Research Report 2012/13 International Graduate School for Dynamics in Logistics

Transcription

1 Reseach Repot Reseach Repot 2012/13 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics Volue

2 Reseach Repot

3 Kuztitel es Atiels Cotet Dyaics i Logistics 2 Reseach Beyo Bouaies 4 Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics 6 Awas a New Faces 8 Alui 10 Nagha El-Beishy Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig 11 Fasia Bete Geogise Best Pactices fo the Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy 15 Julie E. Goul et al. Requieets of Decisio Suppot Moels fo Collaboative Supply Chai Secuity 19 Safi Issa et al. Calibatio of Theal Flow Sesos by New Test Device fo Low Aiflow Rates 23 Chaaa Lloy et al. DASH7 Ispie Wieless Aiflow Sesig Isie Refigeate Cotaies 27 Safa Mawat et al. Raio Resouce Allocatio fo M2M Couicatio i LTE Upli Scheulig 31 Afshi Mehsai Autooous Cotol i Fully Moula Pouctio Systes with Cotibutio of Clou Coputig 35 Javie Palafox et al. Machie-to-Machie Couicatios a Itelliget bects i Refigeate Cotaies 41 Thoas Pötsch Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP Usig the RPL Routig Potocol 45 Mehi Safaei Applyig the Mote Calo Metho i Delivey Tie Ucetaity i Supply Netwos 49 Yi Ta A Peioic a Real-tie Evet-ive Rescheulig fo Dyaic Job Shops: Usig Shiftig Bottleec Poceue 53 Jiai Wu et al. Feight Villages i Chia: Cuet Developets a Futue Pospects 57 Saghyu Yi et al. Collaboative Tasfe peatios betwee Dayage Copaies a a Cotaie Teial 63 Davi Zastau Weathe Peictio Eo Aalysis fo Route ptiizatio 67 Hogya Zhag Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics 69 Raul Zuiga Aiaza et al. Moellig of the Soucig Pocess i the Mieal Raw Mateial Iusty by Usig Supply Chai Faewos 75 Ipit 80

4 Dyaics i Logistics Logistics is oe of the ao fiels of activity a ceative powe i lie with the ealizatio of a sustaiable a liveable ecooy. It is chaacteize by ipoveets i efficiecies a o-goig iovatios fo poucts a pocesses. Due to wolwie istibute pouctio, abitious custoe behavious as well as ew ifoatio a couicatio techologies the coplexity i logistics etwos a systes iceases oe a oe. Beaig i i yaically chagig ecisio situatios i aily life, the goveig of this coplexity ca be see as oe of the biggest techo-ecooic challeges i the opeatioal a stategic aageet i a betwee etepises a istitutios. The Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (LogDyaics) accepts this challege. Withi a iteatioal tea of eseaches a octoal stuets ew eaable solutios a scietific esults ae elaboate iteiscipliay, both fo the poit of view of fuaetal as well as applie eseach. The Reseach Repot 2012/2013 povies sigificat isights ito the eseach topics. It pesets exaples of the scietific wo i the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS). Uiv.-Pof. D. Has-Dietich Haasis Spoesa Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 2 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

5 Logistics i Bee The feeal state of Bee is the seco lagest logistics locatio i Geay. This is ue to its avatageous aitie positio a goo hitela etwo. Establishe logistic-elate copaies ae base i Bee, lie fo exaple aeoautics a space techology, autoobile costuctio, foo aufactues, etc. The ipotace of the logistics iusty fo the state of Bee iplies the espective scietific focus. The Uivesity of Bee eets the ea fo logistics eseach by liig copeteces of iffeet scietific isciplies withi a iteiscipliay high-pofile aea. The Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (shot: LogDyaics) was foue i 1995 as a coopeatig etwo of eseach goups oigiate fo fou faculties: Physics/Electical Egieeig, Matheatics/Copute Sciece, Pouctio Egieeig a Busiess Stuies/ Ecooics. Recetly the logistics focus has bee acowlege by cotibutig to the title Uivesity of Excellece awae by the Gea Reseach Fouatio (DFG). Besies the fou faculties, futhe pates withi LogDyaics ae: BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH, ISL The Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics (ISL), a the Jacobs Uivesity Bee ggbh. The activity fiels of LogDyaics age fo fuaetal a applie eseach to tasfeig fiigs ito pactice. The eseach cluste collaboates closely with etepises. The obective is to stegthe iteiscipliay eseach a evelopet i the copetece aea of logistics fo the beefit of the egio Bee as well as to foste iteatioal coopeatio. The Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS) is the stuctue octoal taiig pogae of LogDyaics. It offes outstaig eseaches fo all aou the wol the oppotuity to coplete a octoate at a logistics locatio of log staig taitio. The obective of the IGS is to foste excellece i eseach a eucatio by pusuig a iteiscipliay a coss-cultual appoach. Iteiscipliay Coopeatio Most of toay s logistic challeges caot be solve withi oe sigle scietific isciplie. Theefoe, eseach i LogDyaics is base o iteiscipliay coopeatio to geeate syegy effects. The eseach cluste coucts fuaetal a applie eseach, offes eucatio at the highest level a ogaises scietific cofeeces. At the sae tie the efeece to iustial pactice is oe of the ost ipotat aspects. LogDyaics aes special effots to featue oppotuities fo coopeatio betwee sciece a iusty. Futheoe, it pootes the iea of givig sall a ile-size etepises access to eseach a iovatio. The esultig ialogue of iusty a sciece cotibutes to a bette uestaig of iffeet pespectives a possible solutios i logistics. Doctoal Taiig The ai of the IGS is to ietify, to escibe, to oel a to evaluate the equie a feasible itisic yaics i logistics pocesses a etwos both o a opeatioal as well as o a stategic level. It coucts eseach o iovative yaic plaig a cotol by usig ew ecisio suppot algoiths a ethos, ew couicatio a coopeatio aageets as well as ew techologies. Special topics ae aaptive a yaic cotol ethos fo logistics as well as the sychoisatio of ateial a ifoatio flows. Agaist this bacgou, cossiscipliay coopeatio ue cosieatio of itecultual aspects is the basis fo eseach. The IGS eets the challege of globalisatio though pactice-oiete eseach withi the scope of fuaetal a applie eseach. The eseach is cete o fou topic aeas: Busiess oels, ecisio pocesses a ecooic aalyses of yaics i logistics Holistic iteiscipliay ethos fo oellig, aalysis a siulatio of yaics i logistics Sychoisatio of ateial, ifoatio, ecisio a fiacial flows Aaptive a yaic cotol ethos i logistics The cuiculu iclues iiviual octoate poects, iscipliay supevisio, scietific etoig as well as specific taiigs i the fiel of copleetay sills. Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics 3

6 Reseach Beyo Bouaies Faculty 1: Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig Dyaics i Logistics is itisically tie to the ifoatio exchage of all playes i the logistics oai: e.g. supplies, aufactues, taspot copaies, custos authoities. This ifoatio exchage is base o a iceasig ube of fixe a wieless ifoatio etwos. Access etwos usually eploy wieless o obile etwo techology iectly o iiectly coecte to ifastuctue etwos. These etwos age fo seso etwos to satellite etwos. Reseach topics i this aea ae elate to the pefoace evaluatio a optiizatio of couicatio pocesses. Aothe elate aspect ivestigate is the use of ifoatio etwos to ipleet yaic outig algoiths fo taspot logistics. These eact to yaic evets that, soeties astically, ifluece taspot pocesses. Hea of the eseach goup Couicatio Netwos is Pof. D.-Ig. Caelita Gög. I the ea futue it will be possible to captue ot oly the positio of each cotaie wol-wie, but of ay pallet o eve each iiviual piece of goos. The coitios of caiage lie tepeatue o huiity have to be supevise peaetly a ifluece cuet ecisios. Due to the high aout of esultig ata a cetal cotol will ot be possible. Especially uig peios of issig aio couicatio the feight has to eact o istubaces a ew ifoatio coectly. With ew atheatical theoies a pogesses i icoelectoics a ico syste techologies, it will be possible to itegate low-cost sesos to oito a cotol the pouct quality as well as the evioetal paaetes. This cotais the coceptio of the a-hoc seso etwo a the couicatio syste. New sesos a wieless couicatio echaiss have bee ivestigate ue the otio of Itelliget Cotaie. Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag is iecto of the Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos a -systes (IMSAS). Faculty 3: Matheatics / Copute-Sciece I aalogy to covetioal logistics, autooous logistic pocesses ae i ee of owlege to pefo thei tas. Data, ifoatio, a owlege ae the ey esouces which esue the quality of the logistic pocess. Kowlege aageet is equie to suppot autooous logistic pocesses by poviig cotext-sesitive ifoatio. Futheoe it has to be cosiee that actos i these pocesses act i a copetitive way. Cosequetly, ifoatio a owlege shoul be teate as taable goos which have a high utility potetial fo thei cosues. Poects by Pof. D.-Ig. tthei Hezog iclue, fo exaple, owlege aageet fo the plaig a scheulig of autooous logistic pocesses. I softwae egieeig as well as i othe aeas of copute sciece iagas a gaphs ae use i aifol ways fo oellig logistic pocesses, easily escibig a visualizig coplex stuctues. Rule-base ethos have pove to be exteely effective fo captuig yaic aspects lie pocess a syste flow. This ispies the attept to eploy ule-base gaph tasfoatio fo oellig logistic pocesses a systes. Sice the so-calle gaph tasfoatio uits i paticula iclue a cotol copoet, they ae a obvious choice fo the esciptio of autooous logistic pocesses. Pof. D.-Ig. Has-Jög Keowsi is pofesso fo theoetical copute sciece a ebe of the Techology Cete Copute Scieces a Copute Techology (TZI). Faculty 4: Pouctio Egieeig High pefoig co-opeatios betwee iepeet copaies with the ai to evelop a ealise custoise poucts ae a ipotat success facto fo the copetitiveess of the Euopea iusty. So calle etepise etwos ca be see i aitio to the taitioal supply chais. The eseach uit ICT applicatios fo pouctio pepaes, evelops, a ealises ethos a tools to suppot co-opeative ite-ogaisatioal etepise etwos. The eseach cocetates o efficiet a effective collaboative esig a pouctio pocesses by applyig iovative ifoatio a couicatio techologies (ICT). As focus ca be see the collaboative actig of etepises uig istibute esig a pouctio pocesses as well as uig the late pocesses of the pouct life cycle such as the usage phase o the ecyclig phase. Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe is iecto of this eseach uit. Sice Septebe 2012 he is aagig iecto of BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH a spoesa of LogDyaics. The iceasig coplexity of pouctio systes a logistic etwos equies the evelopet, use, a itegatio of ew ethos of plaig a cotol. The eseach ais at evelopig a applyig 4 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

7 ew cocepts, ethos, a ICT solutios i logistic pocesses. This pusues the goal of a sustaie optiisatio of pouctio a logistic systes. Util August 2012 Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite was aagig iecto of the BIBA, hea of the epatet Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes as well as spoesa of LogDyaics a IGS. Now he is egage i his ew fuctio as ecto of the Uivesity of Bee. Faculty 7: Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Logistics eseach i obility a elaboatio of tools which ae ae fo the evelopet a evaluatio of a ae value oietate syste itegatio of iteoal taspot aleay pic up toay s ao Faculty 3 Matheatics / Copute Sciece esig optios fo the ealizatio of sustaiable ecooics. Pof. D e. pol. Has- Dietich Haasis hols a chai i geeal busiess stuies, pouctio aageet a iustial aageet. He is aagig iecto of the Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics (ISL), hea of the logistic systes uit a fo July 2012 o spoesa of the IGS. Avisoy sevice a eseach of this uit ae focuse o coopeative systes i a betwee logistics a pouctio as well as solutios fo egios a hubs as well as busiess cocepts fo etepises. These topics also itegate a e-busiess oietate aageet of supply chais i elatioship to patially coflictig obectives of busiess opeatios a taspotatio. Faculty 4 Pouctio Egieeig Supevisio i Coopeatio with Exteal / Visitig Pofessos Pof. D.-Ig. Macos Roalo Albeti Ceto e Tecologia Feeal Uivesity of Ceaá (UFC), Ceaá, Bazil Pof. D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo Depatet of Pouctio Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. Hai Reza Kaii PhD, MSc. Faculty of Egieeig a Sciece, Uivesity of Age, Gista, Noway Pof. D. Môica M. M. Lua Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. D. Cathy Machais Faculty of Ecooic, Social a Political Scieces a Solvay Busiess Vie Uivesiteit Bussel, Belgiu Faculty 1 Physics / Electical Egieeig Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics Faculty 7 Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Pof. Atôio G.N. Novaes Uivesiae Feeal e Sata Cataia Depataeto e Egehaia e Poucao e Sisteas Ceto Tecològico Floiaòpolis, SC, Bazil Pof. D. Chistia Pis Hea of the Iustial Systes ptiizatio Laboatoy (LSI) Uivesity of Techology of Toyes (UTT), Face Pof. D. Hei Wileba Depatet of Coopeative Stuies Beli School of Ecooics a Law, Bel Geay Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 5

8 Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics Sice 2005 the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS) at the Uivesity of Bee has bee offeig excellet eseaches fo all aou the wol the oppotuity to coplete a efficiet, stuctue gauate taiig at a logistics locatio with a log-staig taitio. The IGS is ebee i the Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (LogDyaics) a collaboates closely with coecial etepises. The cuiculu of the IGS is esige fo a thee-yea full tie octoal stuy. It bules iteiscipliay copeteces a coss-cultual coopeatio a fostes the li betwee eseach a iusty. Besies the iiviual octoal poect the cuiculu coves collective theatic itouctios, subect specific couses, iteiscipliay colloquia, ialogue fous, excusios, as well as iiviual coachig egaig copleetay sills a pesoality evelopet. The laguage of taiig a thesis is Eglish. Howeve, a basic owlege of the Gea laguage a cultue is also equie. Gea IGS gauates have the oppotuity to paticipate i a scietific exchage at foeig uivesities. All these eleets ivolve the youg eseaches i a citical ialogue which istea of pesetig a sigle oiat pespective ecouages iscussios beyo scietific bouaies a helps to ceate a yaic, issue-elate etwo. A syste of cocete-iiviual easues esues the well-iecte a effective pesoel evelopet though the istitutioal cobiatio of possibilities a obligatio to actively exchage ieas. This eables the octoal caiates of the IGS to eceive excellet qualificatios a helps the uivesity to gai efficiet ew isights. Futheoe, the IGS cotibutes to the tasfe of the eseach esults ito pactice. Stuctue of Doctoal Taiig Seve pofessos fo fou faculties of the Uivesity of Bee ae available as supevisos o as etos fo the octoal stuets at the IGS. Aitioally, the ealy stage eseaches eceive a stuctual supevisio fo the Maagig Diecto of the IGS a scietific suppot fo the postoctoal eseach fellows i thei woig goups. Doctoal Poect Woig o the octoal poect is the cetal eseach activity i the cuiculu. I oe to fulfil this wo ue optial coitios the octoal stuets ae itegate i the iscipliay eseach goup of thei supevisos. Though this iscipliay assiget they ca beefit fo the owlege a the ifastuctue of the espective faculty a istitute. Futheoe, they lea to use the tools of scietific wo which ae equie fo thei paticula poect a eceive iiviual suppot i thei eseach activities. Couses a Coachig Couses ae ivie ito lectues with tutoials, seias, woshops, pactical taiig, a itegate leaig i sall goups a iiviual coachig. The ai of the iscipliay couses is to eucate octoal stuets o the level of iteatioal staas of the espective eseach aea. Theatic itouctios ito the othe isciplies suppot the iteiscipliay coopeatio at the IGS. Aitioal couse-offes iclue poect aageet, eseach pocess a ethos, acaeic witig, pesetatio a couicatio techiques, coss-cultual co-opeatio, laguage couses, a voice evelopet. 6 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

9 Iteiscipliay Reseach Colloquiu The iteiscipliay eseach colloquiu offes a istitutioal a issue-elate fou to peset a iscuss the cocept a status of the octoate poects with the whole faculty. The youg eseaches have the oppotuity to exchage eseach esults, evelop iteiscipliay eseach questios, a paticipate i coss-iscipliay iscussio goups. Colloquia with lectues of LogDyaics o visitig pofessos esue tagete ipulses fo the iiviual eseach poects. Dialogue Fou A ialogue fou ais at the exchage betwee iusty a acaeia. The octoal caiates have the oppotuity to peset thei eseach esults at fais, cofeeces, a evets a iscuss elevat issues with expets to gai iffeet busiess pespectives a eceive ew ipulses, thus iceasig the pactical elevace of thei eseach. Futheoe, this iect li to iusty ipoves the caee pospects of the youg eseaches. Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 7

10 Awas a New Faces LogDyaics cotibute to the success stoy of the Uivesity of Bee i the high-pofile aea of logistics. The Uivesity of Bee succeee i the atioal copetitio of the Excellece Iitiative with a outstaig futue cocept etitle Abitious a Agile: Istitutioal Stategy fo a poiet i-size uivesity. The IGS is the eucatioal pat of LogDyaics a cotibute paticulaly by its vey high egee of iteatioality a iteiscipliay of eseach a eucatio. I 2011 the iovative supevisio a etoig cocept fo octoal stuets has aleay bee awae by the Gea Natioal Acaey of Sciece a Egieeig (acatech), the 4ING faculty cofeeces, the TU9 cosotiu (uio of the leaig techical uivesities i Geay), a the Woig Goup of Techical Uivesities a Colleges (ARGE TU/TH). I a atioal copetitio the stuctue taiig pogae has bee chose as best pactice fo the iteatioalisatio of a egieeig octoal taiig pogae. The IGS extee its exteal fue scholaship base i two ways: The IGS succeee i the copetitio GSSP Gauate School Scholaship Pogae of the Gea Acaeic Exchage Sevice (DAAD). Thus, begiig i 2013, the IGS has bee offeig fou DAAD-scholaships to outstaig iteatioal octoal stuets. Sice July 2012 LogDyaics is pate i the EU poect clink Cete of Excellece fo Leaig, Iovatio, Netwoig a Kowlege. This poect facilitates the acaeic exchage betwee Euopea a Asia uivesities. Beyo the Uivesity of Bee the othe Euopea uivesities ae i Geat Bita Face, Roaia a Hugay. clink offes scholaships fo stuets a lectues o all levels of qualificatio. Poisig caiates will stay betwee oe oth a two yeas at the Euopea uivesity. The stuets will coe fo Baglaesh, Bhuta, Nepal, Paista, Chia, Iia, Malaysia a Thaila. By itegatig stuets fo Asia ito the acaeic taiig pogae, the IGS extes a itesifies its iteatioal fouatio though pesoal expeieces. I this way the alu the guest eseaches a the clink fellows ae abassaos of LogDyaics a the high quality of eucatio a eseach withi the IGS. To exte the supevisio capacities fo the octoal stuets of the IGS, LogDyaics establishe a ew positio of a uio pofessoship o Dyaics i Logistics. The octoal caiates will beefit fo the excellece iitiative sice two futhe pofessoships ae beig ipleete. They bige the gap betwee the Uivesity of Bee a the exteal eseach istitutes ISL - Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics a BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH. Aitioally, fuig is available fo the leaeship of youg eseach goups. I the i of 2012, Pof. D. e. pol. Haasis, Faculty of Ecooics a aagig iecto of the ISL, was electe as the ew spoesa of the IGS. He followe Pof. D.-Ig. Scholz-Reite who is still available but is ow busy i his ew fuctio as ecto of the Uivesity of Bee. The latte will ipleet the easues of the Excellece Iitiative. Alui of the IGS suppot the school fo places all aou the wol. Soe stay i Geay a cotibute as guest lectue to the cuiculu of the IGS. thes go bac to thei hoe couties o ae ow postocs/pofessos i othe couties. I these positios, they ae seig ew outstaig octoal caiates to Bee. We love this lively coopeatio a exchage betwee scietific isciplies, cultues a cotiets! 8 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

11 Healie Visitig Scietists Pof. D.-Ig. Macos Roalo Albeti Ceto e Tecologia Feeal Uivesity of Ceaá (UFC), Ceaá, Bazil Pof. D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo Depatet of Pouctio Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil M.B.A. Seugwoo Jeo Seoul Natioal Uivesity, Koea Pof. Hai Reza Kaii PhD, MSc Faculty of Egieeig a Sciece, Uivesity of Age, Gista, Noway D. Holge Ke Euopäisches Micosoft Iovatios Cete GbH Aache, Geay M. Eg. Ségio Aiao Loueio Uivesiae Estaual e Capias (UNICAMP), Bazil Pof. D. Chistia Pis Hea of the Iustial Systes ptiizatio Laboatoy (LSI) Uivesity of Techology of Toyes (UTT), Face M. Eg. José Beeito Silva Satos Júio Laboatoy fo Logistics a Taspot (LALT) Uivesiae Estaual e Capias (UNICAMP), Bazil M. Eg. Vaia Macowsi Dusi Silva Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil M.Sc. Li Xia Wuha Uivesity of Techology, Chia D. Xuaguo Xu Ecooics a Maageet School of Jiagsu Uivesity of Sciece a Techology, Chia Juzhou Ya PhD Zhegzhou Istitute of Aeoautical, Chia Pof. D. Môica M. M. Lua Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. D. Cathy Machais Faculty of Ecooic, Social a Political Scieces a Solvay Busiess Vie Uivesiteit Bussel, Belgiu Pof. Atôio G.N. Novaes Uivesiae Feeal e Sata Cataia Depataeto e Egehaia e Poucao e Sisteas Ceto Tecològico Floiaòpolis, SC, Bazil Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 9

