Delay, loss, layered architectures. packets queue in router buffers. packets queueing (delay)
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1 Computer Networks Delay, loss and throughput Layered architectures How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to exceeds output capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmibed (delay) A B free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers packets queueing (delay) 1
2 Four sources of packet delay 1. Nodal processing: check bit errors determine output 2. Queueing Kme waikng at output for transmission depends on congeskon level of router A transmission 3. Transmission delay: aka store & forward delay R= bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) Kme to send bits into = L/R 2. PropagaKon delay: d = length of s = propagakon speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagakon delay = d/s propagation B nodal processing queueing Note: s and R are very different quankkes! Caravan analogy ten-car caravan toll booth cars propagate at 100 km/hr toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (transmission Kme) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long unkl caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth? Time to push enkre caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/ (100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes 100 km 100 km toll booth Cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth? 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmibed at 1st router! 2
3 Nodal delay d proc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay depends on congeskon d trans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low- speed s d prop = propagakon delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs Queueing delay (revisited) R= bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R - > 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite! 3
4 Real Internet delays and routes What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end- end Internet path towards desknakon. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards desknakon router i will return packets to sender sender Kmes interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes Real Internet delays and routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to Three delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns.net ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns.net ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms trans-oceanic * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) 4
5 Packet loss queue (aka buffer) preceding in buffer has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmibed by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted B packet arriving to full buffer is lost Throughput throughput: rate (bits/kme unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver instantaneous: rate at given point in Kme average: rate over longer period of Kme server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F pipe bits to send to client pipe that capacity R s bits/sec can carry fluid at rate R s bits/sec) pipe capacity R c bits/sec that can carry fluid at rate R c bits/sec) 5
6 Throughput (more) R s < R c What is average end- end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec R s > R c What is average end- end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec bo7leneck on end- end path that constrains end- end throughput Throughput: Internet scenario per- conneckon end- end throughput: min (R c,r s,r/10) in prackce: R c or R s is ocen bobleneck R s R s R s R R c R c R c 10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck R bits/sec 6
7 Protocol Layers Networks are complex! many pieces : hosts routers s of various media applicakons protocols hardware, socware QuesKon: Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks? OrganizaKon of air travel ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing a series of steps 7
8 Layering of airline funckonality ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage gates (load) gates (unload) gate runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing departure airport intermediate air-traffic control centers arrival airport Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal- layer ackons relying on services provided by layer below Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows idenkficakon, relakonship of complex system s pieces layered reference model for discussion modularizakon eases maintenance, updakng of system change of implementakon of layer s service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesn t affect rest of system layering considered harmful? 8
9 Internet protocol stack applicakon: supporkng network applicakons FTP, STP, HTTP Transfer unit: message transport: process- process data transfer TCP, UDP Transfer unit: segment network: roukng of datagrams from source to desknakon IP, roukng protocols Transfer unit: datagram : data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet Transfer unit: frame : bits on the wire Transfer unit: none (signal) application transport network ISO/OSI reference model presentakon: allow applicakons to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encrypkon, compression, machine- specific convenkons session: synchronizakon, checkpoinkng, recovery of data exchange Internet stack missing these layers! these services, if needed, must be implemented in applicakon needed? application presentation session transport network 9
10 message segment H t datagram H n H t frame H l H n H t source application transport network EncapsulaKon switch H l H t H n H t H n H t destination application transport network H n H t H l H n H t network H n H t router 10
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