guarantees network resources are reserved at connection setup time
54 Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2) Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of quality-of-service guarantees network resources are reserved at connection setup time Guaranteeing any quality of service with packet switching is very difficult no concept of a connection and again, processing, space overhead, etc.
55 Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3) Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of communication resources once a connection is established, the resources are blocked even though there might be long silence periods i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network
56 Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3) Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of communication resources once a connection is established, the resources are blocked even though there might be long silence periods i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network Packet switching achieves a much better utilization of network resources it is designed specifically to share links
57 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching
58 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching There is a connection setup phase
59 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching There is a connection setup phase The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a virtual circuit
60 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching There is a connection setup phase The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a virtual circuit Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more effectively
61 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching There is a connection setup phase The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a virtual circuit Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more effectively Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the destination address
62 Virtual Circuits Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching There is a connection setup phase The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a virtual circuit Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more effectively Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the destination address Important observation: at any given time there are much fewer connections than destinations much faster per-packet processing (forwarding) lower per-packet space overhead
63 Virtual Circuit Antonio Carzaniga
64 Virtual Circuit Antonio Carzaniga
65 Virtual Circuit Antonio Carzaniga
66 Taxonomy of Networks communication network
67 Taxonomy of Networks communication network circuit switching packet switching
68 Taxonomy of Networks communication network circuit switching packet switching time division multiplexing frequency division multiplexing
69 Taxonomy of Networks communication network circuit switching packet switching time division multiplexing frequency division multiplexing virtual circuit datagram network
70 Taxonomy of Networks communication network circuit switching packet switching time division multiplexing frequency division multiplexing virtual circuit datagram network
71 Service Perspective packet switch local-area network
72 Service Perspective packet switch local-area network What kind of service does the Internet offer to end systems?
73 Type of Service Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but exactly what kind of communication service is that of the Internet?
74 Type of Service Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but exactly what kind of communication service is that of the Internet? Connectionless, best effort the network accepts datagrams for delivery this is conceptually similar to the postal service best effort really means unreliable though not malicious Antonio Carzaniga
75 Type of Service Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but exactly what kind of communication service is that of the Internet? Connectionless, best effort the network accepts datagrams for delivery this is conceptually similar to the postal service best effort really means unreliable though not malicious Connection-oriented, reliable virtual duplex communication channel (A B) conceptually similar to a telephone service information is transmitted reliably and in order Antonio Carzaniga
76 Type of Service (2) How reliable is a reliable service?
77 Type of Service (2) How reliable is a reliable service? The term reliable means that information will eventually reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain amount of time
78 Type of Service (2) How reliable is a reliable service? The term reliable means that information will eventually reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain amount of time The network makes absolutely no guarantees on latency (i.e., the time it takes to transmit some information from a source to a destination)
79 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol?
80 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob
81 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Antonio Carzaniga
82 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up?
83 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? bla, bla...
84 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? bla, bla... okay, bye
85 Communication Protocols End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is a protocol? E.g., let s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? bla, bla... okay, bye bye
86 Communication Protocols Phases of the protocol handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context conversation: free-form exchange closing: terminates the conversation
87 Communication Protocols Phases of the protocol handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context conversation: free-form exchange closing: terminates the conversation This protocol assumes a connection-oriented medium The protocol involves two parties (Alice and Bob)...