12 Alui Alui of the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics D.-Ig. Ali Baa Mohae Alai Dow, M.Sc. Desig a Fabicatio of a Micoachiig Pecocetato Focuse fo Ethylee Gas Detectio Syste Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Meha Babazaeh, M.Sc. Plausability Chec a Eegy Maageet i a Sei-autooous Seso Netwo Usig a Moel-base Appoach Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Salia Delhou, M.S.I.E. Evaluatio of the Ipact of Leaig Labs o Ivetoy Cotol: A Expeietal Appoach with a Collaboative Siulatio of a Pouctio Netwo Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo, MBA Sustaiability a Effectiveess i Global Logistic Systes a Appoach Base o a Log-Te Leaig Pocess Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D. e. pol. Julie Goul A Decisio Suppot Syste fo Iteoal Logistics ue Cosieatios fo Costs of Secuity Faculty of Busiess Stuies / Ecooics D.-Ig. Ai Sheih Jabba M.Sc. Autooous Fault Detectio a Isolatio i Measueet Systes Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Nicole Pfeffea, Dipl.-Ö. A Itegate Maageet cocept of Iovatio Couicatio a its Cotibutio to a Copay s Value Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Gulshaaa Sigh, M.Sc. Aget-base Clusteig Appoach fo Autooous Coopeatio i Taspot Logistics Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D.-Ig. Ae Schult, Dipl. If. Multiaget Cooiatio Eablig Autooous Logistics Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D.-Ig. Césa Stoll, M.L.I. Evaluatio of the Applicatio of Autoatic Coitios Moitoig of Pouce i Fesh Foo Waehouses Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Que So Vo, M. Eg. Moelig a Ipleetatio of Seso Netwos fo Logistic Applicatios Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D. e. pol. Jiai Wu Sustaiable Feight Village Cocepts fo Agicultual Poucts Logistics Faculty of Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics D.-Ig. Ai Jafa M.Sc. Developet a Evaluatio of a Autooous Wieless Seso Actuato Netwo i Logistic Systes Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Huaxi Liu, M.Sc. Moellig Dyaic Pouctio Systes with a Special Focus o Dyaic Bottleecs Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig 10 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

13 Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig Nagha El-Beishy Cosues ae gowigly cocee with evioetal issues i geeal a thei ow fast ovig cosue goos i paticula. These ae usually pouce i batches. This type of pouctio iclues a lot of challeges to be et withi the global evioets. I aitio, it is challegig to icease the pice of ay pouct, i spite of highe aw ateial pices a isig eegy a wate costs. Theefoe, it is oe ipotat tha eve to evelop evioetally fiely techologies a pocesses uig the plaig phase. This aticle pesets the equieets fo esigig a itegate plaig of pouctio a istibutio opeatios ue gee logistics aspects by eviewig the elate liteatue. Soe ipotat issues ae cosiee hee such as the level of itegity a the pefoace easues. Moeove, it povies a faewo to eet the elate equieets cosieig ecooical as well as evioetal challeges. As a goig o eseach a itegate pla betwee pouctio a istibutio is to be evelope. Itouctio >>> Beig gee is cucial owaays ue to the yaics i supply chai opeatios a the high copetitiveess i the global aet. The ai of this pape is to peset the equieets fo esigig a itegate plaig of pouctio a istibutio opeatios ue gee logistics aspects. This wo highlights the ipotace of esigig a faewo to hale ecooical a evioetal challeges ue toay s copetitive equieets. Gee Supply Chai Maageet (GSCM) is a ultifacete poble, which copises ecooic, social a evioetal eleets. The otivatio fo the itouctio of GSCM ay be ethical (e.g. eflectig the values of aages) a/ o coecial (e.g. gaiig a copetitive avatage by sigalig evioetal coce) [1]. The pape is stuctue i 4 sectios: sectio 1 is a itouctio to the scope of this pape. The esciptio of the equieets of the popose faewo is iscusse i sectio 2. Sectio 3 escibes the ipotat oelig issues fo the gee logistics oiete faewo a iscusses the techiques a ethoologies which ca be use to pla these opeatios. Fially, coclusios ae give at the e of this pape. <<< Gee logistics i batch pocess iusty plaig Batchig is the clusteig of ites fo taspotatio o aufactuig pocessig at the sae tie [2]. I a batch aufactuig evioet, poucts ae elease to the pouctio syste i goups (batches). Batch poucts ae chaacteize by shot life cycles, lage ubes of iffeet pouct vaiats a log lea ties o elivey ties i elatio to thei life cycle. Such poucts ca be fou i ay cosue iusties, fo istace the appael bach (seasoal a fashio aticles), the cosetics bach (fashio aticles), o the foo iusty (e.g. fuits a vegetables, which tae tie to ipe, but ay ot afte a shot tie). Withi this goup of poucts, the popose eseach pouct will focus o poucts that ae aufactue i batch pouctio, such as textiles o appaels. Logistics aageet is the pat of the supply chai pocess that plas, ipleets, a cotols the efficiet a effective flow of goos, sevices a elate ifoatio fo the poit of oigi to the poit of cosuptio i oe to eet custoes equieets [3]. Megig the cocept of gee logistics with Supply Chais (SCs) is tagete by etepises ue to the logistics positive ipact o the efficiecy of taspot systes [4]. Geeig SCs ais to balace aetig equieets with evioetal issues. I oe to eet challeges, such as eegy cosevatio a pollutio abateet, etepises have tie to gee thei SCs [5]. Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 11

14 Toay, ay copaies ae equie to face these evioetal issues ue to both egulatoy a o-egulatoy coitios [6]. I aitio, custoes tae evioetal issues oe a oe ito accout. Due to this fact; gee logistics will becoe a ai focus of copaies i the futue [7]. These tes ae ite-epeet; copaies ust satisfy the ee of thei custoes a eve excee the evioetal expectatios of thei goveets [8]. Evietly, esig a aageet of supply chai activities is a piay facto i pootig evioetal ipact [9]. The suggeste cocept of the GSCM faewo is show i Figue 1. The elate issues which ae equie to esig this faewo ae the ai wo of this eseach pape. Sustaiability Ecooic pefoace has bee the taitioal focus fo ay supply chais. A sustaiable supply chai is also socially beeficial. Sustaiability i the supply chai is iceasigly see as essetial to eliveig log-te pofitability by helpig to aitai the quality of the evioet assets fo pouctio, theeby suppotig the log-te pouctivity. Efficiecy Chaacteistics that will be aesse i the batch pocess iusty iclue pouctio, ivetoy, a istibutio phases. Theefoe, evelopig a oel fo pouctio plas a istibutio scheules Figue 1: Suggeste gee supply chai aageet faewo Supply Chai Maageet Evioetal Maageet Gee Supply Chai Maageet Goos flow Ifoatio flow The GSCM faewo equieets Pouctio a istibutio opeatios ae two ey fuctios i the supply chai. To achieve optial opeatioal pefoace i supply chais, it is cucial to itegate these two fuctios, a to pla a scheule the oitly i a cooiate ae [2]. These ecisios ae taitioally ae sepaately. Howeve, thei itegatio has a sigificat ipact o the oveall syste a sevice pefoace [10]. Focusig o the peviously escibe equieets, the esig of a gee logistics oiete faewo that itegates pouctio a istibutio ecisios is ivestigate. The fou eleets equie to costuct this faewo ae: sustaiability, efficiecy, flexibility a obustess [11]. This faewo aesses ecooic, social a evioetal issues to aage the yaics i supply chai opeatios. which captues all these chaacteistics togethe will be achieve via atheatical pogaig, oe of the ost coveiet tools i oelig pouctio plaig a scheulig oels. Flexibility The icease of stuctual a yaic coplexity of pouctio a logistics systes is cause by ivese chages. Fo exaple, shot pouct life cycles as well as a eceasig ube of lots with siultaeously isig vaiats of a pouct. As a esult, ew eas have bee place o copetitive copaies, which caot be fulfille by covetioal cotollig ethos. Covetioal pouctio systes ae chaacteize by cetal plaig a cotollig pocesses, which o ot allow fast a flexible aaptatio to chagig evioetal iflueces. Establishig coopeatig logistics pocesses is believe to be a appopiate etho to eet these equieets i a flexible way. 12 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

15 Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig Robustess To aage chages isie a outsie a pouctio syste, a appoach that is ecetalize a at the sae tie cotols gee logistics is poisig. This cotol woul cosie the iteelatio betwee the pouctio a istibutio pocesses. The popose faewo, which satisfies these equieets, is a fo of a autoate ecisio suppot syste. Poviig this autoate ecisio suppot syste helps ecisio-aes i eteiig the optial aste pouctio scheules a the optial istibutio sequeces i the batch pocess iusty. It is a systeatic appoach fo pouctio plas a taspotatio solutios which eables aages to aswe what-if questios elate to the tactical a opeatioal ecisios. Faewo oelig issues The ube of issues shoul be cosiee whe oelig a itegate faewo fo pouctio a istibutio of gee logistics i batch pocess iusty. The issues which ee to be aesse ae: The level of itegity Itegatio withi supply chai fuctios ais to ultiply the euctio of evioetal ipacts. It has uch i coo with othe evioetal aageet cocepts, such as life cycle aageet a gee o sustaiable supply chai aageet [12]. The goal of the itegate appoaches iclues icease cost copetitiveess, shote pouct life cycles, faste pouct evelopet cycles, globalizatio a custoizatio of pouct offeigs, a highe oveall quality [13]. the othe ha, the applicatio of covetioal cetalize plaig a cotol to logistics pocesses suffes fo coplexity. Theefoe, a ee fo ecetalize ethos eployig actos aises [11]. To coclue, eepig up a suitable level of itegity isues the beefits of optiizig the total logistics syste. It is usually ot appopiate to buil a oel that ecopasses the ecisios of all fuctios. Fo this easo, thee has bee icease iteest o optiizatio oels which itegate salle sectios of the supply chai [14]. Pefoace easues Due to the vaiatios of logistics systes, choosig the appopiate supply chai pefoace easues ae ifficult [15]. The pefoace easues have iplicatios fo all aageial levels stategic, tactical, a opeatioal. Pefoace easues have tagible a itagible chaacteistics. May issues ust be aesse, such as which to be use, whe, a how to easue the [16]. The pefoace is efie i tes of both ecooical a evioetal effect. Gee supply chai pefoace easues ay be eteie though supplie cetificatio pocesses o suveys coplete fo cuet pactices aog ogaizatios i the egotiatio of futue cotacts [17].The types of evioetally-base pefoace easues use by a ogaizatio will epe lagely o the ogaizatio s evolutioay stage i evioetal aageet. Thus, the aout of egulate eissios o isposal of hazaous wastes woul be coe pefoace etics. Techiques a ethoologies Both exact a appoxiate algoiths ae use i solvig pouctio plaig a istibutio pobles. Appoxiate algoiths (heuistic etho) ae use to solve pobles by fiig a efficiet solutio while exact algoiths ca solve the pobles easie i this tie copae to the past. ptiizatio pacages have uegoe a huge evelopet i the last ecae [18, 19]. A aalytical ivestigatio is a suitable tool fo solvig sall istaces of this syste i easoable tie, thus, siulative appoaches shoul be use to ivestigate cobie pouctio a taspot sceaios fo a eal tie scale [20]. The cobiatio of evet-base siulatio a atheatical oelig coul be ealize to cosie yaic aspects as well as evioetal aspects. Available supply chai oels o ot cove the specific chaacteistics of the batch pocess iusty. Theefoe, this eseach focuses o ietifyig how the popose faewo will be cosiee fo oelig a evaluatig the pocesses i the batch pocess iusty [11]. Figue 2 illustates the cocept of the popose faewo. Fistly, the plae itouces the ecooic a evioetal ata a the capacity costaie pla. By efiig these paaetes a oelig usig atheatical pogaig a itegate pouctio-istibutio pla coul be establishe. If the pla is feasible, a siulatio oel valiates this oel i a lage scale. Fially, the pacticality of the evelope oel shoul be teste by applyig it i a case stuy. Figue 2: The cocept of the popose eseach appoach Coclusio a outloo I suay, this pape pesets a itegate faewo esig fo a pouctio-istibutio gee logistics syste fo the batch pocess iusty. The ipotace of this itegatio is foce by its iect effect o the oveall pefoace of the syste. The coe of this itegate plaig syste will cosie the optial pouctio a istibutio ecisios egaig the logistics of batch pocess poucts, besies the ecooic a evioetal issues. The oel siulates the staa pocesses fo logistics i the batch pocess iusty. Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 13

16 Refeeces [1] Testa, F.; Ialo, F.: Shaows a Lights of GSCM: Deteiats a Effects of These Pactices Base o A Multi-Natioal Stuy. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 18 (2010), pp [2] El-Beishy, N.: A Avace Pouctio Plaig a Scheulig Syste fo Batch Pocess Iusty. LAMBERT Acaeic Publishig, Geay [3] Bewe, A. M.; Butto, K. J.; Heshe, D. A.: The haboo of Logistics a Supply-chai Maageet, Haboos i Taspot 2, Pegao/ Elsevie, Loo: [4] Zhu, Q.; Cote, R.: Itegatig Gee Supply Chai Maageet ito a Ebyoic Eco-Iustial Developet: A Case Stuy of the Guitag goup. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 12 (2004), pp [5] Bese, P.; Kopl J.; Seuig, S.: The Use of Evioetal a Social Staas by Gea Fist-Tie Supplies of the Volswage AG. I: Copoate Social Resposibility a Evioetal Maageet 15 (2008), pp [6] Mitcheva, V.: Iicatos fo Evioetal Policy Itegatio i the Foo Supply Chai (The Case of the Toato Ketchup Supply Chai a the Itegate Pouct Policy). I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 13 (2005), pp [7] Seuig, S.; Sais, J.; Mülle, M.; Rao, P.: Sustaiability a Supply Chai Maageet- A Itouctio to the Special Issue. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 16 (2008), pp [8] Walto, S. V.; Hafiel, R. B.; Mely, S. A.: The GSC: Itegatig Supplies ito Evioetal Maageet Pocesses. I: Iteatioal Joual of Puchasig a Mateials Maageet (1998), pp [9] Gupta, S.; Palsule-Desa. D.: Sustaiable Supply Chai Maageet: Review a Reseach ppotuities. I: IMB Maageet Review 23 (2011), pp [10] Naauul, N.: Lot-sizig a ivetoy outig fo a pouctioistibutio supply chai. Ph.D. thesis, The Uivesity of Texas at Austi [11] Scholz-Reite, B.; El-Beishy, N.: Gee Logistics-iete Faewo fo Itegate Pouctio a Distibutio Plaig: Relate Issues. I: The 10th Global Cofeece o Sustaiable Maufactuig, Istabul (2012). [12] Fotes, J.: Gee Supply Chai Maageet: A Liteatue Review. I: tago Maageet Gauate Review 7 (2007), pp [13] Seuig, S.; Mülle, M.: Itegate Chai Maageet I Geay- Ietifyig Schools of Thought Base o A Liteatue Review. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 15 (2007), pp [14] Sheu, J.; Chou, Y.; Hu, C.: A Itegate Logistics peatioal Moel fo Gee-Supply Chai Maageet. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat E 41: Logistics a Taspotatio Review (2005), pp [15] Beao, B. M.: Measuig Supply Chai Pefoace. I: Iteatioal Joual of peatios a Pouctio Maageet 19 (1999), pp [16] Heva A. A.; Hels, M. M.; Sais, J.: Pefoace Measueet fo Gee Supply Chai Maageet I: Eeal Bechaig 12 (2005), pp [17] Papaiitiou, C.; Steiglitz, K.: Cobiatoial ptiizatio: Algoiths a Coplexity, Dove Publicatios, New Yo, U.S.A [18] Aetao, V. A.; Shigueoto, A. L.; Loetage, A.: Tabu Seach with Path Reliig fo a Itegate Pouctio-Distibutio Poble. I: Coputes a peatios Reseach 38 (2011), pp [19] Mula, J.; Peio, D.; Diaz-Maoeo, M.; Vices, E.: Ivite Review: Matheatical Pogaig Moels fo Supply Chai Pouctio a Taspot Plaig. I: Euopea Joual of peatios Reseach 201 (2010), pp [20] Scholz-Reite, B.: Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics/Pouctio Egieeig: Pouctio Logistics Vesus Taspot Logistics: Siilaities a Diffeece fo the Applicatio of Autooy, URL: Date of Access Nagha El-Beishy, M.Sc. Gee Logistics iete Faewo fo Itegate Scheulig of Pouctio a Distibutio Netwos E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Egypt Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 14 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

17 Best Pactices fo the Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy Fasia Bete Geogise Recetly, ay fis have bee focusig o achievig pouctivity gais i thei opeatios by ipleetig best pactices. Howeve, thee is a elatively lac of eseach a liteatue about expeiece of the ipleetatio a iitiative fo aufactuig iusty i evelopig couties cotext. This pape exploes the best pactices ipleetatio a challeges ecoutee uig the pocess of aoptio. A sei-stuctue iteview a questioaie suvey ae use to exploe the extet of the ipleetatio i Ethiopia aufactuig fis. The eseach suvey was base o SCR oel best pactices. The fiigs show that ost of the espoet fis have show iteests a put effots to ipleet soe of the. But, the esults wee below the expectatios. Theefoe, thee is a ee fo evelopig couties to aapt the best pactices that cosie thei sceaios. Itouctio >>> Pouctio activities i evelopig couties ae facig fiece challeges fo both local a iteatioal copetitos i the aetplace [1] & [2]. Fo these challeges, aufactues ust be able to uesta thei custoes to bette satisfy thetha thei copetitos a ipove thei supply chais yaically. Theefoe, copaies ae pessuize to buil thei aageial a techical capabilities so that they ca etai thei aets a itegate theselves ito the global busiess. Recetly, acaeic a pactical eseaches ae focuse o how aufactues coul use the iffeet aageet techiques a pactices to eact to these challeges [1], [3], [4], [5], [6] & [7]. Supply Chai Maageet (SCM) is oe of the foeost solutios to leveage aufactues ability to copete a evelop a collaboative elatioship. Maages focus o SCM pactices by classifyig the as the best, the goo, the ba, a the wost [8]. The wos `best pactices appea i the avace SCM because it beefits aufactuig iusties i thei ipoveet activities. The Supply Chai Coucil has evelope a Supply Chai peatios Refeece (SCR) oel that icopoates the best-pactice that helps this paaig shift [7]. Howeve, aufactuig iusties ae facig challeges i aoptig the best pactice to thei busiess pocesses. <<< SCR oel as best pactices The SCR oel is geeic a a quasi-staa oel fo the esciptio a aalysis of supply chais. The SCR oel uses thee well-ow iiviual techiques: busiess pocess oelig, bechaig pefoace a best pactice aalysis, tue ito a itegate appoach. It copises a coplete set of supply chai pefoace etics, iusty best pactices, a eablig systes. The cuet vesio (V.10) of this oative oel iclues oe tha 200 escibe pocess eleets, 550 efie pefoace etics a 500 leaig busiess pactices, which ae hieachically ogaize o levels [8]. The thee eleets of the SCR oel ae itegate ito a sigle faewo. The pefoace etics, fo exaple, ae lie to the pocesses to allow oot-cause aalysis of pefoace gaps. Siilaly, the best pactices ae lie to the etics a the pocesses; this allows uses to ietify ipleetatio equieets a taget pefoace ipoveets. Fo each pocess i the SCR oel, thee ae ecoee looe-up coespoig best pactices fo ipleetatio. A exaple of associatios fo pocess teplate sm2.3: Pouce & Test is show i Figue 1. Iusty-pove best pactices ae associate with each activity available i the oel. A best pactice is a uique way to cofigue a pocess o a set of pocesses. The uiqueess ca be elate to issues such as the autoatio of the pocess; a techology applie to the pocess; special sills applie to the pocess a othes. The SCR oel efies best pactice as a cuet, stuctue, pove a epeatable etho fo aig a positive ipact o esie opeatioal esults. SCR best pactices have bee collecte fo ivese iusties by SCR pactitioes. SCR ecogizes that seveal iffeet types of pactices exist withi ay ogaizatio: leaig o eegig pactices; best pactices; coo pactices; a poo pactices. What is ipotat to uesta, is that iffeet pactices have iffeet pefoace expectatios. Best pactice aalysis follows the bechaig activity that shoul have easue the pefoace of the supply chai pocesses a ietifie the ai Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 15

18 Figue 1: SCR oel ecopositio ito pocess eleet [8] pefoace gaps. It is uestoo that ot all best pactices will yiel the sae esults fo all iusties o supply chais [8]. Tasfeability of best pactices to evelopig couty fis Reseach activities have bee oe by pactitioes a acaeicia o the ao issues about best pactices, its tasfeability a aaptability to suit evelopig couties sceaios [3], [4] & [10]. Techology tasfe has bee cosiee as a tool to bypass the lacig gowth of iustializatio a avaceet of evelopig couties [9]. The ecet tes of global itegatio a collaboatio have also ecouage expeiece shaig a bechaig agaist thei pactice to ty to apply soe of the pactices i thei ow ogaizatios. Howeve, such activities have bee a challege eve fo evelope couties [1] & [3]. If the best pactices ipleetatio is a challege eve to copaies i evelope couties, what ca be sai about ogaizatios stugglig i ustable cotexts such as those of evelopig couties? e way of oig this was copyig, aoptig, iitatig o aaptig best pactices of wiely publicize successes of copaies. Ufotuately, such best pactice iitatio aely wos well because oe size oes ot fit all. Such activities ae ot siple a esults ay ot be always also successful. Reseach coucte by iffeet authos veifies the sae [1], [3], [10]. Developig couties ca lea fo pactices of evelope couties copaies, howeve, copyig the by ote without aalyzig the coitios withi which they wee evelope a ipleete a the copaig the to oe s ow paticula situatio a aig equisite austets woul lea to istaes [1] & [3]. The best pactices shoul theefoe be peceive oe as oels to be iitate tha eay oels to be copie by othe copaies. The best pactice of oe copay will ot autoatically becoe the best pactice of aothe uless it is aapte, successfully ipleete a bigs the expecte esults [1] & [3]. The obective of this eseach is to exaie the existig best pactices a challeges i a paticula cotext of evelopig couties - specifically, i Ethiopia. Reseach ethoology It ais at escibig a uestaig the existig pheoea with cotextual factos. Thee is o uch eseach uetae o the best pactices i the evelopig couties. Theefoe, ou eseach fills this gap, by ivestigatig the ipleetatio a use of best pactices i Ethiopia, i.e., what types of best pactices ae aopte a fially ipleete, the baies a challeges face by evelopig couties. I oe to cove a lage ube of Ethiopia copaies a to esue a copehesive view, a suvey base o questioaies a sei-stuctue iteviews was use fo ata collectio. The espoets wee chose fo the aagig iectos, aufactuig a/o pouctio aages a executives, a also quality aages a executives. The ites of best pactices aufactuig ipleetatio sectio wee aapte fo the SCR oel (v.10) [8] a pevious stuies[10]. Results a aalysis This aalysis is base the ost fequetly ietifie best pactices fo the SCR oel a othe eseaches. The eseach questio focus tie to aswe the questio: to what extet the best pactices have bee ipleete i copaies accoig to the SCR oel a what challeges they have face. Best pactices ipleetatio level I oe to futhe veify the extet of best pactices ipleetatio i Ethiopia aufactuig iusties, the espoet copaies wee ase to ate the level of aoptio of each of the best pactices. The questios wee set up o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the extet of ipleetatio escibe by each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = eve ipleete, 2 = pooly ipleete, 3 = well ipleete, a 4 = extesively ipleete. Table 1 illustates the istibutio of best pactice ea scoes. Most of the suveye copaies iicate that they use soe of the best pactices. The esult is show i Table 1 below. Aog all 16 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

19 Best Pactices fo Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy Table 1: The ipleetatio level of best pactices Type of best pactices Mea Total Quality Maageet 2.48 Bechaig 2.39 Available to Poise (ATP) 2.35 Caie Ageeets 2.31 utsoucig 2.23 Supplie Pefoace Assesset Syste 2.03 Lea Pouctio 2.00 Co-locate Pocueet 1.96 Coss-Docig 1.92 Postpoeet 1.89 Collaboative Plaig, Foecastig a Repleishet 1.61 Six Siga 1.56 Veo Maage Ivetoy 1.56 Ba Coig / Autoatic Ietificatio 1.54 Electoic Data Itechage 1.54 of the best pactices, Total Quality Maageet is fou to be the leaig best pactice, with the ea scoe the best pactices that have bee extesively ipleete ae Bechaig (2.39) a Available to Poise (2.35). Howeve, the least pactice best pactices ae the Electoic Data Itechage a Ba Coig/ Autoatic Ietificatio Pactice. Those best pactices which ee a ICT ifastuctue wee lowe tha othes. The iteviewe copaies also state that the followig ae the ao best pactices ipleete so fa: busiess pocess eegieeig, IS 9001:2008, evioetal aageet syste, total quality aageet, aize, bechaig, balace scoeca, foo quality & safety staa, & outsoucig. Ivetoy aageet pactices wee also assesse. Table 2 shows the level of ivetoy aageet pactices. The two fequet ivetoy aageet pactices wee Copay-wie cooiatio a aageet of ivetoy (2.59) a Keepig a safety ivetoy as a cosequece of sales vaiability (2.30). Just-i-tie elivey ivetoy aageet pactices show low levels of use. Ivetoy aageet pactices use i the supply cha such as Veo aage ivetoy at pouctio sites; Joit ivetoy by supplies a aufactue show eve lowe levels of use. Table 2: The ipleetatio level of ivetoy aageet Type of ivetoy aageet pactices Copay-wie cooiatio a aageet of ivetoy Keepig a safety ivetoy as a cosequece of sales vaiability Mea Regioal istibutio cetes fo pouct istibutio 2.25 Lowest ivetoy ive costs 2.21 Autoate waehouse aageet 2.19 Just-i-tie (JIT) elivey 2.04 Veo aage ivetoy at pouctio sites 1.71 Joit ivetoy aageet by supplies a aufactue 1.54 Best pactices ipleetatio baies a eables Ipleetig best pactices i aufactuig systes is ot a easy tas. Fo ay chage i a ogaizatio to tae hol a success, the challeges o baies ee to be ietifie a uestoo. The questios wee set up o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the extet of challeges escibe by each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = o challege, 2 = sall challege, 3 = challege, a 4 = stog challege. The best pactices baies ae aalyze base o the status of best pactices ipleetatio by the espoet copaies (Table 3), which ae iicate i the pevious sectio. The thee ai baies i fis ae The excisig oel specificity to the evelope couties opeatig evioet, Quality of sille wofoce, a Lac of ICT ifastuctue. Table 3: The challeges of best pactices ipleetatio Type of challeges The excisig oel specificity to the evelope couties opeatig evioet Mea 2.97 Quality of sille a cost effective wofoce 2.94 Lac of ifoatio & couicatio techologies (ICT) ifastuctue Difficulty to ipleet the oels & hale fo pactical opeatios No systeatic appoach to easuig custoe equieets Maageet pactices a ogaizatioal woig cultue Difficult to establish elatioships base o shae iss & ewas Lac of eployee loyalty / otivatio / epoweet 2.57 Lac of physical ifastuctue 2.45 A lac of willigess to shae eee ifoatio 2.45 Challeges fo iteviewe fis also eostate siila esults. The ao challeges ae lac of expetise & pofessioal expeieces, the best pactice ieas coe a chage without citical thiig about the use, aageet is oly ivolve i outie pouctio opeatio a lacs coitet fo the iovative ieas a techologies, lac of attetio a awaeess give fo best pactice, little attetio fo eseach & evelopet activities, fiacial costaits fo such itevetios, low level of acceptace & high esistace fo ew ieas, lac of pactical taiig & suppot fo acaeic & eseach istitutios, a lac of cotiuity & follow-up fo itouce best pactices. Table 4 exeplifies the use of ifoatio a couicatio techologies as eables, icluig both hawae a softwae i the fis. The questios wee set up also o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the level of the eables status of each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = poo pefoace, 2 = fai pefoace, 3 = goo pefoace, a 4 = excellet pefoace. The Electoic ail sevice was the oiat eable available i the espoet copaies. The use of ew techologies a softwae, such as Foecast/ea aageet softwae; Taspot/waehouse softwae a E-pocueet; a Ba coig/autoatic ietificatio syste ae at poo pefoace Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 17

20 Table 4: The level of eables fo best pactices success Eable Mea Electoic ail syste 2.8 Autoate ateial halig syste 2.0 Etepise Resouce Plaig systes 1.8 Avace plaig a scheulig softwae 1.7 Electoic ata itechage (EDI) capability 1.7 Ba coig / autoatic ietificatio syste 1.5 E-pocueet syste 1.5 Taspotatio / waehouse aageet 1.3 Foecast / ea-aageet softwae 1.2 The esults show that ost of the espoet fis have state to aopt best pactices up to a cetai extet. The fis shoul be awae, uesta the best pactices a thei pupose, because the ai baies of these fis ae the lac of a eal uestaig of the best pactices cocept a eployees attitue. Soe of the best pactices facilitate the effots of the evelopig couties towas supply chai itegatios with thei pates i evelope couties a the oveall ipoveets of supply chais. This fiig has iplicatio fo the fis, as it povies a ea to help the to seach, select, aapt a apply best pactices that suit the existig coitios a factos affectig pocess. The aageet shoul uesta a ephasise the ipotace to ovecoe challeges fo the successful ipleetatio of best pactices i thei fis. The issue of the applicability of the best pactices to evelopig couties shoul be settle o the basis of the outcoes of such ipleetatios. The seach fo best pactices i evelopig couties equie a appopiate selectio, aaptatio, applicatio a evaluatio of the esults above all else. The ao challege i the futue will be i aessig the evioetal factos a coitios that challeges the ipleetatio of the best pactices i evelopig couty sceaios. This will equie ew is of aaptatio echaiss fo best pactices that suit the existig sceaios. The fiel suvey a liteatue eview povies the followig ey isights a lessos: (a) futue best pactices aaptatio shoul be flexible eough to espo to yaic aufactuig sceaios a aets; (b)best pactices aaptatio shoul favo appoaches that povie a ube of iffeet techologies a aageet pactices, which fis ca seach, select, aapt, ipleet, a evaluate so that they ca fit; (c) help closig the gap betwee those pactices obseve i the fiel a those epote i the liteatue; a () soe ICT base best pactices aaptio equies a coucive iustial evioet a ehace liages with supply chai ebes. level. Alost half of the espoet copaies i ot have such types of eables at all. Howeve, ost of copaies wee iteeste to aopt such types of eables i the futue. The fis have aleay state a poga fo local softwae fo use. Coclusio: The ee fo aaptatio Refeeces [1] Lapie, L.: MIT s SC 2020 Poect - The Essece of Excellece. I: Supply Chai Maageet Review 10 (2006) 3, pp [2] Kauffa, R. G.; Cii; T. A.; Best-Pactice Appoach fo Developet of Global Supply Chais. I: 90th Aual Iteatioal Supply Maageet Cofeece [3] Rutows K.: Best pactices i logistics a supply chai aageet. I: Doal Waltes (E.). Global Logistics: New Diectios i Supply Chai Maageet, 6th Eitio. Koga Page Liite, Loo UK, Philaelphia, U.S.A. 2010, pp [4] Desta, A.: A coceptual faewo fo assessig the tasfeability of the Japaese Kaize Maageet techiques to aufactuig plats i Ethiopia. I: Asia Joual of Busiess & Maageet Sciece 1 (2011) 6, pp [5] Aese, B.; Fagehauf, T.; Raæl, S.; Schulaie, J.; Peige, J.: Bechaig Supply Chai Maageet: Fiig Best Pactices. I: Joual of Busiess & Iustial Maetig 14 (1999) 5/6, pp [6] Facis, J.: Bechaig: Get the Gai. I: Supply Chai Maageet Review 12 (2008) 4, pp [7] Díaz, A., Loezo,. & Solís, L.; Claes, B.: Bechaig Logistics a Supply Chai Pactices i Spai. I: Supply Chai Fou Iteatioal Joual 12 (2011) 2, pp [8] Supply Chai Coucil: Supply Chai peatios Refeece (SCR) oel Vesio 10. The Supply Chai Coucil, Ic. SCR. The Supply Chai Refeece (bie) [9] Steiuelle, W.: ICTs a the Possibilities fo Leapfoggig by Developig Couties. I: Iteatioal Labo Review, 140 (2001) 2, pp [10] Saez, M.; Laba, M.; Gacia, C. et al.: Bueas pácticas e la gestió e la ceea e suiisto -estuio epiico.. I: Docueto e tabao Fuació Ecooía Aagoesa (FUNDEAR) 33 (2006), pp Fasia Bete Geogise, M.Sc. Supply Chai Moelig & Ipoveet of Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Ethiopia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 18 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

21 Kuztitel es Atiels Requieets of Decisio Suppot Moels fo Collaboative Supply Chai Secuity Julie E. Goul Pof. D. Cathy Machais Pof. D. Has-Dietich Haasis Global supply chais face a geat eal of ucetaity ue to yaics i thei evioets. These yaics iclue the pessue ogaizatios face to secue thei supply chais agaist secuity theats. The selectio a ipleetatio of appopiate supply chai secuity easues ae ecisios equie collaboative ecisio suppot, such as that offee by peatios Reseach a Maageet Sciece (R/MS) ethos a appoaches. Howeve, scholas have aily focuse o ecisio-aig i hieachical stuctues that o ot eflect the atue of global, highly collaboative supply chais. Hece, while the stuy of R/ MS offes oppotuities to stuctue, aalyse a evaluate potetial solutios fo secuity pobles, a soli faewo fo oellig secuity ecisio pobles i the cotext of ulti-acto supply chais is still equie to icopoate a) vaious staehole pespectives a b) yaic ifoatio, icluig eal-tie. Developets i futue eseach i the aea of ecisio suppot fo supply chai secuity to icopoate these two aspects will suppot the builig of yaic supply chai aageet capabilities. Itouctio >>> Supply Chai Secuity Dyaics Pose Challeges fo Decisio-Maig Supply chais seve a ipotat ecooic fuctio: they povie the cooiatio of pouctio, taspotatio a istibutio activities to atch ea a supply of poucts a sevices; i eetig ea, supply chais ceate value. Supply chais opeate i global, highly copetitive evioets, a theefoe ust stive fo efficiecy a effectiveess i thei value-ceatig activities a pocesses. I thei value-ceatig ole, global supply chais face a geat eal of ucetaity ue to yaics i thei evioets. Shifts i global ecooics, aets a techology ae souces of yaics fo supply (value) chais, a epeset stog souces of is a ucetaity. Cuetly supply chai yaics iclue the pessue ogaizatios face to secue thei supply chais agaist ay possible sabotage fo the pupose of coittig a alicious attac Heightee secuity theats, awaeess of secuity iss a the equieets of iteatioal secuity egulatios cotibute to the pessue put o global supply chais to ipleet a secuity stategy. To eal effectively with these yaic foces that is, to cotiue to ceate value a eai copetitive i thei ea-fulfillig activities a pocesses supply chais ust eostate the appopiate aageial capabilities, i.e., those that foste effective cooiatio betwee actos i the value chai: ite-ogaizatioal elatioship aageet fo exaple, at the yaic buye-selle elatioship [1], collaboative is aageet, iovatio stategies a techology aoptio. Figue 1 highlights soe categoies of yaics actig o supply chais, a a ube of aageial ecisio-aig capabilities that supply chais ust exet i oe to eal effectively with associate iss a ucetaities. Figue 1 Cuet Dyaic Foces o Supply Chais Requiig Maageet Capabilities [2] The iss a challeges associate with equieets fo supply chai secuity (SCS) have le this to becoe a aea of sigificat iteest, specifically ove the last ecae. Heightee secuity theats, icease awaeess of these secuity iss a the equieets of iteatioal secuity egulatios have put pessue o global supply chais to eostate the tustwothiess of thei opeatios. I paticula those activities ivolvig coss-boe tae ae ue scutiy. This has le actos to cosie a to ipleet secuity easues. Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 19

22 Figue 1: Cuet yaic foces o supply chais equiig aageet copetecies [2] Dyaics i Logistics a Supply Chais Secuity yaics: Quality yaics: gaizatioal yaics: Iovatio yaics: Pessue though secuity egulatios Heightee peceptio of supply chai secuity iss Lage oles / ifluece of goveet agecies ipoveet though cotol of ealy stages of esig, pouctio a soucig Globalizatio with associate high levels of copetitiveess a is Itegatio of the logistics fuctio i pouctio a aetig Ite-ogaizatioal iteepeece i ecisio aig a is aageet Shifts i powe / cotol ue to iusty cosoliatio New techologies, techological obsolescece leaig to shotee pouct life cycles Icease sophisticatio of cosue ea Staehole egageet i techology-eable pocess iovatios Futue of Supply Chai Maageet Faewo fo aalysis of ite-ogaizatioal pocesses that gove flows of ateial a ifoatio Maageial Copetecies i Decisio Maig: Ite-ogaizatioal elatioship aageet Collaboative is aageet, techology aoptio Hoizotal collaboatio: iovatio The ipleetatio of supply chai secuity easues o a stategic o opeatioal level is a ecisio poble that equies collaboatio i ecisio-aig. Specifically, secuity ecisios ivolve the shaig of costs, chage effots, iss a potetial beefits acoss the supply cha a hece, ee to tae ito accout the ultiplicity of obectives a thei iffeig value to the vaious staeholes. Quality of ecisio-aig ca by suppote by aalytical suppot though opeatios eseach a aageet sciece (R/MS) The pupose of this pape is to ivestigate the applicability of R/MS ethos to collaboative ecisio-aig i ulti-acto supply chais towas supply chai secuity. I cosieig this questio, this pape will loo at the selectio a ipleetatio of supply chai secuity easues i the cotext of a suboiatig eseach questio: What coplexities exist i ecisio-aig withi collaboative supply chais fo selectig ipleetig secuity easues i a supply chai? <<< Stategic a peatioal Measues towas Supply Chai Secuity bectives Secuity fo supply chais has ise i the last 10 yeas i ipotace fo supply chais. SCS loos at the is of teois a, elately, theft a coutefeit iss a thei ipacts o supply chai stategy a opeatios. Besies the iss associate with the theat of teois (theft, loss, but, cetally, alicious sabotage ivolvig taspote assets), thee ae aitioal oes to o with the ipacts of secuity egulatios, which esult i aitioal costs, elays a eve upeictability [3]. The pessue to coply with a achieve cetificatio alog secuity egulatios (fo exaple, cetificatio as a AE Authoize Ecooic peato), is itself a challege fo supply chai actos. These iss a thei esultig challeges ae foces ivig ogaizatios to ivest ito the secuity of thei supply chais. Supply chai secuity ca be efie as the set of activities, assets, a exchage ifoatio aie at pevetig, etectig a ecoveig fo istubaces a itusios i the physical flow of ateials a the accopayig ifoatio [2]. I espose to secuity iss, ogaizatios ca pusue secuityelate stategies aou seveal ey obectives. These iclue: a) achievig value fo secuity ivestets though efficiecies i 20 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

23 Requieets of Decisio Suppot Moels fo Collaboative Supply Chai Secuity supply chai-elate busiess pocesses; b) aagig secuity iss; a c) builig capabilities i etectig, espoig to a ecoveig fo ufoesee evets a cises [4-5]. Towa thei supply chai secuity obectives, a ogaizatio ca choose to eploy techical o ogaizatioal secuity easues. The selectio a ipleetio of appopiate supply chai secuity easues ae ecisios that have iect a iiect ipacts acoss ogaizatios i ay give supply cha i paticula, aitioal costs, equie chage effots, iss as well as potetial beefits. Theefoe, a ey eteiat i the selectio of the secuity stategy a easues ae the elatioships i the supply chai: with supplies [6], with goveetal boies [7-8], as well as with custoes, who act as ives fo ipleetig secuity easues [2]. Five ai categoies of secuity easues have bee ietifie i the liteatue [5]: 1) ipove couicatio i the supply cha 2) aheece to iteatioal egulatoy secuity iitiatives, 3) chages i logistics opeatios o havig alteatives to ipleetatio i the case of a secuity iciet, 4) builig capabilities i esiliece a espose to eal with secuity iciets, a lastly, 5) ceatig a secuity cultue to efie the couicatio of a secuity stategy a suppot the success of the ipleetatio of secuity easues. Besies the ietificatio of secuity obectives a the selectio of easues to pusue the, opeatioal plaig ees to tae place fo the obectives to be et. Fo all of the categoies of secuity easues, a icease level of ifoatio shaig a collaboatio betwee ogaizatios a acoss fuctios is equie to suppot the opeatioalizatio of the supply chai s secuity stategy. Collaboative Supply Chai Decisio- Maig Suppot Requieets The ogaizatioal coplexity epesete by such ecisios equies collaboative ecisio suppot. Decisio aig is the aageet tas. I supply chais, eostatig ite-ogaizatioal copetitive stategies a pocesses, ecisio aig is beig oe acoss ogaizatios [9]. Ipotat aeas fo collaboative ecisio aig iclue: selectio a applicatio of ifoatio systes [10], optial use of assets, a the povisio a shaig of ifoatio. Collaboatio acts as a catalyst fo ipovig supply chai activities i: ipovig the successful ipleetatio a acceptace of systes [10-11], builig tust fo pateships [9], ipovig visibility a flexibility i the face of high levels of yaicity i the evioet [11]. Collaboative ecisio-aig, the, ust eal with: Multiple sets of, potetially issiila, obectives; Ucetaity a is, ofte ufoesee; Coplexity i icopoatig lage aouts of ata; High levels of evioetal yaicity. peatios Reseach a Maageet Sciece (R/MS) ae eicate to the stuy a evelopet of foalize aageial ecisio-aig, offe ethos a appoaches fo oelig ecisio-aig pobles i oe to povie aalytical suppot to aageet i selectio betwee alteative couses of actio o stategies; howeve, scholas have aily focuse o ecisioaig i hieachical stuctues that assue a sigle ecisio ae a hece o ot eflect the atue of global, highly collaboative supply chais. I such a cotext, how well o cuet R/ MS ethos suppot supply chais i aig efficiet ecisios egaig thei secuity? The coplexity of aagig collaboative supply chais is iee a poit of iteest fo aageet scietists [12]. The stages of ecisio-aig ivolve, geeally: 1) ietificatio of the poble, icluig qualificatio a opeatioalizatio of the poble a specificatios of obectives fo a solutio; 2) the geeatio a evaluatio of alteatives, give the cotextual iss a ucetaities; 3) ealizatio of the alteative selectio. Collaboative ecisio sceaios, the, ecessaily ivolve weighig ultiple sets of obectives a iss; hece, the evaluatio (o, atig) of the alteatives ue cosieatio will be subective to the pespective tae, a ay cetaily vay base o the viewpoit of ay oe give ogaizatio athe tha the to-beoptiize vitual supply chai. Decisio suppot, the, ivolves the foalizatio of both the poble a obectives, which ae the use to geeate a evaluate optios. I paticula the stuy of R/MS offes oppotuities to stuctue, aalyse a evaluate potetial solutios fo secuity pobles. The coplex, ite-ogaizatioal atue of supply chais equies that ecisio suppot oels esige to assist i thei aageet ae able to use a ecisio faewo outsie of a beyo the scope of a sigle fi. I the cotext of a value cha oe ebee i a coplex etwo eostatig utual iteepeecies, the ecisio settig is eithe hieachical o aet oiete, but oe towas coopeatio a collaboatio. Decisio suppot fo collaboative supply chais ust offe aalytical suppot at the level of the supply cha athe tha fo ay oe ogaizatio [9]. Fo opeatioal taspot ecisio aig fo supply chai secuity, eseach is challege to aess these issues by: Fowaig oellig ethoologies that ae close to the peceptio of taspot policy aes, taspot opeatos a uses; Icopoatig ultiple actos a ultiple levels of plaig i eaigful ways; Icopoatig qualitative factos i taspot plaig to suppot the goals of the supply chais usig the taspot activities. Soe elevat qualitative factos iclue: a) tust betwee the shippe a the taspot opeatos a b) secuity capabilities esultig fo chaacteistics, such as secuity cultue, pesece a use of foewaig echaiss, a cotigecy a cotiuity plaig. Besies eflectig obective of ultiple ecisio aes, ecisio suppot ethos fo supply chai secuity shoul allow fo the icopoatio of eal-tie ifoatio, icluig sigals, i the ecisio-aig pocess [13]. These iclue sigals fo visibility techology, such as Tac & Tace, that allow fo aoaly etectio. This is paticulaly of iteest fo supply chais facig the theat of teois, theft a sabotage. Tiely actio-taig i espose to etectio secuity evets epesets bette ecisio aig though the icopoatio of eal-tie ifoatio. This leas futhe to ceatig feebac loops to allow fo e-evaluatio of austet [14]. Specifically, iclusio of feebac-loops ca sigificatly icease efficiecy a ipove pefoace ove tie. To suaize, a soli faewo fo oellig secuity ecisio pobles i the cotext of ulti-acto supply chais is still equie Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 21

24 to icopoate a) vaious staehole pespectives, a b) yaic ifoatio, icluig eal-tie, a c) feebac-loops that ipove pefoace ove tie. This has the potetial to lea to ewe ethos of cotol (such as autooous coopeatio); i ay case, co-oiatig stuctues i a ulti-acto chai epeset a aea fo futue eseach [15], especially those icopoatig ultiple actos a ultiple plaig hoizos [16]. Ipotatly, such evelopets i futue eseach i the aea of ecisio suppot fo supply chai secuity will liewise suppot the builig of yaic supply chai aageet capabilities. Coclusio a utloo To eal effectively with yaics i thei opeatig evioet a aets, supply chais have to eostate aageial capabilities, i.e., collaboative ecisio-aig capabilities. Secuity theats a egulatios i paticula pose challeges fo supply chai ecisio-aig o the stategic as well as o the opeatioal level. The ey issue cotiues to be balacig the ee to itigate secuity iss while aitaiig copetitiveess though value ceatio, ivig aeas fo potetial gais i busiess pocess efficiecy, secuity is itigatio, a supply chai esiliecy. Howeve, the paths towa the achieveet of these secuity obectives ae still aeas fo eseach. R/MS ca suppot ecisio-aig betwee high-level obectives a i suppot of secuity stategy, if the ethoologies ca effectively icopoate eal-tie, evet ive ifoatio, o-hieachical ecisio-aig typologies. Such ecisio oels ca the suppot opeatioal ipleetatio of secuity easues i the supply chai. Refeeces [1] Svesso, G.: Key aeas, causes a cotigecy plaig of copoate vuleability i supply chais: A qualitative appoach. I.: Iteatioal Joual of Physical Distibutio & Logistics Maageet 34 (2004) 9, pp [2] Goul, J.E.: A Decisio Suppot Syste fo Iteoal Logistics ue Cosieatios fo Cost a Secuity. Uivesität Bee, Bee, Geay [3] Wolfe, M.; The Dyaics of Supply Chai Secuity. I: The Moito 10 (2004) 2. [4] Gutiéez, X., et al.: Volutay Supply Chai Secuity Poga Ipacts: A Epiical Stuy with BASC Mebe Copaies. Wol Custos Joual 1 (2007) 2, pp [5] Goul, J.; Machais, C.; Haasis, H. D.: Eegece of secuity i supply chai aageet liteatue. I: Joual of Taspotatio Secuity 3 (2010) 4, pp [6] Riehat, L. M.; Myes, M. B.; Ecet, J. A.: Supplie Relatioships: The Ipact o Secuity. I: Supply Chai Maageet Review 8 (2004) 6, pp [7] Fletche, T.: Authoize Ecooic peato (AE) Pogas: IBM s Pespective. I: Wol Custos Joual 1 (2007) 2, pp [8] Willias, Z., et al.: Why all the chages?: A istitutioal theoy appoach to exploig the ives of supply chai secuity (SCS). I: Iteatioal Joual of Physical Distibutio & Logistics Maageet 39 (2009) 7, pp [9] Diitis, F. et al.: Evolutio of a supply chai: cases a best pactices. I: Iteet Reseach 14 (2004) 4, pp [10] Sais, J.; Tallu S.: Evaluatig a selectig e-coece softwae a couicatio systes fo a supply chai. I: Euopea Joual of peatioal Reseach 159 (2004) 2: pp [11] Voloff,.; Cha, Y. E.; Pete Newso, E. F.: Leaig the evelopet a ipleetatio of collaboative iteogaizatioal systes. I: Ifoatio & ; Maageet35 (1999) 2, pp [12] Aeas, H.; Boge P.; va Doeale, J.: Tavail, taspaecy a tust: A case stuy of copute-suppote collaboative supply chai plaig i high-tech electoics. I: Euopea Joual of peatioal Reseach, 153 (2004) 2, pp [13] Powe, D.J.; Shaa, R.: Moel-ive ecisio suppot systes: Cocepts a eseach iectios. I: Decisio Suppot Systes 43 (2007) 3, pp [14] Schöbege, J. ; Kopfe, H.: lie ecisio aig a autoatic ecisio oel aaptatio. I: Coputes & peatios Reseach 36 (2009) 6, pp [15] Boteoig, Y. M.; Machais, C.; Tip, J. J.: Is a New Applie Taspotatio Reseach Fiel Eegig?--Review of Iteoal Rail-Tuc Feight Taspot Liteatue. I: Taspotatio Reseach: Pat A: Policy a Pactice, 38 (2004) 1, pp [16] Cais, A.; Machais, C.; Jasses, G. K.: Plaig Pobles i Iteoal Feight Taspot: Accoplishets a Pospects. I. Taspotatio Plaig a Techology, 31 (2008) 3, pp Julie E. Goul, M.A. A Decisio Suppot Syste fo Iteoal Logistics ue Cosieatios fo Costs of Secuity E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Caaa Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. e. pol. Has-Dietich Haasis Faculty: Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Reseach Goup: Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 22 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

25 Calibatio of Theal Flow Sesos by New Test Device fo Low Aiflow Rates Safi Issa Chaaa Lloy Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag Calibatio of flow sesos is a vey cucial opeatio fo poviig cofiece i seso eaigs a thei ucetaities. Howeve, calibatio is a ifficult issio i ay cases ue to the coplexity of pefoig cotolle easueets. This pape itouces a calibatio etho fo theal flow ico-sesos. A ew testevice is esige a aufactue fo this calibatio pupose; it is suitable fo the ai velocity age fo 0 to 7 /s. The seso is place i a log tube i which the ai velocity is cotolle though a ass flow cotolle. Seso esults ae chaacteize, oele by a fuctio-oel i MATLAB a the calibate. The calibatio etho is base o iect copaiso betwee eaigs of the seso ue calibatio a a efeece aeoete. Results of this calibatio etho show that the axiu ucetaity ove the stuie age is 0.24 /s. Itouctio >>> Theal flow sesos ae use fo ay applicatios, such as eical, autootive a aiflow easueets [1, 2]. e of the elevat fiels of the last applicatio is the aiflow easueet i taspot cotaies. Such easueets help ipove the taspot pocesses by peictig tepeatue, ietifyig stagat zoes i cotaies, a as a cosequece, taig pevetive actios to aitai poucts quality [3]. Cotaie equieets, e.g. aow accessible holes, low ai velocity a the ee to se ata though wieless etwo ae cosieable otivatios to use these sesos fo such obective. Howeve, these sesos ae evelope fo eseach puposes, a theefoe they ee to be chaacteize a calibate pecisely befoe usig the i eal applicatios. Sesos use hee ae theal flow ico-sesos evelope by IMSAS [4]. They cosist of a heate a two theopiles ebee i a low stess silico itie ebae, which is i iesios a 600 i thicess. The heate is ae of tugste-titaiu, wheeas the theopiles ae ae of a cobiatio of polycystallie silico a tugste-titaiu. The sesig piciple is staightfowa: as the heate eceives powe it geeates heat that is istibute uifoly i all iectios. I a stagat case, whee o aiflow passes though the seso, both theopiles pouce siila output voltages. Howeve, whe thee is a aiflow, pat of the geeate heat is covecte by the ai cuet i the flow iectio. As a esult, a iffeece betwee up- a owstea theopiles is etecte. This iffeece is elate to the flow value, a it is the iteeste pat i the seso chaacteizatio. A costat powe cicuit is use to opeate the seso uig this stuy. The use seso has a fast espose tie of about 3 s [5]. I liteatue, it is ifficult to fi epots about the calibatio of this i of sesos. Howeve, thee ae ay epots about hot wie aeoetes calibatio, such as by Al-Gai [6] a Özahi et al. [7]. The foe epots about a etho base o ovig hot wie pobes i stagat ai fo low spee values below 1 /s, a the latte also epots about i situ calibatio a otatig isc ethos also fo low spee values. Howeve, eithe of the above epots etios ucetaity of easueets fo the epote ethos. I this stuy, a esciptio of a ew test evice is illustate i Sectio 2. Afte that the calibatio etho is explaie i Sectio 3. Fist chaacteizatio a oelig of the seso esults ae oe, a the the calibatio of the seso by copaig its esults with those of the efeece aeoete is pefoe. The ucetaities, yiele fo iffeet paaetes that ifluece the easueet esults, ae evaluate i Sectio 4. <<< Desciptio of the calibatio test evice The test evice cosists of a Plexiglas tube of 1.5 i legth a 35 i iaete (see Figue 1). The ilet is coecte to a ass flow cotolle (MFC) though a pipe of 10 i iaete. Fo this ilet the ai flows though a coic sectio befoe eteig the tube. the tube etace, a thi egulato is place which cosists of a plate with ay sall holes to istibute the aiflow uifoly isie the tube. At a istace of 1 fo the ilet a special paallelepipe sectio is i place to hol the aiflow seso. The seso is fixe o a special cove of the paallelepipe sectio. This cove assues that the seso ebae is place exactly o the Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 23

26 hoizotal cete lie of the tube. A sall hole o the cove aes way fo the coectio wies to coect the seso sigal a powe teials to the costat powe cicuit outsie. A scheatic awig of this test evice is epicte i Figue 1. A seco cove fo the paallelepipe sectio is esige fo the efeece aeoete pobe. This cove has a hole that allows the isetio of the aeoete pobe fo the top a places its sesig pobe hea exactly i the tube s cete. No ai leaage was etecte with this esig uig calibatio easueets. I the chaacteizatio setup, oe ass flow cotolle (MFC i Figue 1) with axiu capacity of 300 SLM (Staa Lites pe Miute) fo MKS Copay (MKS Istuets, Geay) is use. It is coecte though pipes to a ai supply souce fo oe sie a to the ilet of the testbe fo the othe sie, as show i Figue 1. This cotolle is ive by the cotol uit MKS (oel: 147C, MKS Istuets, Geay) whee a LabVIEW poga is use to set the esie flow isie the pipe. The seso which is place isie the pipe etects the chages i the aiflow, a its two theopile s sigals ae extacte by NI DAQ (Natioal Istuets ata acquisitio) evice. The seso output ata of the elate flow values ae stoe i a PC. Fo the two theopile sigals, we calculate the output voltage iffeece as a fuctio of flow. Fo ou applicatio, i.e. aiflow easueet i taspot cotaies, ai velocity value is of oe ipotace tha the flow value. Fo this easo, we cosie it as the basic paaete i this stuy. To stuy the flow i the setup, we istiguish betwee two situatios. the oe ha, flow isie the pipe which is chaacteize aily by Reyols ube: whee is the ai esity; is ai velocity; is the pipe iaete a is the yaic viscosity of ai. Calculatios show that Reyols ube isie the pipe fo ai velocities highe tha 2 /s is oe tha 4000, which iplies that we have tubulet flow. ly fo the velocity of 1 /s the Reyols ube is about 2100 i the laia flow liit, but with the pefoate plate actig as a tubulece geeato, we assue that the flow isie the pipe is tubulet fo the whole age. The ety egio fo fully evelope tubulet flow is about 10 to 60 ties the iaete [8]. I ou case, this istace is about 30 ties the iaete. the othe ha, the bouay laye flow ove the seso is cosiee accoig to the flow ove the paallel plates as the positio of the seso paallel to the flow i the ile of the test tube. I this case, the citical Reyols ube is 60,000 fo laia flow i the bouay laye ove the seso [9, 10]. The istace fo the leaig ege of the seso s PCB is 22 which is the chaacteistic legth i this case. Theefoe, the calculate Reyols ube is below 10,000 i all easueet cases a it is uch salle tha the citical value. (1) (2) Figue 1: Scheatic awig of the aufactue calibatio test evice PC Ai supply MKS DAQ MFC Sectio cove Ai egulato Ilet Seso outs 24 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

27 Calibatio of Theal Flow Sesos by New Test Device fo Low Aiflow Rates Calibatio etho The elatioship betwee the ai velocity v at the pipe cete is give i /s a the flow F elivee by the ass flow cotolle give by SLM is estiate as: Figue 2: Chaacteistic cuve of the seso whee the theopiles voltage iffeece is plotte agaist ai velocity (3) The expeietally obtaie paaetes ai velocity a theopiles voltage iffeece ae plotte to yiel the calibatio cuve, as explaie i Sectio 2; the fuctio-oel that best fits these expeietal esults, is the followig: (4) whee is the theopiles voltage iffeece i V; is the ai velocity at the seso positio;, a ae costats to be eteie fo the best fit of expeietal esults though a MATLAB poga. The flow age i these expeiets is fo 0 to 300 SLM; the etie age is covee with flow iceets of 2 SLM each step icease. Fo each flow step, velocity a seso output voltage ae calculate a plotte. The the MATLAB poga eteies the costats a, b a c fo the best fit. Figue 2 shows the chaacteistic cuve of the seso whee the theopiles voltage iffeece is plotte agaist the ai velocity, a how it copaes with the fittig cuve. This opeatio is epeate 7 ties i seveal ays uig oe oth to chec the epeatability of the easueet. Fo the fitte cuve, we aopt the ea value of each costat fo all tests. As a esult we fou: with R-squae value which expesses the high ageeet betwee the expeietal esults a the oel. I pactice, ai velocity is the iteeste output paaete as a fuctio of the theopiles voltage iffeece. Theefoe, we ewite the fuctiooel i the followig fo: whee, a ae costats to be eteie fo the best fit though the sae MATLAB poga etioe above. The oly iffeece is that i the fist case the ai velocity is cosiee as a vaiable a the theopiles voltage iffeece is the output; ivese is cosiee i the seco case. Pevious easueets give: R-squae value is also The last equatio is aopte as the output chaacteistic of the seso. This equatio is also valiate by the calibatio of the seso explaie i the ext paagaph. (5) (6) (7) We use the calibatio setup escibe i Sectio 1, show i Figue 1. The calibatio etho is base o the copaiso betwee the flow seso a the efeece evice eaigs fo the flow age fo 0 to 300 SLM. The use efeece aeoete is the theo-aeoete VT200 (KIM Istuets, Face), a calibate aiflow easueet evice. We place the pobe of the efeece evice a the seso ue calibatio at the sae place alteatively, oe at a tie. I both cases, the sesig eleet ebae of the flow seso a the pobe hea of the aeoete is alige with the hoizotal cete lie explaie i Sectio 2. The flow isie the tube is cotolle by the cotol uit a the ass flow cotolle. Sixtee test poits ae chece, statig fo 0 SLM with successive flow steps of 20 SLM. Reaigs of both the flow seso ue calibatio a the efeece evice ae egistee. This opeatio is epeate 4 ties o iffeet ays to chec the epeatability. The equivalet velocity of the seso ue calibatio is calculate fo Equatio (7) as a fuctio of the theopiles voltage iffeece fo the test poits, wheeas the efeece evice gives the ai velocity as a iect output. Aveage values ae calculate fo esults copaiso, wheeas staa eviatios ae cosiee fo ucetaity estiatio. Figue 5 shows a copaiso betwee the seso a efeece evice esults. This copaiso shows goo ageeet betwee both esults; this valiates the oel give to the seso output. The axiu elative iffeece is tae as pecetage, which is the atio betwee the iffeece (seso-efeece) a the value easue by the efeece aeoete, a it is about 9% fo the whole age, i.e. 0 to 7 /s; it eceases to about 5% fo the age 3 to 7 /s. Moeove, the absolute axiu iffeece ove the whole calibatio age is about 0.2 /s. The plots, epicte i Figue 5, show a slight oveestiatio i seso eaigs with espect to the values easue by the efeece aeoete, i paticula fo velocities lowe tha 7 /s. These slight iffeeces ae ost liely cause by the assue elatio betwee the ea a the axiu velocities i the pipe, a also by the estiate fuctio-oel i Equatio (7). Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 25

28 Figue 3: Copaiso of seso a efeece evice eaigs fo iffeet flow values. Equatio (8) eables calculatig the cobie ucetaity. Results show that the axiu ucetaity ove the stuie age is 0.24 /s. Coclusio A siple calibatio etho fo theal flow sesos is pesete. This etho is base o a iect copaiso betwee eaigs of the seso a a efeece aeoete i a testbe esige a fabicate fo this pupose. Fist, the seso esults ae chaacteize a oele, the copae with those of the efeece evice. Futhe ivestigatios will be caie out afte usig these sesos i easuig aiflow velocity i taspot cotaies to evaluate the calibatio etho a to tae ito cosieatio ew paaetes aise fo fiel tests. Refeeces Ucetaity of easueet is a basic etological paaete efie by (VIM 1993) [11] as: paaete, associate with the esult of a easueet that chaacteizes the ispesio of the values that coul easoably be attibute to the easua. It eflects the lac of exact owlege of the value of the easua. Quatitatively, ucetaity of a easua y is calculate by the law of popagatio of ucetaity, assuig that all iput quatities xi ae iepeets [12]: whee the easua y is a fuctio epeet o all iput quatities xi by the fuctioal elatioship whee is the sesitivity coefficiet a is the staa ucetaity fo the iput quatity i. Aalysis of the above escibe calibatio etho of theal flow seso allows eteiig the paaetes o the iput quatities that affect easueet ucetaity. These paaetes ae: fuctio-oel foula, ass flow cotolle, efeece, epeatability of easueets, a abiet tepeatue. Fo each paaete, we calculate the staa ucetaity by associatig a appopiate pobability esity fuctio a the the sesitivity coefficiets. Multiplyig the iiviual staa ucetaities with the coespoig sesitivity facto a the ae the su as i (8) (9) [1] Silvest S.; Schea, E.: Micoachie flow sesos i bioeical applicatios. Micoachies 3 (2012) 2, pp [2] Fleig, W. J.: veview of autootive sesos. I: Sesos Joual, IEEE 1 (2001) 4, pp [3] Issa, S.; Lag, W.: Chaacteizatio of theal flow sesos fo ai flow easueets i taspot cotaies. I: Poceeigs of the 3 Iteatioal Cofeece o Dyaics i Logistics (LDIC 2012). Bee, Geay [4] Buche, R.; Sosa, C.; Maiwal, M.; Beece, W.; Lag, W.: A high tepeatue theopile fabicatio pocess fo theal flow sesos. I: Sesos a Actuatos A: Physical (2006), pp [5] Issa, S.; Stu, H.; Lag, W.: Moelig of the espose tie of theal flow sesos. I: Micoachies 2 (2011) 4, pp [6] Al-Ga A. M.: Low spee calibatio of hot-wie aeoetes. I: Flow Measueet a Istuetatio 18 (2007) 18, pp [7] Özah E.; Çappilioglu, M. Ö.; Güogu, M. Y.: Siple ethos fo low spee calibatio of hot-wie aeoetes. I: Flow Measueet a Istuetatio , pp [8] Icopea, F. P.; DeWitt, D. P.: Fuaetals of heat a ass tasfe, 5th Eitio. Joh Wiley & Sos, Hoboe, NewJesey, [9] Cubucu, A. S.; Zeicel, E.; Buel U.; Uba, G. A.: A 2D theal flow seso with sub-w powe cosuptio. I: Sesos a Actuatos A: Physical 163 (2010), pp [10] Lieha, J. H. I. V.; Lieha, J. H. V., A Heat Tasfe textboo, 3 Eitio. Phlogisto Pess, Cabige, Uite Kigos, [11] Iteatioal Vocabulay of Metology Basic a geeal cocepts a associate tes (VIM). 3 Eitio. Joit Coittee fo Guies i Meteology (JCGM), [12] Evaluatio of easueet ata guie to the expessio of ucetaity i easueet, 1st Eitio. Joit Coittee fo Guies i Meteology (JCGM), Safi Issa, M.Sc. Flow Sesos a thei Applicatios to Covective Taspot i the Itelliget Cotaie E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Syia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag Faculty: Physics / Electical Egieeig Reseach Goup: Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 26 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

29 Kuztitel es Atiels DASH7 Ispie Wieless Aiflow Sesig Isie Refigeate Cotaies Chaaa Lloy Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag The ite-cotietal taspotatio of baaas is a lage iusty. It is highly poe to tepeatue fluctuatios withi the cotaies ue to iteal baaa ipeig pocess a iaequate vetilatio of col ai withi the cotaie. This esults i loss of quality of baaas a fiacial losses. Theefoe, pope sesos to easue the ai flow withi the cotaies a couicatio eas to tacle the high atteuatio of aio sigals withi baaas ae equie to ascetai tepeatue hot spots a elay the seso ata effectively. This pape iscusses the usage of theal flow seso electoics a a calibatio pocess fo easuig the ai flow spee, a iscusses the esig of a ew wieless seso platfo base o the ew DASH7 techology fo ae avatage ove aio couicatio i 2.4 GHz fequecy. Itouctio >>> Foo taspot is a lage a globally challegig iusty. Taspotatio of peishable foo ites, such as baaas, avocaos, stawbeies, etc., peset eve oe challeges ue iteal ipeig pocesses that tae place if the esie tepeatue is ot aitaie, especially i itecotietal taspots. Theefoe, aiteace of the coect tepeatue usig coolig uits i cotaies is of paaout ipotace. The wo pesete i this pape is elate to the Itelliget Cotaie poect [1]. Theefoe, the ephasis is o taspotatio of baaas i efigeate cotaies. The stuies have show that hot spots, o localize high tepeatue zoes, ae abuatly pevalet i baaa taspots (Figue 1) [2]. Figue 1: Ai tepeatue istibutio isie a cotaie (with coolig uit) pace with baaas The feshly pace, aw baaas ae shippe fo Costa Rica to Geay. Iteuptios i the col cha i.e. uig the loaig of the baaas fo waehouse to ship a vice vesa, a slow ipeig pocesses withi the baaas cause the tepeatue to ise above the esie tepeatue age of 13 to 14.4 C. Theefoe, the coolig uit taes the aitioal heat off the baaas to big the tepeatue ow to the esie tepeatue. This happes by eas of heat tasfe betwee the baaas a the cool ai that is ciculate i the cotaie. The stuies show that 800 Watt of heat pe to is pouce i baaas [3]. As the tepeatue ata obtaie withi the baaa cotaies show, espite coolig uits with eough coolig loa, the tepeatue still ises above the esie tepeatue age i upeictable ae i cotaies; these locatios ae aptly calle hot spots. This is because of the heat tasfe pocess, as iscusse above, ot taig place ue to lac of ai flow withi a aou the ietifie hot spots. Theefoe, the quatifyig a loggig tepoal ai flow ata withi the cotaies is equie fo quic ietificatio of possible hot spots. Chage of ai flow is eaily easuable ue to vey low tie costat of ai flow chage, i cotast to tepeatue chage. The evetual taget of the wo pesete i this pape of easuig the ai flow i cotaies is to coelate the with tepeatue ata, i oe to obtai a efficiet hybi oel (ai flow a tepeatue) to peict the hot spots uch faste tha the existig tepeatue oels. Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 27

30 Figue 2: Theal flow seso with its 2 theopiles, heate eleet, tepeatue seso (exta featue) a bo pas Figue 3: Costat Powe (CP) cicuit oute o top of a TelosB wieless oe A theal flow seso (Figue 2) [4], usig a Costat Powe etho fo eaig the seso, is use to easue the ai flow spee. Cuetly, it is oute o a TelosB 2.4 GHz wieless oe fo wieless sesig of the ai flow seso. Due to iheet awbacs of the 2.4 GHz couicatio chael, such as low peetatio a low age i high wate-cotaiig fuits, it is popose to use the ew DASH7 techology. DASH7, specifically DASH7 Moe 2, is a ew techology that is beig evelope by the DASH7 Alliace. It is a aeet to the IS/IEC :2004 staa [5], a is base o the 433 MHz Iustial, Scietific a Meical (ISM) aio ba. DASH7 is suitable fo eployet i low a ulta-low powe WSNs. I oe to eep the aiteace costs, e.g. eplacig batteies, low i WSN solutios, the DASH7 techology solutios offe a low eegy cosuig faewo fo the oes, theeby pologig the battey life. This pape iscusses a) Theal aiflow calibatio a techique, a b) Peliiay DASH7 tag esig to eplace the cuet wieless platfo TelosB. <<< Wieless aiflow easueet Ai flow is easue by usig a theal flow seso with high sesitivity, to the tue of VK -1 i sesos fabicate usig a quatz substate [4]. The flow seso copises of 2 theopiles a a heate eleet. I opeatio, the heate eleet is powee up to a esie powe level; the output voltage iffeece of the 2 theopiles is a fuctio of the ai (o liqui) flow spee ove the heate eleet. I oe to taslate a coitio the voltage sigal, a Costat Powe (heeo afte calle CP) cicuit is use. Usig igital cicuity (Figue 3) a a popotioal-cotol feebac loop, the latte techique aitais a peeteie powe level applie to the heate eleet. Figue 3 shows the CP cicuit oute o top of a TelosB wieless. The saple ata fo the flow seso (ot show i Figue 3) attache to the CP cicuit is set ove the aio to a gateway coecte to a host PC fo pocessig uig calibatio tests a i actual opeatio. I the tests pefoe, 5, 10, 20 a 30 W powe levels wee applie. Figue 4a shows how the cotol loop focuses a stabilizes o the powe level of 20 W; it taes 300 s to o so. aveage, it ca be aowe ow to appoxiately 50 s. Each loop i the cotol algoith is pefoe subsequet to a aio tasit. The aio o the TelosB taes ealy 20 s pe each tasit. Aothe 10 s is allowe fo othe elays such as tie espose of the flow seso, ADC covesio tie of the TelosB a calculatios i the icocotolle. I the fial algoith, the loopto-loop tie will be iiize to 5s. (W) Powe of the Powe heate of the heate Voltage iffeece Voltage iffeece of the theopiles of theopiles [V] [V] Figue 4a: Measue powe of the heate eleet of the theal flow seso a how it focuses o the esie powe level of 20 W Figue 4b: Theopile voltage Receive iffeece pacet ube agaist tie > 300 > > 300 > Powe easue at the heate Desie powe level Powe easue at the heate Desie powe level Receive pacet ube Receive pacet ube Receive pacet ube The text boxes o each step ae the ai flow values i SLM. Each uit o the Y-axis coespos to 30 s. 28 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

31 DASH7 Ispie Wieless Aiflow Sesig Isie Refigeate Cotaies A specially esige testbe was use to siulate iffeet ai flow spees. The ai iput to the testbe was egulate usig a flow cotolle (oel 147C, MKS Istuets). A calibate KIM VT200 ai flow evice was use as a efeece. The theal flow seso was place isie the testbe a coecte via sigal cables to the CP cicuit outsie. Figue 4a shows a zooe-i potio of the Powe Level vs. Tie. It shows how the cotolle aalyzes the existig powe level of the heate a copesates to achieve the esie powe level. The flow seso is saple oly whe the heate powe is at the esie powe level. Figue 4b shows a calibatio gaph of the Voltage output of the theopiles vs. Tie fo gaual, stepwise iceets a eceets of ai flow iput to the testbe. Text boxes i Figue 4b ae the ai flow values i SLM (Staa Lites pe Miute) supplie to the testbe. Above 200 SLM (coespos to about 3.4 s -1 ), the gaph is satuate, eaig that the cicuit is oly capable of halig up to 3.4 s -1. By cotollig the ai flow iput to the testbe, it is possible to ceate iffeet ai flow spees at the flow seso isie the testbe. These tests ae still ogoig. Figue 5: Miiatue DASH7 wieless tag with eegy havestig a JTAG pogae iteface boa DASH7 wieless seso oe TelosB wieless platfo is base o 2.4 GHz aio fequecy. I the fiel tests that wee caie out, it was eviet how iefficietly this fequecy pefoe whe cofote with etal, cocete a foos with high wate cotet. Theefoe, to saple the abiet paaetes of a cotaie with sesos istibute withi it, hop potocols ae equie. This eas log aio-o ties, iplyig wastage of pecious battey powe i staaloe wieless sesos a oes. DASH7 techology, with its iheet powe savig achitectue, ca be efficietly use to ovecoe the isavatage state above. DASH7 sesos a oes, with thei log age a supeio peetatio powe, ca be effectively use i pouce lie baaas without too uch hoppig to elay the ata to a gateway. The ew DASH7 tag was esige with the latte i with soe aitioal featues such as eegy havestig fo othe uses whee sola, vibatio a theal eegy ca be haveste fo the abiece. Figue 5 shows a fialize pototype PCB of the cuet DASH7 tag esig, which is a fist of its i fo a ubiquitous DASH7 tag with eegy havestig capability. The ey featues of this esig ae: Sall fo facto chip atea 433 MHz Balu RF cicuit 8 Mbit flash ata logge Dual powe supply, a Eegy haveste cicuit (with chage/potecto chip MAX17710 [6]) with havestig capability ow to 1 µw Multiple seso itegatio possibility, a CC430 SoC icocotolle. Coclusio a futue wo This pape pesete ogoig wo o a theal flow seso calibatio usig igital cicuits a a specially esige testbe. The flow seso electoics, cuetly, ae capable of easuig up to appoxiately 3.4 s -1. The aveage ai flow spees easue aually a othewise (usig coecially available evices) isie a cotaie ae betwee 0 a 4 s -1. I oe to ovecoe the awbacs of the TelosB wieless platfo, a ew DASH7 platfo uig o a 433 MHz fequecy age was esige. The futue wo o the theal flow seso is expecte to iclue ai flow spees up to 7 to 8 s -1. I oe to polog the battey life a ipove the couicatio age, DASH7 tag is to be fialize a eploye i fiel tests to assess the avatage ove 2.4 GHz couicatio. Syste tests will be caie out o the DASH7 tag to ipove the RF cicuity to achieve axiu age a the cicuits will be iialize fo the pupose of easuig ai flow a tepeatue oly. Theefoe, the CP cicuit a the flow seso ae to be itegate o to the DASH7 tag i futue wo. I the case of eployet i cotaies cayig fesh pouce, the tag ca be futhe iiatuize by eovig the LEDs, the eegy havestig cicuity a exta oscillato. Miiatuizatio is equie to ae sue that the tag is place as iscetely as possible withi the pouce whe taig easueets. The DASH7 tag is pogae with petag [7]. Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 29

32 Refeeces [1] IMSAS: The Itelliget Cotaie. URL: co/, Date of access [2] Jeea, R.; Moehe, A.; Lag, W.: Supevisio of baaa taspot by the itelliget cotaie. I: Keyeschit, J. (e.): 4th Iteatioal Woshop o Coolchai-Maageet, Uivesity of Bo. Bo 2010, pp [3] Kebel, E.: Baaa a Platai. I: Haebug, R.E.; Wataa, A.E.; Wag, C.Y. (es.): The Coecial Stoage of Fuits, Vegetables, a Floist a Nusey Stocs, U.S. Depatet of Agicultue/Agicultual Reseach Sevice. Washigto D.C. 1986, evise 2004, Vol. 66, Agicultue Haboo. [4] R. Buche; M. Maiwal; C. Sosa; T. Schay; W. Beece; W. Lag: Miiatuise Theal Flow Sesos fo Rough Evioets. I: 19th IEEE Iteatioal Cofeece o MEMS. Istabul, 2006, pp [5] IS/IEC :2004: Ifoatio techology Raio fequecy ietificatio fo ite aageet Pat 7: Paaetes fo active ai iteface couicatios at 433 MHz. URL: Date of access [6] MAXIM Itegate: MAX17710 eegy havestig chage a potecto. URL: i/7183, Date of access [7] petag: A full-featue couicatios stac fo DASH7 Moe 2 (IS ). URL: Date of access Chaaa Lloy, M.Sc. Aiflow Patte Aalysis a ptiizatio of Quality Degaatio Waig Systes with Aiflow Paaetic Data i Taspot Systes E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Si Laa Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag Faculty: Physics / Electical Egieeig Reseach Goup: Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 30 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

33 Raio Resouce Allocatio fo M2M Couicatio i LTE Upli Scheulig Safa Mawat D. Thushaa Weeawaae D. Yasi Zai Pof. D. Caelita Gög Logistic pocesses eeply ely o Machie-to-Machie (M2M) couicatios. M2M couicatios equie high upli taffic that is expecte to be seve by the futue obile etwos such as Log Te Evolutio (LTE) a LTE-Avace (LTE-A). The Quality of Sevice (QoS) povisioig is oe of the piay obectives of the wieless etwo opeatos. I this pape, the e-to-e QoS pefoace of the Bawith a QoS Awae (BQA) LTE upli scheule [1] is evaluate fo egula LTE taffic classes. The BQA scheule is esige to povie efficiet allocatio of aio esouces to uses accoig to the QoS equieets of vaious taffic classes a the istataeous chael coitios of the uses. The e-toe QoS pefoace of the scheule is aalyze with the help of siulatios a the esults show that the popose scheule guaatees efficiet povisioig of the QoS equie by uses. Itouctio >>> Log Te Evolutio (LTE) eploys thogoal Fequecy Divisio Multiple Access (FDMA) a Sigle Caie Fequecy Divisio Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) tasissio schees fo owli a upl espectively. The low Pea-to-Aveage Powe Ratio (PAPR) of SC-FDMA sigals euces the battey powe cosuptio of the Use Equipet (UE). Despite the bawith allocatio flexibility of SC-FDMA, the cotiguous subcaies allocatio to a UE a the upli Powe Cotol (PC) ae ey upli costaits. These liitatios coplicate the esouce allocatio algoiths a ipee the fulfillet of the QoS equieets of iffeet taffic types. The ai of Machie-to-Machie (M2M) couicatios is to eable achies to couicate with each othe without hua itevetio [2]. The ipleetatio sceaios of M2M couicatios iclue: taspotatio, pouctio, taffic systes, sat eteig a oitoig, a healthcae [3]. The M2M couicatios ca sigificatly ehace the staas of the logistic pocesses. The stoage peio of goos, statig fo the epatue at the souce to the aival at the estiatio, equies oitoig of seveal evioetal factos icluig tepeatue, pessue, huiity, light itesity a locatio. Goos ae usually sesitive to evioetal chages a egula oitoig is equie. Base o seso eaigs, it is equie to tae appopiate easues a couteact uwate situatios. The couicatio of seso eaigs a eeial actios has to be facilitate piaily by the obile aio etwo ifastuctue. The ata pacets of such essages woul uego the etwo expeiece accoig to thei QoS equieets. I logistics iusty, the elivey of goos with assuace of tie, place, quatity a quality is of iese ipotace [4]. The hules i fulfillig these guaatees ae cause by the iceasig equieets a expectatios of the cosues, a by the liite available esouces; which ae the causes of yaics i logistics. Cosequeces of these yaics ae eoutig, pouctio stategies alteatio, shiftig bottleecs etc. I oe to iiize the avese effects of yaics, busiess goups cotiually stive fo evisig couteactive easues. The taget of M2M couicatios is to ehace such tactics a fulfill the QoS equieets of M2M essages i logistic pocesses. Cuetly, M2M couicatios ae base o cotepoay wieless couicatio techologies, lie Geeal Pacet Raio Sevice (GPRS), which ae fulfillig the equieets of cetai M2M applicatios sufficietly. The existig couicatio techologies offe low-cost eployet of M2M evices with oaig facilities a coveiet eployet. Howeve, it is expecte that the ube of evices base o M2M ight uego a expoetial gowth. Accoig to [5], the ube of coectios fo ebee obile M2M applicatios was ecoe as 87 illio i 2009 wolwie, a is expecte to each the 428 illio a by The cuet wieless systes ight u out-of-capacity i the ea futue a the M2M couicatios ay ot be facilitate poficietly. LTE a LTE-A ae poisig techologies expecte to povie Physics / Electical Egieeig Couicatio Netwos 31

34 M2M sevices i the futue [6]. Howeve, the ilea is that M2M applicatios ae expecte to offe a ivese age of sevices, icluig aowba applicatios tasittig ata ifequetly; a LTE is piaily evelope fo boaba ata sevices. With aowba applicatios, LTE ay ot achieve spectu a cost efficiecy. Cosequetly, it is essetial that the achitectue of LTE is eesige i oe to cofo to the M2M couicatios equieets. Accoigly, the techiques fo esouce allocatio to egula a M2M uses of vaious QoS classes by LTE etwo have to be aapte accoigly. <<< Poble efiitio The istictive chaacteistics of M2M essages pose seious challeges fo wieless etwo eseaches. The ost challegig issue is the expectely lage ube of M2M essages, sice a lage ube of M2M evices ae aticipate to be eploye i the ea futue. The logistic pocesses woul be suppote by M2M evices eploye i the taspot vehicles, ships, factoies, a stoage houses. It equies the obile etwoig staa boies to evise the etwo esigs fo efficiet suppot of such essages tasitte a eceive fo these evices. The othe ao coce ae the vayig sizes of these essages. The size of M2M essages coul be ust a few bits as i the case of a siple tepeatue eaig i a cotaie. Liewise, essages of the oe of ega bytes coul also be tasitte as i the case of a vieo oitoig evice. The sallest esouce uit that ca be allocate i LTE to a evice (o a UE) is the Physical Resouce Bloc (PRB) with a iesio of 180 KHz i fequecy oai a 1 illiseco i tie oai. Ue favoable aio chael coitios, a PRB is able to tasit seveal ilo bytes of ata. If oe PRB is allocate to a sigle M2M evice which tasits sall essages, the spectal efficiecy of LTE syste woul eclie astically. I eegecy situatios lie fie a floo, the etwo ay have to eal with siultaeous tasissio of eegecy essages which ca cause egaatio of the etwos pefoace a blocig of esouces fo egula uses. Fo exaple, i case of fie i a waehouse, the builig a vehicle alas woul siultaeously tigge esouce equests. The atte of fulfillig the vayig QoS equieets of vaious types of M2M essages is a challegig poble. Due to this ivesity, the esigig of low coplexity scheulig algoiths woul equie geat effot. All these issues elate to M2M couicatios with LTE etwos a suppotig logistic pocesses shoul be tacle i such a ae that egula LTE sevices ae ot hiee. LTE upli scheule esig The BQA scheule has bee esige i accoace with SC- FDMA featues with suppot fo ulti-beae UEs. The scheule is ecouple ito Tie Doai Pacet Scheulig (TDPS) a Fequecy Doai Pacet Scheulig (FDPS). The ifoatio about upli ata i a UE buffe is epote to the enoeb via Buffe Status Repot (BSR). The chael coitios of such use ae coveye to the enoeb usig the Chael State Ifoatio (CSI) caie by the Souig Refeece Sigals (SRSs). I this wo, the SRSs ae assue to be available at the enoeb at each TTI a fo all the PRBs of active UEs. Moeove, it is also assue that the enoeb is awae of the Powe Spectal Desity (PSD) of the active UEs via powe heaoo epots. The tasit powe of a UE is auste by PC. Multi-beae UEs ae scheule i a ae that beae stavatio is avoie. The QoS pefoace of BQA scheule is aalyze by siulatig a sigle a ulti-beae sceaios a copaig the pefoace with othe scheules. The TDPS a FDPS algoiths ae tae fo [1,7,8]. The TDPS algoith is esige to assig pioities to scheulig caiate UEs fo a paticula TTI i a give cell. A caiate gets high etic value if it has stiget QoS equieets, bette chael coitios a/o has bee uable to obtai ay sigificat esouces i the ecet past TTIs (faiess). The TDPS etic values ae geeate fo each active UE by weighte Popotioal Fai (wpf) algoith. I FDPS, oly the high pioity UEs ae selecte fo allocatio of fequecy esouces withi the TTI. The bawith is ivie ito potios calle Resouce Chus (RCs). The RCs ae allocate to the chose UEs base o FDPS etic values fo each RC of each UE. The FDPS etic values ae geeate with Popotioal Fai Scheule QoS-awae (PFScheQ) algoith. The allocatio of RCs is achieve by a seach-tee base algoith ae as Fixe Size Chu a Flexible Bawith (FSCFB) algoith. The FSCFB allocates RCs to UEs by eteiig the best RC. The best cobiatio shoul follow cotiguity, buffe size, a axiu allowe RCs costaits. If the ulti-beae caiate UEs acquie RCs, the PRBs ae futhe subivie aog the use beaes. Each use beae has its ow QoS equieets elate to elay buget, ate buget a elay theshol. The use beaes equie aequate esouces to esue QoS povisio a avoi beae stavatio. I this wo, the beaes ae seve accoig to beae QoS weight. Howeve, the beaes havig eache thei pacet elay theshol ae give stict pioity a the PRBs ae allocate to the befoe sevig othe beaes. Siulatio esults a aalysis The PNET Moele [9] is use to pefo the siulatios fo aalysis of the BQA scheule fo egula LTE taffic. The esults fo vaious sceaios ae illustate i [6] a soe of these esults ae evisite i this pape. The QoS a the thoughput pefoace of the BQA scheule is copae with the pefoace of othe cotepoay TDPS scheules which ae cooly use. These scheules ae the Bli Equal Thoughput (BET), the Maxiu Thoughput (MT) a the Popotioal Fai (PF) [8]. I FDPS, the Popotioal Fai Scheule (PFSche) algoith [10] is utilize alog with all the TDPS scheules. The BQA scheule seves the beaes of ulti-beae uses accoig to QoS weights, wheeas the othe scheules seve the beaes by givig stict pioity to GBR beaes. The siulatio paaetes use ae give i Table 1. The pefoace of the scheules is copae i tes of cell thoughput a aveage taffic elays of the vaious classes. The cell thoughput of MT scheule with 8 FTP sigle-beae uses i the cell is appoxiately 10Mbps, a is cosiee the taget cell thoughput. The iffeece betwee the taget a achieve thoughput is efie as the evaluatio citeia fo scheule thoughput pefoace. The scheules stive to iiize the size of thei espective spie web shape i the iagas i Figue 1 a Figue Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

35 Raio Resouce Allocatio fo M2M Couicatio i LTE Upli Scheulig Table 1: Mai siulatio paaetes Paaete Cell Layout Syste Bawith Fequecy euse facto 1 Cell aius UE velocity Max UE powe Path loss Slow faig Settig 3 Cells, 1 enoeb 5 MHz (~25 PRBs) ph 23B log10(R), R i Log-oal shaowig, 8B staa eviatio, coelatio 1 Fast faig Jaes-lie etho [11] Mobility Moel Powe Cotol Taffic evioet Max FDPS UEs 5 RC size 5 VoIP silece/ tal sput legth VoIP Ecoe schee Vieo fae size Vieo fae ite-aival tie HTTP Page size HTTP Page ite-aival tie FTP File size FTP File ite-equest tie Rao Way Poit (RWP) FPC, α = 0.6, P0 = -58B Loae Expoetial(3) sec GSM EFR 1200 bytes 75s 100Kbytes 12 sec 20Mbytes Uifo istibutio, i 80s, ax 100s I the sigle-beae sceaio, the BQA scheule a the efeece scheules (BET, MT a PF) ae copae with 8 FTP UEs, 10 VoIP UEs a 10 vieo UEs. The gaphs i Figue 1 epict the aveage cell thoughput iffeece, VoIP e-to-e elay, vieo e-toe elay a FTP file espose tie esults fo the scheules (MT esults o ot fit ito the give scale). The PF scheule achieves lowe thoughput iffeece a FTP espose tie copae to the BQA because the PF scheule is ot QoS awae as oppose to the BQA. The VoIP aveage e-to-e elay fo the BQA scheule is bette tha fo the PF. Siilaly, the vieo e-to-e elay esult also illustates that the BQA pefos bette copae to the PF. The QoS povisioig of elay sesitive taffic is guaatee by the BQA scheule. I the ulti-beae sceaio, 8 ulti-beae UEs with VoIP, FTP a HTTP taffic ae siulate a the pefoace of the scheules is copae i tes of aveage cell thoughput iffeece, FTP aveage uploa espose tie, HTTP page espose tie a VoIP pacet e-to-e elay. As i Figue 2, the PF scheule achieves bette cell thoughput a FTP espose tie. the othe ha, the BQA scheule povies bette esults i tes of aveage pacet e-to-e elay fo VoIP, a aveage page espose tie fo HTTP, hece guaateeig QoS. Coclusio a outloo I this pape, the eseach issue of facilitatig M2M couicatios acoss the LTE etwo was iscusse a the LTE upli costaits wee poite out. The challeges face by the cuet a futue obile techologies fo the tasissio of M2M essages, especially those elate to yaics i logistics, wee highlighte. The pefoace of the BQA scheule was evaluate fo egula LTE taffic. The BQA scheule ca hale egula LTE taffic quite efficietly, howeve, still equies ehaceets to suppot the scheulig of M2M taffic oe efficietly. Futheoe, the scheule capability of ealig with yaics i logistics is a iteestig pospect fo futue ivestigatios. Figue 1: Sigle-beae sceaio esults Sigle beae sceaio Figue 2: Multi-beae sceaio esults Multi beae sceaio VoIP E2E elay (s) VoIP E2E elay (s) BQA BET PF 0.09 BQA BET PF Cell thoughput iffeece (Mbps) Cell thoughput iffeece (Mbps) Vieo E2E elay (s) 210 HTTP page espose tie (s) FTP file uploa tie (s) 180 FTP file uploa tie (s) Physics / Electical Egieeig Couicatio Netwos 33

36 Refeeces [1] Mawat, S. N. K.; Weeawaae, T.; Za Y.; Goeg, C.; Ti-Giel, A.: Desig a Pefoace Aalysis of Bawith a QoS Awae LTE Upli Scheule i Heteogeeous Taffic Evioet. I: 8th Iteatioal Wieless Couicatios a Mobile Coputig Cofeece. Liassol, Cypus [2] Lawto G.: Machie-to-Machie Techology Geas up fo Gowth. I: Copute 37 (2004) 9, pp [3] EXALTED, EXpAig LTE fo Devices: Hoe. URL: Date of access [4] Scholz-Reite, B.; Mehsa A.; Göges, M.: Halig Dyaics i Logistics - Aoptio of Dyaic Behaviou a Reuctio of Dyaic Effects. I: Asia Iteatioal Joual of Sciece a Techology i Pouctio a Maufactuig Egieeig 2 (2009) 3, pp [5] Ifoetics Reseach: Ebee obile M2M oe aet o tac to oe tha tiple i URL: Ebee-Mobile-M2M-Moe-Maet-Highlights.asp, Date of access [6] Mawat, S. N. K.; Weeawaae, T.; Peea, R.; Goeg, C.; Ti-Giel, A.: Ipact of Machie-to-Machie (M2M) Couicatios o Disaste Maageet i Futue Mobile Netwos. I: Geeal Si Joh Kotelawala Defese Uivesity Aual Syposiu. Ratalaa, Si Laa [7] Mawat, S. N. K.; Weeawaae, T.; Za Y.; Goeg, C.; Ti-Giel, A.: Pefoace of Bawith a QoS Awae LTE Upli Scheule Towas Delay Sesitive Taffic. I: Roe, P., (E.): Mobilouiatio - Techologie u Aweuge, Votäge e 17. ITG-Fachtagug vo 9. bis 10. Mai i sabuec. sabuec, Geay [8] Mawat, S. N. K.; Weeawaae, T.; Za Y.; Goeg, C.; Ti-Giel, A.: Pefoace Evaluatio of Bawith a QoS Awae LTE Upli Scheule. I: 10th Iteatioal Cofeece o Wie/Wieless Iteet Couicatios. Satoi Geece [9] Za Y.; Weeawaae, T.; Goeg, C.; Ti-Giel, A.: Log Te Evolutio (LTE) oel evelopet withi PNET siulatio evioet. I: PNET Woshop, Washigto, D.C., USA [10] Aas, M.; Rosa, C.; Calabese, F. D.; Peese, K. I.; Mogese, P. E.: Cobie Aissio Cotol a Scheulig fo QoS Diffeetiatio i LTE Upli. I: IEEE 68th Vehicula Techology Cofeece. Calgay, Caaa 2008, pp 1-5. [11] Caves, J. K.: I: Mobile Chael Chaacteistics. Kluwe Acaeic Publishes, New Yo, Bosto, Doecht, Loo, Moscow, Safa Nawaz Kha Mawat, M.Sc. Li Level Scheulig fo Futue Mobile Couicatios E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Paista Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. e. at. Caelita Gög Faculty: Physics / Electical Egieeig Reseach Goup: Couicatio Netwos 34 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

37 Kuztitel es Atiels Autooous Cotol i Fully Moula Pouctio Systes with Cotibutio of Clou Coputig Afshi Mehsai The pheoeo of globalizatio has bee ifluecig all i of iusties, i paticula, aufactuig baches. Theeby, itoucig a wie age of oppotuities as well as theats to the etepises that ae the becoe etepeeus i thei busiesses o patially fail i the aow copetitio aog such. Eployet of ew busiess oels, techologies, ethoologies, a systes ca assist etepises to suvive i the fully yaic evioet, i.e., volatile aet, expasio of scale a scope, ass-custoize eas, scace esouces, gowig coplexity i pocesses, cost copetitio, etc. Iee, the challeges facig aufactuig iusties have foce the to ecofigue thei busiess stuctues. They ee to fo ew oels of close coopeative a collaboative etwos to fulfill thei equieets a to achieve aet goals. Accoigly, by eas of state of the at techologies, isolate etepises aie togethe at cofiguig ew fos of supply etwos, paticulaly i vitual evioets. Itouctio >>> The cuet cicustaces of the aet cotest [1] foces copaies ot oly to satly eact to the chages, but also to poactively eal with the. Iteal a exteal iflueces o the builig-blocs of aufactuig etepises have to be oitoe a cotolle, so that these uits ca get oe pecise ipessios about thei o-tie oles i the etie pefoace. Evey uit ust eflect its exact eit i the syphoy of pouctio a elivey to cotiuously euce costs a to icease pouctivity. This otio evelops the ew iea about ovig etepises towas a ew pefoace atosphee, whee the builig-blocs ca satly coopeate with each othe a ae expet ecoeatios i a eal-tie ae. The uits cocee ay spa fo aco-scale obects, lie sigle etepises withi supply etwos (SN), to ico-scale oes, lie iiviual pouct-pats o sigle caies i shop-floo logistics. I this ega, the flow of ateials a ifoatio, as the ao tas at aufactuig etepises, which egages ost of logistic activities (i.e., plaig a cotol, halig, pocueet, a elivey), has achieve a vey high ipotace i eal-tie ivolveets. I oe to pecisely aage a cotol the flow of ifoatio a ateials thoughout a etepise/sn, it is equie to solely oito a locally cotol the, so that less eegy, oe efficiecy, a highe effectiveess ca be ealize. Howeve, exclusive tacig a cotol of ateials a thei espective ifoatio is by itself a vey coplex, tie-cosuig, a costly uty; if ot ipossible i pactice, sice the elate scope a scale is aically lage. Theefoe, ateial flow cotol is covetioally ot achievable i eal-tie by eas of a cetal ogaize, which ca cove evey equie etail i pactice; but istibute appoaches ae poisig [2]. This poble ca be positively solve by itoucig self-ogaize egage uits with itelligece, ecisio-aig, a egotiatio capabilities i a istibute stuctue. The ew achieveets i couicatio a ifoatio techology (ICT) have fostee the iea of self-ogaizig obects withi aifol systes with heteachical cotol a ecetalize stuctue. This cocept shifts the issio of ateial flow cotol fo a global cete to ecetalize obects with local cotol capabilities. Thas to state of the at ICT, ealizatio of such uits i aufactuig etepises is gettig possible, by eas of clou coputig withi a igitally itecoecte evioet [3]. <<< Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 35

38 New geeatio of aufactuig etepises The ew geeatio of aufactuig etepises offes vitual shop-wiows with shelves full of vaious poucts, espite haly ay physical fiishe-pouct i the stoe. Howeve, i thei ebace igital evioet with clou coputig the owlege of poucig ost of these fial-poucts is available. Iee, clou coputig is a ew upcoig a assistig tool i ass-custoizatio evioets [4] [5], as a success ey i the ea futue. The cocept of ass-custoizatio with ega to custo-ae poucts is ot a ew pheoeo i aufactuig; howeve, ealizatio of highly egieee custoize poucts with coplexity i thei esig a aufactuig pocesses is still challegig. A ao ifficulty is: eceasig elivey tie as well as iceasig pouctivity a pouct quality [6]. Howeve, oe poiet way to hale this coplexity is to evelop oula solutios fo custoize poucts. Such systes with oulaity iclue poucts, pocesses, a esouces. The iscussio about the oula aufactuig syste that ecopasses all egage uits i a aufactuig poceue was iitiate i the ealy ieties [7]. Such etepises ae cofigue out of seveal sat blocs a self-ogaize obects that actively coopeate a collaboate with each othe to fulfill the fial custoe ea. ce ay specific expetise egaig a ew oe is equie by ay of the itecoecte obects i a igital etepise, it ca be eithe eive fo its ow itelligece o be extacte fo the clou to be iectly eploye. If the ecessay ifoatio is ot iectly available, itelliget obects ay eive it base o thei ow ow-how (which was aleay leae), togethe with copaable expetise available o the clou. Theefoe, itelligece, leaig, a expet ecisio-aig ae the attibutes of these autooous obects (uits, blocs) as oules of ew etepises ue extee yaic coitios (supply a ea) a with high expectatios o pouct vaiats. Howeve, the ai focus of this pape esies o autooous equipet obects which ae classifie i the esouce categoy. The pouct a pocess oulaity ae tae fo gate. I paticula, out of seveal potetials, the ole of goos caies fo logistics with the etioe copetecies is highlighte i this stuy. I this pospective aufactuig evioet all autooous oules pefo iepeetly, but i coopeatio with each othe to boae the scope of austability a flexibility. Howeve, ecisio-aig of autooous obects with local peceptios about thei suouigs ay lea to a pefoace globally ot optiu o, i soe cases, ca esult i chaos, i the geeal cotext. Above the techological pobles i pactice, a huge ipeiet of ealizig autooous obects, i this collaboative a coopeative oula evioet, is thei copetitio fo coo esouces. I othe wos, how to pla a cotol thei behavios fo copetig i a global faewo, sice they ae iepeet i ecisio-aig? Fo that easo, autooous obects i coplex systes ot oly equie beig itelliget theselves as well as eeig ecisios, but also ee to be ifoe about the othes itetios. This atte povies the sigle uits with copetet ifoatio fo ecisios o a uique esouce. Fo istace, two full pallets with the sae estiatio copete fo a coo assebly-statio to pocee thei poucts. Each wats to each it as soo as possible, wheeas both have a ietical global taget, as fulfillet of fial custoe s oe. Coespoigly, if two sigle uits copete fo a coo esouce, while they ae itelliget a have eough ifoatio about thei alteatives, they ca chage the iiviual pla (oe of the copetitos), so that less itevetios taes place thoughout the pouctio steps. Thus, full itecoectivity via clou i such evioets is ecessay to obilize all effective playes i the syste with heteogeeous local iteests a hoogeeous global goals. Alteative cotol stuctues fo caies this basis, two ipotat stuctues, i.e., the cotol stuctue of autooous obects a the stuctue of clou coputig, ust be escibe a thei austabilities have to be efie. Aog seveal potetial obects fo autooy i logistics a pouctio opeatios, pallets (fixtues, bis, etc.) as the closest taspot eas to sigle poucts i assebly shop-floos ae selecte to be exploe fo autooous cotol. The cotol stuctue of such obects i a coplex evioet of ateial flows ca be choologically classifie ito seve foats as followig. Fist, the siple covetioal cotol stuctue with each sigle pallet followig the peplae scheule, oe by a cetal cotolle i a offlie ae. I this stuctue, the cete is esposible fo cotollig the accuate executio of the pla. Hee, usee evets a escheulig ae tie-cosuig a pobleatic occasios which is ot suitable fo ass-custoizatio with eal-tie flexibility, see Figue 1. Figue 1: Covetioal, hieachical, a cetal scheulig a cotol Seco, the itecoectivity of egage obects, i.e., pallets a achies, causes a bette cotol stuctue by eas of the cetal cotolle. I this case, the cete has eal-tie ifoatio about the coitio of statios a pallets. ce a usee evet happes i the pe-scheule opeatios o i the state of the achies, it ca be cetally cotolle a escheule. Though cotol a oitoig the equie escheulig taes place egaig the eal-tie state of achies, see Figue Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

39 Autooous Cotol i Fully Moula Pouctio Systes with Cotibutio of Clou Coputig Figue 2: Real-tie oitoig of coitios, popt scheulig with hieachy a cetalize cotol Fouth, totally autooous pla a cotol ust by pallets, base o ow owlege a without ay cosieatio of othes itetios. This type eflects fully self-ogaize obects with leaig a, theeupo, eal-tie ecisio-aig capabilities i a totally heteachical a ecetalize cicustace. Distibute pocessos with faily huge coputatio capability betwee pallets ae the techical isavatage of this oel, while eal-tie awaeess fo coutepats is issig as well. The oly esouce fo ecisioaig i this case is the self-owlege eive fo leaig, see Figue 4. Figue 4: Self-ogaize obects with leaig, eal-tie ecisio-aig ue heteachy a ecetalizatio Th ealizatio of ecetalize cotol oe by each sigle pallet, base o bilateal egotiatios. I this type, the iitial scheule of each pallet fo opeatios ca be eee by itself o be give fo a cete. But the fial eal-tie scheule (cotol) is oe thas to a fully itecoecte stuctue aog pallets a achies. Deive fo the existig owlege isie each obect o give fo a cete, a piay opeatios sequece is geeate. Howeve, bilateal egotiatios i eal-tie betwee the sevice-povie (achies) a sevice-cosue (pallets) cause subective escheulig betwee the coflictig plas, although beig cooiate by sigle achies. I this type, thee is o ee to istibute the owlege o cotol eas to istibute pallets, but the fixe achies ca tae o this esposibility; so that less techological ipeiets occu. Iee, the issio of the cetal cotolle is istibute to the statios, so that each ecies o the feasible scheule egaig its cuet state a couicatig pallets, see Figue 3. Fifth, self-ogaize obects with leaig a egotiatio capability fo eal-tie ecisio-aig. Hee, the autooous pallets have the possibility to egotiate with othe autooous obects, so that a coo cosesus about uique esouces ca be achieve. Despite positive awaeess of the othes itetios, ealizatio of this oel equies a vey pecise egulatio i the egotiatios, see Figue 5. Figue 5: Self-ogaize obects with leaig a egotiatio fo eal-tie ecisio-aig Figue 3: Real-tie aget-base egotiatio betwee sevice-povie a sevice-cosue Sixth, a ocovetioal cetal cotolle fo istibute a autooous obects. I this stuctue, the poble of ealizig ecetalize cotol with autooous obects ca be solve via clou coputig. The oel of the cetal cotolle is ept fo covetioal systes, but the oles of obects a cete ae iffeet; the cete is a clou. Hee, the ao coputatioal loas ae allocate to the clou as a cetal coputatioal esouce, while Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 37

40 each istibute autooous obect has ust the iiu equieet fo pocessos (e.g., igital tag) to tasact with the cete. Autooous obects ae fully self-ogaize i this oel, but the avatages of a covetioal cetal cotolle ca be achieve as well. The cetal clou has the ifoatio of all coecte obects a ca be use ot oly as a coputatioal esouce, but also as a coo platfo fo cooiatig heteogeeous tagets. See Figue 6. Figue 7: Realizatio of vitual coopeatio clustes egaig coo tepoal esouces Figue 6: Autooous obects with suggestio-aig a egotiatio (cooiatio) via clou cetal cotolle Clou coputig a futue oula etepises Seveth, ealizatio of ecetalize cotol oe by each sigle pallet, base o clustes a costuctive ecoeatios. This oel is twofol; it facilitates a ca be facilitate by oula systes. While evey autooous uit aes its ow ecisio about how to pocee i the coplex syste to achieve its tepoal obective, soe feeatios see beeficial to euce ivese pefoaces fo a coo tasiet taget of iteelate obects. Meawhile, aig costuctive suggestios by autooous obects about thei upcoig pocesses cotibutes to the euctio of coplexity i cotollig a halig ateial flows. Thas to full itecoectivity, autooous obects with siila poceues a goals, istea of copetig oes, collaboate with each othe; by eas of builig tepoal clustes. Fo istace, pallets with siila sei-fiishe poucts a copaable oes ca cotibute to a coo cluste a ee a optial scheule fo the clustes ebes. Local expeiece of each uit i the cluste a puposeful exchage of ifoatio betwee obects euces the ecisio- aig tie a iceases pouctivity. Cosequetly, autooous uits i the swa of oules have to be coecte to thei staeholes. Hee, the ole of the clou is quite positive i a oel, whee oules a autooous uits ca collaboate with each othe fo builig clustes a cosesuses, see Figue 7. Geeally, i case of full itecoectivity, autooous obects ca ae thei ow pioity list, base o thei owlege fo leaig, a buil soe tasiet collaboative clustes to achieve thei tepoal tagets. These obects i such clustes eithe ee to copete with each othe (e.g., two pallets) fo a coo esouce o lie to coopeate (e.g., a pallet a a CNC achie) to pocee o to futhe steps. Fo ealizig this sceaio, o the oe sie, the eit of leaig a ecisio-aig fo each egage obect a, o the othe sie, obile coectivity to the othe playes ae cucial. The state-of-the-at ICT has facilitate access to espective expetise via eal-tie coectio to the clou [8]. Clou coputig povies the equie platfo fo istibute coputatios a assists ealizatio of oula systes i etepises. Moula etepises ae built out of seveal itelliget a autooous uits. I oig so, clou coputig has seveal sevice a eployet oels which ca be eploye fo oula a autooous systes. Soe egula sevices ae the followig [9]: Ifastuctue-as-a-Sevice (IaaS): to povie a lage scale of equie hawae (e.g., i oula a istibute fo) to istall a stac of oula softwae o the o ealize istibute pocessos with o ee to polifeate pocessos (fewe techological pobles), Platfo-as-a-Sevice (PaaS): to povie a set of oula softwae a Poga laguages that ca be cobie to buil a coplete fo of a applicable softwae, ethos, a algoiths fo istibute autooous obects, Softwae-as-a-Sevice (SaaS): to povie coputatioal softwae equie fo iiviual oules i a eote a sealess way. These thee ai sevice oels ae equie to big the cocept of autooous logistic obects close to pactice. Aitioally, seveal eployet oels of clous fo logistics a pouctio evioets ca be iagie, as show below [10]: Pivate clou: this type is locally aage a is usually allocate to a ogaizatio, 38 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

41 Autooous Cotol i Fully Moula Pouctio Systes with Cotibutio of Clou Coputig Couity clou: this type coves seveal shae ifastuctues betwee soe ogaizatios, e.g., i the fo of sall cosotius, Public clou: available fo public sectos o big iusties, which is offee by a thi-paty ogaizatio pofessioal i this bach, Hybi clou: a fusio betwee iffeet oels (pivate, couity, o public) by eas of staa itefaces o potability. I coclusio, fo ovig fo the covetioal cotol syste fo optiizig logistic pocesses towas autooous obects with ecisio-aig a poactive suggestio-aig capabilities, clou coputig ca spa fo the pivate clou oel fo sall shop-floos to hybi clous i a global cotext fo outbou logistics a supply etwos. As a pospective faewo fo applicability of autooous obects i pouctio a logistic evioets, the cocept of a oula syste sees quite poisig. I othe wos, cobiatio of autooous obects, lie pallets, with a oula syste i poucig ass-custoize poucts leas to supeio flexibility i aufactuig opeatios. Fo istace, i such a oula aufactuig syste evey egage obect is sat o autooous, so that they ca exchage thei actual copetece i eal-tie with othe oules to fulfill a upcoig custoe s oe. I this case, a autooous pallet is esposible fo eivig the equie list of pocesses, esouces, a pouct oules to elive the oee iiviualize pouct o-tie, see Figue 8. Negotiatio with the othe oules a extactio of specific poceue fo asseblig the fial pouct has to be oe by the pallet via accessig the clou a theeupo expet systes. Itelliget achies with flexible pefoaces gasp thei opeatio etho fo thei ow as well as fo clou expetise. Whe a ew oe coes with soe siilaities to the cuet fial poucts, its availability-to-poise has to be chece a the custoe ust be ifoe about the positive o egative aswe withi a acceptable waitig-tie (custoe lea-tie). This ca be oe though the clou by checig the closest a the ost authetic supplie fo the issig pouct oule. This ew applicatio aea of autooous obects i logistics a pouctio is cofigue i the fo of a pospective eseach poect i the fiel of ew etepises with igital coectivity a oula stuctue fo ealizig ass-custoizatio a cosequetly copetitive avatages. Figue 8: Realizatio of ass-custoizatio with flexibility though clou LCaie Dowloaig ew NC Desig ee Close Supplie Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 39

42 Refeeces [1] Abelaf N.: peatios a Techology Maageet 7: Vaiety iuce coplexity i ass custoizatio: cocepts a aageet. Eich Schit Velag GbH, Beli [2] Mihas, S.U.H.; Halbaue, M.;Bege, U.: A Multilevel Recofiguatio Cocept to Eable Vesatile Pouctio i Distibute Maufactuig. I: Poceeigs of DET2011 7th Iteatioal Cofeece o Digital Etepise Techology, Athes, Geece 2011, pp [3] Luo, Y.L.; Zhag, L.; He, D. J.; Re, L., Tao, F.: Stuy o Multi-View Moel fo Clou Maufactuig. I: Avace Mateials Reseach (2001), pp [4] Che, J.H.; Ma, B.; Zeg, Q.: Paallel Pocessig of Pouct Cofiguatio fo Clou-Base Mass Custoizatio Sevice Platfo. I: Avace Mateials Reseach (2012), pp [5] Tie, J.: Maufactuig a sevices: Fo ass pouctio to ass custoizatio. I: Joual of Systes Sciece a Systes Egieeig 20 (2011) 2, pp [6] Hva, L.:Mass custoisatio of pocess plats. I: It. J. of Mass Custoisatio 1 (2006) 4, pp [7] Tsuue, H. et al.:moula aufactuig. I: Joual of Itelliget Maufactuig 4 (1993) 2, pp [8] Kua, S.: Stategic aageet syste fo acaeic wol: Expet syste base o copositio of clou coputig a case base easoig syste. I: Digital Cotet, Multieia Techology a its Applicatios (IDCTA), 7th Iteatioal Cofeece o. Busa, Koea 2011, pp [9] Va e Mole, F.: Get Reay fo Clou Coputig A copehesive guie to Vitualizatio a Clou Coputig. Va Hae Publishig, Zaltboel, Nethelas [10] Chaaseaa, M.; Mualiha, M.; Dixit, U.: lie optiizatio of ultipass achiig base o clou coputig.i: The Iteatioal Joual of Avace Maufactuig Techology 170 (2012), pp Afshi Mehsa M.Sc. Feasibility of Autooous Logistic Pocesses by Recofiguatio of Busiess Pocesses E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Ia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 40 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

43 Kuztitel es Atiels Machie-to-Machie Couicatios a Itelliget bects i Refigeate Cotaies Javie Palafox-Albaa Alexae Daies Bala Kisha Saeeva Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag D. Reie Jeea The applicatio of Machie-to-Machie (M2M) couicatio ca lagely ipove the supevisio of logistic pocesses; especially if ot oly global obile couicatios ae iclue but also shot age wieless seso oes, howeve it has bee aely ipleete. We ipleete M2M global a local couicatios by usig oly off-the-shelf hawae. We eostate the avatages of ubiquitous M2M couicatio o a laboatoy scale with a exaple setup. New softwae featues ca be eploye, eithe to the gateway-evice i the fo of SGi-bules o to the seso oes i the fo of MIDlet-suites, by usig M2Mtechology. As exaple we pogae a algoith fo peictig tepeatue cuves a the theefoe equie atheatical libaies. A gateway biges the local a the global etwo. Seso essages ca be fowae via eail a SMS o be povie by a web seve. The avatages of such a supevisio syste woul allow global a pevasive taceability ot oly of the locatio but also of the quality state of the assets.. Itouctio >>> Machie-to-Machie couicatio (M2M) is the autoatic couicatio betwee achies without hua iteactio allowig iect access to eal-tie ata. A sesig evice tasfes its eaigs to a eote cetal syste o a aily o houly basis to be eithe eviewe o to act o the collecte ata. The couicatio syste fo tasfeig ata fo the eote facility ay be, fo exaple, wies, the cellula etwo a couicatio satellites. The selectio epes o the cost a coectio availability. Wieless Seso Netwos (WSN) o the othe ha is a eegig techology to oito abiet coitios. Howeve, they ae cooly cosiee to be sta-aloe; the seso oes couicate with othe sesos a the gateway, but ae i piciple uable to couicate with the outsie wol. The cobiatio of M2M a WSN techologies bigs the oppotuity to beefit fo thei espective avatages. Real wol ata, collecte i the evioet, ca be itegate ito the ifoatio wol by seig ata to the Iteet. Futheoe, the syste ay becoe ubiquitous, which coceptually eas existig o beig eveywhee, especially at the sae tie. The beefits of such itegatio of seso ata i logistics have aleay eache coecial iteest. I a coecial syste calle Sat Tace [1] M2M is use as a olie col chai oitoig syste whee tepeatue chages isie the cotaie ae easue by wieless sat tags a uploae to a seve. Howeve, itelliget ata pocessig a eote eployet of ew softwae copoets ae ot cosiee. Itelliget Ifoatio about the cago, povie by itelliget obects, will help a hua opeato o a achie to tae efficiet logistics ecisios. By usig M2M techology, such ifoatio shoul be set via aio to a gateway which geeates a otificatio eithe via SMS o e-ail. <<< Diffeetiatio betwee M2M a WSN M2M is a techology that allows couicatios-eable eote evices to exchage ifoatio autoatically without hua iteactio. The basic fou stages accoig to this ae: ata acquisitio o collectio, tasissio of ata though a couicatio etwo, assesset of ata, a espose to available ifoatio. I geeal, local evices with issig o oly liite itelligece a coputig capabilities ae use fo ata acquisitio. Thei tas is to tasit ata peioically o to se alas whe a theshol is exceee o a alfuctio is etecte. Data is set to the teleetic syste via wie o wieless couicatio. The assesset of ata a the espose to it ae ae though hua iteactio ue to the fact that the local evices ae uable to o it autooously. Wieless Seso Netwos (WSN) o the othe ha is a eegig techology to oito abiet coitios. The seso oes couicate with othe sesos a the gateway, but ae i piciple uable to couicate with the outsie wol. WSNs a wieless M2M evices ae equippe with sesos, a aio tasceive, a atea, pocessig capabilities a a Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 41

44 eegy souce. Howeve thee ae iffeeces: wieless M2M coves applicatios ivolvig loge age a the oe will typically be powee fo the achie itself; WSNs cosist of seveal sesos itecoecte, usually powee by batteies a cove applicatios ivolvig shote age. M2M ae eploye whe powe cosuptio is ot citical, the size/weight of the evices is ot a ipotat facto a a age of iloetes is equie. Aitioal featues ay iclue fo exaple biiectioal couicatio. WSNs ae to be eploye i shot/eiu age aeas whee hua itevetio is ot possible eithe because it is too ageous, lie i a battlefiel o a foest fie, o too eote to se people, as is the case of oitoig glacies a outais. The syste ust eplace hua itevetio with spatially istibute seso oes. The esie chaacteistics of a autooous WSN eployet iclue high lifetie a obustess as well as fault toleace a self-cofiguatio [2]. Futheoe it coopeatively oitos physical o evioetal coitios, such as tepeatue, huiity a pessue, at iffeet locatios. The ipact of cobiig M2M with WSN i logistic pactice I covetioal taspot logistics it is equie to have the ight pouct, i the ight quatity, at the ight place at the ight tie. A istat ietificatio of the assets i the supply chai is possible by eaig RFID tags. Col-cha is a special case of supply-cha equies, i aitio to taceability, evioetal ata oitoig to povie coplete ifoatio about quality of the goos. The tepeatue of foze a chille goos ust be oitoe cotiuously. Data aageet becoes yaic; it is coitioe by the quality ata, which eteies the yaic of the othe aspects. Fo istace, the ight tie, quatity a place ay vay uig taspotatio. As the quality of the goos eceases, ew outes a supplies/buyes have to be fou, accoig to the actual pice of the cago, with the ai of iceasig the pofitability. At the sae tie, this quality ata is susceptible to fluctuatios i evioetal paaetes such as elative huiity o tepeatue. The eteioatios ca lea to a ecease i the aesthetic appeal, as well as a euctio i utitioal value. The ifoatio about the quality/tepeatue of the pouct ust be available at ay tie, eveywhee i oe to have valuable ifoatio that allows taig pope ecisios. As a esult the aout of goos that aives at the costue i o-acceptable coitios eceases. This leas to futhe avatages such as euctio of taspot volue a geehouse gas eissios. Actios agaist faulty coolig coitios ca be tae as soo as a poble aises. Goos ca be sote i the waehouse by thei actual quality coitio. It equies the eployet of oe sophisticate techologies to iclue the etioe yaic fluctuatios i the supply chai. Cobiig M2M a WSN i logistic pactice has the potetial beefit of the euctio of waste, which is achieve by a geate aout of a oe accuate ust-i-tie ifoatio. Ucela, Haiso a Michahelles [3] escibe the equieets fo the futue Iteet of Thigs. I a boae visio, the possibility of icluig ebee evices such as Wieless Seso Netwos (WSN) is etioe. M2M a WSN will fill the gap betwee autooous logistics a the Iteet of Thigs. M2M will allow us to access ifoatio i a ubiquitous way at a easoable pice by seig the ight e-ail o SMS with the coitio ifoatio to be eaable fo hua iteactio. WSN ay use seso ifoatio to etect sigs of egaatio of coitio at a ealy stage with the help of itelliget ata pocessig. Ipleetatio usig off-the-shelf copoets Figue 1 isplays the evelope ipleetatio i which oly ope softwae is use. It cosists of the thee categoies: WSN, gateway a e-use. Covetioal eote oitoig is possible by usig covetioal M2M couicatio. Howeve, the ipleetatio iffes to that i eployig itelliget obects o the seso boas to peict the tepeatue chage. Figue 1: Develope ipleetatio Iteet (VPN) Iteet (VPN) ex fixe.ip E-use Gateway WSN Accessig seso ata, uploaig ew softwae Web-fote UMTS coectio Data gatheig Data pocessig SGi-faewo Seso oe e-use / SMS Bule fo ata pocessig a ivoig actios Data gatheig Data pocessig Seso oe Mobile phoe Bule fo webseve Bule fo couicatio with basesestatio USB Basestatio Data gatheig Data pocessig Seso oe Data gatheig Data pocessig Seso oe Data gatheig Data pocessig 42 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

45 Machie-to-Machie Couicatios a Itelliget bects i Refigeate Cotaies The tas of the WSN is the gatheig of evioetal ata hee tepeatue values a local ata-pocessig. The pocesse ata is tasfee wielessly a ca be eceive by the base statio the uctue betwee the WSN a the gateway. I the gateway, the Equiox SGi-faewo is istalle o top of the Liux S, to allow yaic upates softwae oules eotely uig utie. A SGi-bule cotais a web-seve a sevlets fo geeatig yaic web-pages this is fo isplayig ata a alteig of softwae o the sesos. Futheoe, aothe bule ecloses a ipleetatio fo seig otificatios via SMS o e-ail. Fo the iffeet types of wieless seso oules, we selecte the SuSPT[4] because it povies the optio to upate o eploy ew Java applicatios without physical access to the seso. e o oe applicatios, so calle MIDlets, ca be cobie to a MIDlet suite a tasfee via a aio li to the seso oe. To avoi hua iteactio a the epeecy to a fixe iteet coectio, the eployet pocess ust be fully autoate a executable ove ulti-oal etwos. I ou solutio the seso etwo is lie by a gateway to a GPRS o UMTS cellula etwo fo global couicatio. Afte gatheig the ata of each seso oe, it ca eithe se the eco of the tepeatues to the gateway o to the e-use; howeve, tasissio of aw ata woul esult eally expesive. If ata pocessig algoiths ae eploye i the seso oes, these ca be teate as Itelliget bects that se oly a euce aout of ata that gives oe useful ifoatio As a exaple, the futue tepeatue values isie the cotaie ca be calculate by usig syste ietificatio techiques, which estiate the issig paaetes fo a give oel stuctue. A Sigle-Iput Sigle-utput (SIS) gey-box oel is use to peict the tepeatue isie the cotaie ue the pesece of peishable goos with the ai of eucig the coplexity a pesevig the accuacy. The popose, so calle Feebac-Haestei with white oise, oel is show i Figue 3. It povies a eaigful esciptio of the factos ivolve i the physical syste icluig the effect of taspotig livig goos such as fuits a vegetables. The iffeece equatio of the oel pesete i Figue 3 is escibe by Equatio 1. (1) Applicatio i efigeate cotaies As eostatio of how itelliget obects a M2M ay be applie to ipove col-chai logistics, tepeatue chages uig taspotatio is selecte as the quality of the goos aily epes o this evioetal paaete. The goos withi a efigeate cotaie ae ot expose to a uifo tepeatue pofile. The tepeatue eviatios withi a sigle cotaie ca vay sigificatly as of ±2 C [5].The tepeatue pofile epes o the abiet tepeatue, the total ai ciculatio ate a istibutio, exteal evioetal coitios, a the espiatio heat of the goos. Pacig istaes ca eithe bloc o shot-cicuit the ciculatio of coolig ai. I this case, tepeatue eviatios ca ise to up to 10 C. I the oel is a ey paaete that chaacteizes the heat pouctio i Watts; it is a costat, which is fixe fo a cetai type of fuit a ipeig-state, is a scalig facto, which epes o the aout of foo a is give i ilogas, is the zeo of the fistoe liea syste a is the pole of a equivalet pseuoliea syste. The algoiths to calculate the equie paaetes of the esultig syste ae pesete i [6]; they have lowe oe atix iesios a o ot ee ay atix ivesio. I total, thee paaetes fo the equivalet syste ae estiate a ae upate afte each easueet. Figue 2: Ipleetatio of the platfos i a efigeate cotaie Figue 3: Feebac-Haestei oel utput Su Spot Gateway Ai Supply Self heatig of foo Iput Su Spot The ata of the ai-supply a o the boxes cotaiig the goos is gathee a pocesse o the SuSPT seso oes. The seso locate ea the col-ai-supply saples the local tepeatue peioically a boacasts it to the est of the sesos locate isie the boxes. These saple the local tepeatue i the boxes evey tie a easueet fo the ai-supply seso aives. This pocess is siila to ata gatheig i covetioal M2M couicatios. Afte the ata pocessig i each SuSPT is pefoe, the thee esultig oel paaetes a the last supply a output paaetes ae fowae to the base statio. e SGi bule i gateway eceives ata fo the base statio that ay also u a peictio algoith. Base o the calculatios i coespoece with a efie theshol value, a evet ca be Physics / Electical Egieeig Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 43

46 tiggee i the SGi-cotext. To be able to eact o these evets, aitioal bules ca be istalle. e applicatio, which ca be coecte to the evioet, is a web-iteface fo isplayig ata i fo of a table o gaph. It ca also be use fo eote cofiguatio, e.g. to chage the theshol value fo otificatios. M2M elate bules ca be ae to the evioet, which ses otificatios via SMS o e-ail whe eceivig a evet. Coclusio Recetly, the ecessity of uch oe iteactive a itelliget featues has bee ecogize i the fiel of col-chai logistics. They shoul allow a efficiet aageet of yaic ata as equie, fo exaple, uig the taspot of peishable goos. Sesig, iteactio with the evioet, obility a local itelligece ae tes, which will optiize the ifoatio flow. The cobiatio of the espective avatages of the techologies RFID, wieless seso etwoig (WSN) a Machieto-Machie couicatio i taspot logistics exploes a ew techical hoizo. This leas to a beathough, which will allow a global a pevasive taceability of the locatio a quality state of the assets. This pape pesete how the pevasiveess of M2M cobie with itelliget obects a wieless seso techologies will ipact the aageet of the yaic behaviou o foo taspotatio. Feebac-Haestei taiig a peictio algoiths wee use as a exaple of the itelliget featues that ca be eploye i wieless seso oes. M2M was eostate by seig the peictio esults fo the seso oe to a teleetic syste that ses a SMS o a e-ail to be ea by a hua opeato. It also eostate aitioal avatages of yaic upates suppote by Java a SGi by allowig MIDlets that ay cotai itelliget algoiths equie to eal with the actual cago coitio to be eploye eotely oto the sesos i eal tie. Refeeces [1] Ceebo Pty Liite: Sat-Tace lie Moito. URL: sat-tace.co/iex.php, Date of access [2] Veoe, R.; Daa D.; Mazzi D.; Cot A.: Wieless seso a actuato etwos: techologies, aalysis a esig. Elsevie Lt.- Acaeic Pess, Loo, Uite Kigos [3] Ucela, D.; Haiso, M.; Michahelles, F.: A Achitectual AppoachTowas the Futue Iteet of Thigs. I: Ucela, D.; Haiso, M.; Michahelles, F.(Es.): Achitectig the Iteet of Thigs. Spige, Bel Heielbeg 2011, pp [4] Su Labs.: Su Sall Pogaable bect Techology (Su SPT) -Theoy of peatio. URL: SuSPT-Theoyfpeatio.pf, Date of access [5] Jeea, R.; Moehe, A.; Lag, W.: Supevisio of baaa taspot by the itelliget cotaie. I: Keyeschit, J. (E.): Coolchai-Maageet, 4th Iteatioal Woshop. Uivesity Bo, Bo, 2010, pp [6] Palafox-Albaá, J.; Jeea, R.; Lag, W.: Eegy-Efficiet Paaete Aaptatio a Peictio Algoiths fo the Estiatio of Tepeatue Developet Isie a Foo Cotaie. I: Cetto, J.A.; Feie, J.-L.; Filipe, J.,(Es.): Ifoatics i Cotol, Autoatio a Robotics 89. Spige, Bel Heielbeg, 2011,, pp Javie Palafox-Albaá, M.Sc. Aalysis a Peictio of Seso a Quality Data i Foo Taspot Supevisio E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Mexico Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag Faculty: Physics / Electical Egieeig Reseach Goup: Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos- a -systes (IMSAS) 44 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

47 Kuztitel es Atiels Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP Usig the RPL Routig Potocol Thoas Pötsch The use of web sevices fo seso etwoig applicatios is a ipotat pat i eegig M2M couicatios. The Iteet Egieeig Tas Foce (IETF) popose the Costaie Applicatio Potocol (CoAP) to optiize the use of the RESTful web sevice achitectue fo costaie oes a etwos, fo exaple Wieless Seso Netwos. I this pape, we peset a pefoace evaluatio of the CoAP potocol ipleete fo the ebee opeatig syste TiyS. The CoapBlip ipleetatio has bee eploye o 20 TelosB otes foig a ulti-hop etwo usig the Routig Potocol fo Low-powe a Lossy Netwos (RPL) with the two obective fuctios of MRHF a F0. The esults of the expeiets show that RPL pefos bette whe usig MRHF istea of F0. Itouctio >>> I Wieless Seso Netwos (WSNs), lie IPv6 ove Low powe Wieless Pesoal Aea Netwos (6LoWPANs), eegy usage, bawith, stoage capabilities a coputig powe of the utilize battey opeate coputes ae liite i ost cases. Aitioally, those etwos ostly cosist of IEEE [1] copliat oes with a axiu pacet size of 127 byte. Resultig fo this, such i of etwos ca be see as costaie etwos. Theefoe, the cuetly available Iteet Potocol (IP) base applicatio potocols, such as the Hypetext Tasfe Potocol (HTTP), ae ot suitable fo 6LoWPANs. This le the IETF Costaie RESTful Evioets (CoRE) woig goup ecetly to popose a Woig Goup Iteet-Daft calle Costaie Applicatio Potocol (CoAP) which fulfills the equieets ipose by the liitatios of costaie oes a etwos. I [2] a [3], a ipleetatio fo TiyS, ae CoapBlip, has bee pesete by the authos. The ipleetatio povies seveal esouces to access, fo exaple tepeatue a huiity sesos. The IETF Routig ve Low powe a Lossy etwos (RoLL) woig goup evelope a outig potocol fo tagetig IPv6- base low-powe a lossy etwos, calle Routig Potocol fo Low-powe a Lossy Netwos (RPL) [4]. RPL is use to ceate ulti-hop coectivity i WSNs. CoAP, 6LoWPAN, RPL a IP as staaize potocols ae of high iteest fo logistical applicatios. I this fiel of applicatio, ay paties (e.g. pouce, taspote, cosue) ae ivolve with a ee to ite-opeate. The authos ae theefoe iteeste i usig the IETF suite of potocols i a poect, tee the Itelliget Cotaie [5], whee a cago cotaie is equippe with a WSN to supevise goos uig taspot. I this applicatio, the Iteet Egieeig Tas Foce (IETF) potocols ae use to etieve seso ata fo the goos. This solutio is ipleete a evaluate o TiyS, a wiely eseache ebee syste achitectue. This wo has bee publishe at [6] a evaluates the pefoace of CoAP usig the IETF RPL outig potocol. The otivatio fo these tests is to see the feasibility of usig those potocols fo Machie-to-Machie (M2M) couicatio i logistical applicatios fo supevisio of the evioetal coitios uig taspot. A ioo testbe, cosistig of 20 TelosB seso oes is use to evaluate CoAP a RPL potocols with iffeet paaetes. RPL elies o the two obective fuctios F0 (bective Fuctio 0) a MRHF (Miiu Ra bective with Hysteesis), which epeset two iffeet etic coputatio schees. Both ae evaluate i this testbe setup, i oe to ecie the optial setup to be eploye i the Itelliget Cotaie while usig CoAP as the applicatio potocol. The ext sectio of this pape gives a oveview of the evaluate potocols (CoAP a RPL). The the testbe setup use to copae the pefoace of CoAP i a sigle-hop a a ulti-hop etwo is escibe. The sigle-hop setup is use to copae the CoAP pefoace i tes of esouce etieval tie a ube of bytes use i iffeet CoAP esouces. The ulti-hop etwo is use to evaluate the CoAP pefoace whe uig ove RPL. The aalysis of the esults a the coclusio ae give i the last two sectios. <<< Physics / Electical Egieeig Couicatio Netwos 45

48 Costaie Applicatio Potocol (CoAP) CoAP [7] is a lightweight web potocol which is specifically esige to eet the equieets of costaie etwos a oes. Its ai focus lies i poviig a M2M applicatio potocol, ipleetig low essage ovehea, siplicity a liitig the use of fagetatio. Futheoe, it povies eliable a asychoous essage exchage usig the Use Dataga Potocol (UDP), Uifo Resouce Ietifies (URI) a cotet-type suppot as well as ulticast suppot a built-i esouce iscovey. By poviig a stateless appig to HTTP by use of poxies, the iteactio with existig web applicatios is give. CoAP is base o the sae cliet/seve oel as HTTP a epesets its iteactio oel i a siila ae. Resouces ae equeste a ietifie by URIs usig the Repesetatioal State Tasfe (REST) [8] ethos GET, PUT, PST a DELETE, wheeas espose coes (e.g. 201 Ceate) iicate success o failue. I cotaictio to HTTP, CoAP exchages essages asychoously ove UDP. To povie a lightweight eliability echais, it aes use of a expoetial bac-off with the coo stop-a-wait etasissio schee. Futheoe, it ipleets etectio of uplicate essages by usig aoly geeate, uique essage ietifies. Cuetly, CoAP is available as a CoRE Woig Goup Iteet- Daft of the IETF i vesio 11 [7]. I this wo, the applicatio istalle o the oes is base o the C ipleetatio libcoap [9] a uses vesio 03 of the aft. CoAP is aily use i the WSN pat of the Itelliget Cotaie to aipulate esouces (e.g. tepeatue, huiity) by usig the followig ethos: The GET etho is use to etieve esouces fo WSN oes o the teleatic evice. The esouces ae ietifie by the equeste URI. The PUT etho is use to oify a existig esouce o a seso oe o the teleatic evice. Both, the ethos a the equeste URI ae caie i a Cofiable (CN) essage wich epesets the equest. The followig esouces ae use to evaluate the pefoace of the CoAP potocol uig the iitial tests. /: Retieval of seso ata (tepeatue, huiity, voltage) fo the seso oes i the Itelliget Cotaie. Hee, the seso oes act as a CoAP seve. /t: Retieval of outig table fo the seso oes to log the outig table ifoatio. /i: Seig of cofiguatio ifoatio to the teleatic evice. A ewly oie seso oe ses a PUT to the /i esouce to ifo the teleatic evice about the oiig of the WSN. Hee, the seso oe acts as a CoAP cliet. The total size of the CoAP seve a cliet ipleetatio o a seso oe with typical seso esouces, icluig the opeatig syste a the eaie of the aio stac, is about bytes usig a ecet copile. [11] ae ipleete fo selectig the paet oe a calculatig the as. F0 is a basic obective fuctio whee oes select thei efault oute cosieig oly the li quality to the possible paet togethe with its a. Cotay, the path costs i MRHF ae obtaie by suig up the li cost (e.g. i tes of expecte ube of tasissios (ETX)) to the possible paet a also cosieig the paets li cost to the oot oe. This allows the use of MRHF to select a paet cosieig the chaacteistics of a path athe tha oly cosieig a iiviual li quality. Both obective fuctios aitioally use a hysteesis to liit pig-pog paet selectio. TiyRPL [12] is a ipleetatio of the IETF RPL aft vesio 18 i TiyS. It povies both F0 a MRHF outig etics a upates the ETX values afte each uicast tasissio. Testbe setup Fo the expeiets pesete i this wo, a set of 20 TelosB oes, opeatig at the 2.4 GHz ISM ba with IEEE base aio chips, ae use. All seso oes ae cofigue to u o the TiyS opeatig syste icluig the Beeley Low-powe IP stac (Blip 2.0) stac with IPv6 a 6LoWPAN [13], RPL a CoapBlip. The global aesses of each oe ae pecofigue, e.g. fec0::3. We evaluate the pefoace of ou CoAP ipleetatio i tes of Rou-Tip Tie (RTT) a ube of bytes tasitte by usig two testbe setups. The sigle-hop cosists of two oes, whee oe oe us as a CoapBlip seve a oe as a PppRoute. The ulti-hop testbe is setup with 20 TelosB seso oes, spea ove 3 office oos of the uivesity (cf. figue 1). It cosists of 19 CoapBlip seve oes a oe PppRoute oe. I both sceaios, the PppRoute is use to coect the local copute to the WSN a acts as a boe oute. This setup is siila to a eal eployet sceaio of the Itelliget Cotaie, sice the seso oes ae ot ovig oce they ae loae to the cotaie. A staa cago cotaie cosists of 20 pallets, whee usually 4 pallets ae equippe with 4 sesos each. I total, thee ae at least 16 oes equie to have a appopiate coectivity isie a staa cago cotaie copletely fille with goos. Figue 1: Testbe setup: utli-hop etwo PppRoute Cliet RPL RPL [4] has bee esige fo low-powe a lossy IPv6 etwos a elies o souce outig by aig use of the istace vecto echais to calculate the outig paths. The RPL potocol is use to ceate a ulti-hop etwo i the WSN pat of the Itelliget Cotaie. I TiyS, the obective fuctio F0 [10] o MRHF N N 2250 N Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

49 Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP Usig the RPL Routig Potocol I ou testbe setup, the tasit powe is set to the iiu value of -25B i oe to efoce ulti-hop coectivity i ou ioo testbe setup. The test is use to copae how the pefoace of RPL (with F0 a MRHF) affects the applicatio laye. The oot oe (i.e. PppRoute) stats the RPL opeatios ieiately afte bootig. ce the outes ae establishe, the CoAP cliet stats etievig / esouce fo each oe, egulaly at 5 iute itevals. Each test lasts fo 12 hous, esultig i a total ube of 2508 / equests geeate by the CoAP cliet. Aitioally, the cliet equests /t evey hou fo all oes. The etails of /t ae use to geeate the outig topology a also fo futhe ebuggig. I total, thee wee 2 test us, i which both obective fuctios of RPL wee use. The etioe tests wee caie out usig USB powee oes. I the ulti-hop setup, the followig paaetes ae use fo the evaluatio. RTT: The applicatio laye esouce etieval tie to eceive a Acowlegeet (ACK) fo a / GET equest geeate by the cliet. The ACK essage caies the tepeatue, voltage a huiity values piggy-bace i a Tie-Legth-Value (TLV) stuctue. The RTT iclues the tie tae fo ay etasissios (tiggee by the CoAP laye) i case of lost pacets. Retasissios: This shows the total ube of etasissios oe at the CoAP laye. The CoAP etasissio tieout has bee set to 6 secos base o expeiece with the topology. CoAP ties 5 etasissios fo each GET equest a each etasissio is oe with a expoetial bac-off, as specifie i [7]. Pacets lost: This shows the total ube of pacets lost ue to ot eceivig a successful ACK at the applicatio laye although etasissio have bee tie. Aalysis of esults This sectio etails the evaluatio of CoAP a RPL that ae popose to use i the Itelliget Cotaie poect. Accoig to Table 1, equestig the esouce / shows highe values fo the RTT. This is ue to the fact that the saplig of the tepeatue itself taes 280 s. Multi-hop evaluatio Next, we peset the esults tae with 20 seso oes foig a ulti-hop etwo. Table 2 shows the oveall esults tae fo 4 test cases each uig fo 12 hous. Table 2: CoAP pefoace whe usig F0 a MRHF F0 MRHF Mea RTT s s St. Deviatio s s Retasissios Pacet losses 0 0 Table 2 shows that usig MRHF leas to lowe values fo the ea RTT a that fewe pacets ae lost a etasitte whe copae to F0. Figue 2 shows oe istace of a outig topology whe usig the F0. This topology is ceate usig the /t etails. The aalysis of the outig topologies at iffeet tie istaces shows highe ubes of sigle-hop coectios to the RPL oot oe, whe usig MRHF. Those highe ubes of sigle-hop coectios lea to lowe RTT values a less etasissio copae to the use of F0. Figue 2: Routig topology of ulti-hop etwo (bective fuctio of RPL: F0) Sigle-hop evaluatio I this sectio, the RTTs a the total ube of bytes tasitte i a sigle-hop sceaio ae easue by usig the CoAP ipleetatio escibe above. Both, CoAP cliet a seve oes, ae coecte wielessly via IEEE usig chael 26. The easueets of the ea a staa eviatio values ae calculate out of 100 easueets. I the CoAP heae, oly the URI-Path optio is iclue a the payloa is caie piggy-bace as a ieiate espose. Sice this sceaio is a sigle-hop etwo, the payloa fo equestig the /t esouce caies oly oe ety (efault oute) of the seves outig table. Table 1 shows the esultig RTTs, as well as the ube of tasitte bytes (CN a ACK essages) fo equestig both esouces o the CoapBlip seve. Table 1: Sigle-Hop Evaluatio Resouce Mea RTT (Staa Deviatio) # of bytes CN/ACK / s (4.03 s) 70/77 bytes /t s (3.74 s) 71/96 bytes efault outes to oot iect outes to eighbou oes Physics / Electical Egieeig Couicatio Netwos 47

50 Whe usig F0, the ube of two-hop coectios excees the ube of sigle-hop coectios to the RPL oot oe. Sice the F0 algoith cosies oly the iiviual li quality betwee a oe a its eighbos (a thei a) to eteie a paet, this algoith tes to costuct oe two-hop coectios tha MRHF. Fo exaple, Figue 2 shows a two-hop coectio betwee oe fec0::12 a the RPL oot oe (otifie i the figue as PppRoute) ove oe fec0::11 whe usig F0, wheeas the oe fec0::12 selects a iect coectio to the RPL oot oe whe usig MRHF. This eas MRHF sees that the iect coectivity to the PppRoute is bette tha usig a 2 hop path ove oe fec0::11. Futheoe, the ETX etic, base o the iiviual li quality, vaies fequetly a chil oes with F0 stat to switch betwee iffeet paets. This causes istability of outes esultig i highe pacet losses i the etwo a tiggeig etasissios at the CoAP laye. I cotast to F0, MRHF shows a oe stable coectivity ue to choosig a paet cosieig the quality of the coplete path. Coclusio The ai obective of the expeiets was to evaluate the CoAP potocol i cobiatio with the othe lowe laye IETF potocols which ae plae to be eploye fo M2M couicatio i logistical applicatios fo supevisio of the evioetal coitios uig taspot. The esouces of the CoAP potocol, which shoul be eploye i the Itelliget Cotaie poect, have bee ipleete a teste. The esults of the expeiets show that RPL pefos bette whe usig the MRHF obective fuctio istea of F0. Futheoe, the esults pesete hee show the feasibility of eployig CoAP, RPL (with MRHF) a 6LoWPAN potocols togethe i the poect, though cae has to be tae to aapt the paaetes of CoAP to the potocols/settigs that have bee chose i the lowe layes. Acowlegets This eseach poect ( The Itelliget Cotaie ) is suppote by the Feeal Miisty of Eucatio a Reseach, Geay, ue efeece ube 01IA Refeeces [1] IEEE Copute Society: Pat 15.4: Wieless Meiu Access Cotol (MAC) a Physical Laye (PHY) Specificatios fo Low-Rate Wieless Pesoal Aea Netwos (WPANs). I: IEEE Staa fo Ifoatio techology- Telecouicatios a ifoatio exchage betwee systes - Local a etopolita aea etwos - Specific equieets. IEEE St [2] Kulaiith K.; Bega,.; Pötsch, T.; Bece, M.; Gög, C.: Ipleetatio of CoAP a its Applicatio i Taspot Logistics. I: Poceeigs of the Woshop of Exteig the Iteet to Low powe a Lossy Netwos (IP+SN 2011). Chicago U.S.A [3] Bece, M.; Pötsch, T.; Kulaiith K.; Gög, C.: Deployet of CoAP i Taspot Logistics. I: Poceeigs of the 36th IEEE Cofeece o Local Copute Netwos (LCN). Bo Geay [4] Wite, T.; Thubet, P.; Bat, A. et al.: IPv6 Routig Potocol fo Low powe a Lossy Netwos. Iteet-Daft (wo i pogess). URL: htl/aft-ietf-oll-pl-19, Date of access [5] Lag, W.; Jeea, R. et al.: Itelliget Cotaie. URL: itelligetcotaie.co, Date of access [6] Pötsch, T.; Kulaiith K.; Bece, M.; Teap, P.; Gög, C.: Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP usig RPL a LPL i TiyS. I: Poceeigs of the 5th IFIP Iteatioal Cofeece o New Techologies, Mobility a Secuity (NTMS). Istabul, Tuey May 2012 [7] Shelby, Z.; Hate, K.; Boa, C.; Fa, B.: Costaie Applicatio Potocol (CoAP). Iteet-Daft (wo i pogess). URL: tools.ietf. og/ htl/ aft-ietf-coe-coap-11, Date of access [8] Fielig, R.: Achitectual Styles a the Desig of Netwo-base Softwae Achitectues. Ph.D. Dissetatio. Uivesity of Califoia, Ivie, USA [9] Bega,.: libcoap: C-Ipleetatio of CoAP. URL: soucefoge.et, Date of access [10] Thubet, P.: RPL bective Fuctio 0. Iteet-Daft (wo i pogess). URL: htl/aft-ietf-oll-of0-20, Date of access [11] Gawal.; Levis, P.: The Miiu Ra bective Fuctio with Hysteesis. Iteet-Daft (wo i pogess). URL: og/ htl/ aft-ietf-oll-ia-hysteesis-of-04, Date of access [12] Ko, J.; Eisso, J.; Tsiftes, N.; Dawso-Haggety, S.; Tezis, S.; Duels, A.; Culle, D.: CotiiRPL a TiyRPL: Happy Togethe. I: Poceeigs of the Woshop o Exteig the Iteet to Low Powe a Lossy Netwos (IP+SN 2011). Chicago, U.S.A [13] Dawso-Haggety, S.: Desig, Ipleetatio, a Evaluatio of a ebee IPv6 stac. Maste s thesis. URL: p/ tiyos-ai/ souce/ checout, Date of access Thoas Pötsch, M.Sc. The Efficiecy of Machie-to-Machie Potocols i Cuet a Futue Mobile Netwos fo Logistical Pocesses E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Geay Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. e. at. Caelita Gög Faculty: Physics / Electical Egieeig Reseach Goup: Couicatio Netwos 48 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

51 Kuztitel es Atiels Applyig the Mote Calo Metho i Delivey Tie Ucetaity i Supply Netwos Mehi Safaei The value-chai cocept has bee extee beyo iiviual fis, a so it is ow applie to etie supply chais a supply etwos. Toay s eseach has ecogise the ipotace of aalysig the elivey tie ucetaity i supply etwos. The elivey tie ucetaity of each supplie iflueces the fial elivey tie iffeetly accoig to the coplexity a the type of the supply etwo. A etho to calculate this ucetaity is eee to each a eliable elivey tie. The ai of this pape is to calculate the accuulatio of the iiviual elivey tie ucetaities a estiate the cobie ucetaity, tasitte to the EM. I this pape, a aapte Mote Calo Metho (MCM) algoith is applie to calculate this accuulatio. The pesete etho ca be applie to calculate the accuulate ucetaity fo a supply etwo with cosieig iffeet pobability esity fuctio of iiviual elivey tie ucetaities. Itouctio >>> Toay s busiess has apily chage a has becoe oe copetitive. Copaies oe a oe ealize the effective ole of supply etwos to copete i the global aet a etwoe ecooy. Sice a supply etwo is cosiee as the collaboatio betwee supplies a a EM with the obective to ealize a pouct, the aageet of quality, cost a tie is ot the issue of oe sigle ogaizatio ay oe [1]. Tie plays a ipotat ole fo evey paticipat of a supply etwo because of the ee to esue iteal efficiecy, a because of exteal pessue of tie base copetitio [2]. Quatities, elivey ties, ue ates, stat ties, etc., i the etwo ay chage at ay tie. Hece, the supply etwo is a yaic syste whee these quatities ae chagig cotiually. Cosequetly, supply etwo systes ust be upate accoigly so that ecisios ae base o yaic ifoatio [3]. Nowaays, a copay i the supply etwo ca outsouce iffeet fuctios a sigifies iffeet egees of coitet a itegatio betwee the copay a the cotacto. utsoucig i the supply etwo ceates a ew souce of ucetaity i elivey tie a othe quatities a qualities factos. This ucetaity has a ipact o supply etwo pefoace by affectig elivey tie eliability [4]. The ipotace of elivey tie as a stategic weapo has bee ecogise i the aea of global copetitio [5] [6]. The stategic ipotace of elivey tie ucetaity (DTU) has bee ecogise (itouce) by ay eseaches a pactitioes, a it has eege as a ey copetitive facto i a supply etwo. Thus, ay aufactues ae aoptig the use of elivey-tie guaatees as pat of thei aet positioig stategy [7]. Each supplie i the supply etwo has ucetaity i thei elivey tie a whe they wo with othe supplies i a etwo, accuulatio of DTUs gais ipotace fo supply etwos aages a pouctio plaes to ae oe efficiet a effective ecisios. Safaei i 2012 popose a etho base o the GUM ethoology, a calculate this accuulatio fo the etwos whe the DTU of each supplie follows as a oal pobability esity fuctio (PDF) [8]. Moeove, he etioe that types of etwos have a ifluece o this accuulatio. Calculatig the accuulatio of ucetaities whe the PDF of each supplie is ot followe as a oal fuctio a the PDFs of the supplies ae iffeet, is still a challege i the supply etwo a pouctio plaig aea. I this pape, we aapt the Mote Calo Metho (MCM) a exte it to calculate the accuulatio of the elivey tie ucetaities that ae tasfee to the EM, whe the PDFs of supplies ae ot oal, a they ae iffeet with each othe. The pape is ogaize as follows. I sectio 2, the pobability esity fuctio is explaie, a we ty to show what ou uestaig of PDF is i this eseach. The categoizatio of basic types of supply etwos is followig i sectio 3 to iicate what the supply etwo is i this stuy. I the ext sectio, we will iscuss the elivey tie ucetaity. The ethoology of MCM to calculate the accuulate ucetaity i supply etwos is itouce a the avatages of this etho ae iscusse i sectio 5. I the fial sectio, we will iscuss the applicatio a coclusio. <<< Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 49

52 Figue 1: Noal pobability esity fuctio Pobability Desity Fuctio Pobability esity fuctio (PDF) is a statistical easue that efies a pobability istibutio fo a ao vaiable a is ofte eote as PDF(x). Whe the PDF is gaphically potaye, the aea ue the gaph will iicate the iteval ue which the vaiable with fall. Fo exaple, if X is a cotiuous ao vaiable, the the pobability esity fuctio, PDF of X, is a fuctio PDF(x) such as that fo two ubes, a a b with a b [9]. That is, the pobability that X taes o a value i the iteval [a, b] is the aea ue the esity fuctio fo a to b. esouce acquisitio, evelopet, aageet, a tasfoatio [10]. Vaious classifie types of a supply etwo have bee itouce i the liteatue. Foally, a supply etwo ca be escibe by oes, which epeset the copaies a the lis (elatioships) betwee these oes. Fo this pespective, a etwo type is efie as the stuctue of how the iffeet oes ae lie with each othe. Figue 2 epicts basic types of a etwo [11]. Geealise etwos ca be escibe as a cobiatio of these basic types. I this pape, supply etwos ae cosiee as etwos with a EM a its supplies. I Figue 2, i the Liea-type, the pates iteactio patte aily follows a chai. Maxiu i a out egee fo ay oe (fi) i the etwo is oe a ultiple ties exist but evey fi has exactly oe supplie below it. The pocesse uice iusty, whee the platatio supplies the factoy, which i tu supplies the e aet, a atual esouce iusties ae ostly a goo exaple of liea topology [12]. Whee all ebes of the supply etwo couicate to a sigle fi is calle sta-type. I the sta topology all supplies iteact with oe cetal oe (EM). Maxiu epth of it is oe, a it has iclue of sigle tie whee all supplies go to a sigle cetal fi. The best exaple of this etwo type is ebay [12], [8]. bb aa PP(aa xx bb) = PPPPPP(xx) (1) (1) bb A PP(aa ost PPPPPP(xx) popula xx = bb) pobability 1= esity PPPPPP(xx) fuctio is the oal istibutio, whose PDF is give: 2 xx μμ σσ 2 (1) aa (2) σσ 2ππ ee 1 PPPPPP(xx) = 1 σσ 2ππ ee 1 2 xx μμ σσ 2 (2) (2) Beoulli foula i table 1: PDF(x) = p = 1 Table 1, illustates the ost ipotat PDFs a thei featue, 1 p = 0 which is oe liely i the eal wol. Beoulli foula i table 1: PDF(x) = p = p = a 0 x Uifo foula i table 1: PDF(x) = b a DT b Type of etwo 10 thewise a x Uifo foula i table 1: PDF(x) = b a DT b The supply etwo cocept appeas to be oe coplex tha 0 thewise the supply chai cocept. Supply etwos ecopass the ess a coplexity of etwos ivolvig lateal lis, evese loops, a two-way exchages, a iclue a boa, stategic view of Expoetial foula i table 1: PDF(x) = θe θx DT x DT 0 Expoetial foula i table 1: PDF(x) = θe θx DT x DT 0 Beoulli Beoulli foula i table 1: PDF(x) = p = 1 1 p 0 Beoulli foula foula i table i table 1: 1: PDF(x) PDF(x) = = p p = 1= p1 p = 0= 0 a x Uifo foula i table 1: PDF(x) = b a DT b a a thewise x x Uifo foula foula Uifo i table i table 1: 1: PDF(x) PDF(x) = = b a DT b b a DT b 0 0 thewise Figue 2: Basic etwo types ( [8], [12] ) Chai-type (Liea-type) Tee-type (Hieachical-type) Sta-type Relatioship betwee the oes Supplie EM bb PP(aa xx bb) Table = 1: PPPPPP(xx) Most ipotat PDFs i (1) supply etwos aa bb bb (aapp(aa xx xx bb) bb) = = PPPPPP(xx) (1) PPPPPP(xx) = 1 aa (1) Nae σσ 2ππ of aa PDF ee 1 2 xx μμ σσ 2 (2) Fuctio Iexes Shape Coitios PPPP(xx) PPPPPP(xx) = = 1 1 σσ 2ππ ee 1 2 xx μμ σσ 2 (2) σσ 2ππ ee 1 2 xx μμ σσ 2 (2) p p B(1,p) 1-p P: pobability of success 1-p (=1) Expoetial foula i table 1: PDF(x) = θe θx DT x DT 0 Expoetial foula Expoetial foula i table i table 1: 1: PDF(x) PDF(x) = θe = θx θe θx DT DT x DT x DT 0 0 U(a,b) EXP(θ) 1 bb1 aa 1 bb aa bb aa θθ θθ θθ PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP 0 1 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD tttttttt 0 1 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD tttttttt 0 1 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD tttttttt PPPPPP PPPPPP PPPPPP XX(DDDDDD) Thee ae oly two oes of elivey a o-elivey of the oe. Pobability of oe s elivey is the sae at evey tie i the specifie tiefae. Thee is a egula tie betwee evey two successive oes. Noal As escibe befoe. XX(DDDDDD) XX(DDDDDD) 50 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

53 Applyig the Mote Calo Metho i Delivey Tie Ucetaity i Supply Netwos Delivey tie ucetaity Fo estiatig the elivey tie ucetaity of the etie supply etwo, the ifluece of iiviual supplie ucetaities o the oveall ucetaity ust be uestoo. How the iiviual ucetaities ee to be accuulate epes o the etwo type [13]. The type of the supply etwo iectly effects the fial accuulatio of the ucetaity of the elivey tie. The way to calculate this accuulatio is ou iscussio i this pape. Moeove, we explai a algoith to calculate this accuulatio egaig the Mote Calo Metho (MCM). I the ext sectio, we will futhe iscuss this algoith. Aapte Mote Calo Metho The Mote Calo Metho (MCM) was coie i the 1940s by Joh vo Neua, Staislaw Ula a Nicholas Metopolis, while they wee woig o a uclea weapo poects (Mahatta Poect) i the Los Alaos Natioal Laboatoy. It was ae afte the Mote Calo Casio, a faous casio whee Ula s ucle ofte gable away his oey [14]. The Mote Calo Metho is i the coputatioal algoiths level, which epes o epeate ao saplig. The MCM is ofte applie i copute siulatios of physical, atheatical systes, iss assesset of busiess. Nowaays, eseaches have ecogize the MCM as a pactical alteative etho to aalyse the ucetaity of easueet i calibatio laboatoies i copaiso to (Guie to the Expessio of Ucetaity i Measueet) GUM. GUM is base o the atheatic ethos, a the accuacy of the GUM is highe tha that of the MCM, but it has soe liitatios. Soe avatages of the MCM to the GUM ae liste below: MCM is able to cosie oliea elatioship fuctios betwee the elivey ties of supplies i the supply etwo. MCM is appopiate, also whe the pobability esity fuctio of DT of each supplie is ot oal. MCM is siple fo aalysis i oe coplex etwos. MCM ca cosie usyetical PDFs. The scheatic pocess of the MCM to calculate the accuulatio of DTUs i supply etwos a the eseach pobles which the MCM is able to solve, ae illustate i the figue 3. I aapte MCM, thee ae fou ai steps to calculate the accuulatio of ucetaities, which ae as follows: Iputs sectio: I this pat, we ee to ietify the pobability esity fuctio of elivey tie of each supplie sepaately, accoig to the type of etwo; the atheatical elatioship fuctio betwee supplies ust be eteie. Pobability esity fuctios (PDFs), will be estiate by the saplig of the past elivey ties, a atheatical elatioship fuctios eostate how the supplies elate with each othe to obtai the pouct. The cofiece coefficiet (p) is the ext iput of the MCM a itouces the pecetage of cofiece which a aage has to elive the oe i the specifie tiefae. As we etioe befoe, the MCM is a algoith, which epes o epeate ao saplig, the ube of MCM tials () ust be eteie i the fial pat of sectio oe. Pocess sectio: I this sectio, MCM algoith accoig to the ube of Mote Calo tials (), a PDFs of each supplie s elivey ties, will geeate vecto of elivey tie fo each supplie sepaately. Now we have vecto (if supplies ae i ou supply etwo), a each vecto has ebe. The MCM will geeate value as a esult of atheatical elatioship fuctios by puttig the geeate elivey tie o this fuctio. