Network Edge and Network Core
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1 Computer Networks Network Edge and Network Core Based on Computer Networking, 4 th Edition by Kurose and Ross What s s the Internet: Nuts and Bolts View PC server wireless laptop cellular handheld access points wired links millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth routers: forward packets (chunks of data) Mobile network Global Home network Regional Institutional network router 1
2 Cool Internet Appliances Web-enabled toaster + weather forecaster IP picture frame Shaver with a LAN connectivity Internet phones What s s the Internet: Nuts and Bolts View protocols control sending, receiving of messages e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP, Skype, Ethernet Internet: network of networks loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Mobile network Global Home network Regional Institutional network 2
3 What s s the Internet: a Service View communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, , voice over IP, games, e-commerce, e file sharing communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to destination best effort (unreliable) data delivery What s s a Protocol? human protocols: what s s the time? I I have a question introductions network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events Hi Hi Got the time? 2:00 time protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt TCP connection request TCP connection response Get <file> 3
4 A closer Look at Network Structure network edge: applications and hosts network core: interconnected routers network of networks access networks, physical media: wired and wireless communication links The Network Edge end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, at edge of network client/server model: client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; client/server peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA,, Skype, BitTorrent 4
5 Network Edge: Reliable ata Transfer Service Goal: data transfer between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet s s connection-oriented oriented service TCP service [RFC 793] reliable, in-order byte-stream data transfer loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions flow control: sender won t t overwhelm receiver congestion control: senders slow down sending rate when network congested Network Edge: Best Effort (Unreliable) ata Transfer Service Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before! UP - User atagram Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control App s s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP ( ) App s s using UP: streaming media, teleconferencing, NS, Internet telephony 5
6 Access Networks and Physical Media How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated? Residential Access: Point to Point Access ialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Can t t surf and phone at same time: can t t be always on SL: digital subscriber line deployment: telephone company (typically) up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) dedicated physical line to telephone central office 6
7 Residential Access: Cable Modems HFC: hybrid fiber coax asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to router homes share access to router deployment: available via cable TV companies iagram: Cable Network Architecture: Overview V I E O V I E O V I E O FM V I E O V I E O Channels V I E O A T A A T A C O N T R O L cable headend server(s) cable distribution network (simplified) home Typically 500 to 5,000 homes 7
8 Company Access: Local Area Networks company/university area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: 10 Mbs,, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet modern configuration: end systems connect into Ethernet switch LANs: chapter 5 Wireless Access Networks shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka access point wireless LANs: b/g (WiFi( WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator ~1Mbps over cellular system (EVO, HSPA) next up (?): WiMAX (10 s s Mbps) over wide area router base station mobile hosts 8
9 Home Networks Typical home network components: SL or cable modem router/firewall/nat Ethernet wireless access point to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet wireless access point wireless laptops Physical Media Bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP): two insulated copper wires Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet 9
10 Physical Media Coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional baseband: single channel on cable legacy Ethernet broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC Fiber optic cable: glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation: high-speed point-to to-point transmission (e.g., 10 s s Gps) low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart; immune to electromagnetic noise Physical Media Radio: signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum no physical wire bidirectional propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference Radio link types: terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., WiFi) 2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude 10
11 The Network Core mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for call link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) dividing link bandwidth into pieces frequency division time division 11
12 Circuit Switching: FM and TM FM Example: 4 users frequency TM time frequency time Numerical Examples How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are Mbps Each link uses TM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to to-end circuit All links are Mbps Each link uses FM with 24 channels/frequencies 500 msec to establish end-to to-end circuit 12
13 Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding Bandwidth division into pieces edicated allocation Resource reservation Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing A 10 Mb/s Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mb/s E Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand statistical multiplexing TM: each host gets same slot in revolving TM frame 13
14 Packet Switching: Store-and and-forward L R R R Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted d on next link: store and forward delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps Transmission delay = 15 sec Packet Switching versus Circuit Switching Packet switching allows more users to use network! N users Great for bursty data 1 Mbps link resource sharing simpler, no call setup Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem Q: What are human analogies? reserved resources (circuit switching) on-demand allocation (packet-switching) 14
15 . Internet Structure: Network of Networks roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 s (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-1 1 : e.g., Sprint POP: point-of-presence to/from backbone peering to/from customers 15
16 Internet Structure: Network of Networks Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s Connect to one or more tier-1 1 s, possibly other tier-2 2 s Tier-2 pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet Tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-2 s also peer privately with each other. Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2 Internet Structure: Network of Networks Tier-3 s and s last hop ( access( access ) ) network (closest to end systems) Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 16
17 Internet Structure: Network of Networks a packet passes through many networks Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 17
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