88 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control
89 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
90 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United 971
91 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at
92 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at
93 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at
94 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
95 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta 800
96 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
97 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta United 971, climb and maintain flight level flight level 3-7-0, United 971
98 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta United 971, climb and maintain flight level flight level 3-7-0, United Delta 800, go ahead
99 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta United 971, climb and maintain flight level flight level 3-7-0, United Delta 800, go ahead requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
100 Communication Protocols (2) Another example: air traffic control... United 971, turn left heading left to 2-7-0, United Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao... Center, request, Delta United 971, climb and maintain flight level flight level 3-7-0, United Delta 800, go ahead requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800 Delta 800, unable at the moment
101 Communication Protocols (2) Antonio Carzaniga
102 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol
103 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication
104 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication Medium access control (MAC) protocol
105 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication Medium access control (MAC) protocol Interleaved communication
106 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication Medium access control (MAC) protocol Interleaved communication Acknowledgements
107 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication Medium access control (MAC) protocol Interleaved communication Acknowledgements Timeout and retransmission
108 Communication Protocols (2) A connectionless protocol Multi-party communication Medium access control (MAC) protocol Interleaved communication Acknowledgements Timeout and retransmission Master role
109 Communication Protocols (3) Let s revisit the phone-call protocol Alice Bob
110 Communication Protocols (3) Let s revisit the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob
111 Communication Protocols (3) Let s revisit the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Antonio Carzaniga
112 Communication Protocols (3) Let s revisit the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice who? Antonio Carzaniga
113 Communication Protocols (3) Let s revisit the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice who? sorry, wrong number
114 Communication Protocols (4) Another run of the phone-call protocol Alice Bob
115 Communication Protocols (4) Another run of the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob
116 Communication Protocols (4) Another run of the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob hello?
117 Communication Protocols (4) Another run of the phone-call protocol Alice hello Bob hello? anybody there? Antonio Carzaniga
118 Communication Protocols: Principles A protocol is a lot like a program in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can send messages to each other
119 Communication Protocols: Principles A protocol is a lot like a program in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can send messages to each other It is an executable specification
120 Communication Protocols: Principles A protocol is a lot like a program in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can send messages to each other It is an executable specification It must be unambiguous
121 Communication Protocols: Principles A protocol is a lot like a program in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can send messages to each other It is an executable specification It must be unambiguous It must be complete i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible situations and all possible messages
122 Communication Protocols: Principles A protocol is a lot like a program in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can send messages to each other It is an executable specification It must be unambiguous It must be complete i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible situations and all possible messages A network protocol must also define all the necessary message formats
123 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
124 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob
125 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob we did that already
126 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob we did that already okay, you decide
127 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob we did that already okay, you decide uhm... er...
128 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob we did that already okay, you decide uhm... er... so?
129 Communication Protocols (5) Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner Alice how about pizza? Bob we did that already okay, you decide uhm... er... so? let s just do pizza
130 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
131 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice Bob
132 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob
133 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Antonio Carzaniga
134 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up?
135 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? let s go out to dinner
136 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? let s go out to dinner where to go for dinner protocol...
137 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? let s go out to dinner where to go for dinner protocol... okay, bye
138 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner Alice hello Bob hello, this is Alice Alice, what s up? let s go out to dinner where to go for dinner protocol... okay, bye bye
139 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
140 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner phone call protocol
141 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner where to go for dinner protocol phone call protocol
142 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner where to go for dinner protocol phone call protocol call setup
143 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner where to go for dinner protocol phone call protocol call setup voice over IP
144 Protocol Layering Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner where to go for dinner protocol phone call protocol call setup voice over IP...
145 Internet Protocol Stack Antonio Carzaniga
146 Internet Protocol Stack application
147 Internet Protocol Stack application transport
148 Internet Protocol Stack application transport network
149 Internet Protocol Stack application transport network link
150 Internet Protocol Stack application transport network link physical
151 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS) application functionalities application messages
152 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS) application functionalities application messages Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP) application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion control (TCP) datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
153 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS) application functionalities application messages Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP) application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion control (TCP) datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP) Network (IP) end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentation packets (IP)
154 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS) application functionalities application messages Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP) application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion control (TCP) datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP) Network (IP) end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentation packets (IP) Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP) point-to-point or local broadcast communication frames (or packets)
155 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS) application functionalities application messages Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP) application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion control (TCP) datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP) Network (IP) end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentation packets (IP) Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP) point-to-point or local broadcast communication frames (or packets) Physical
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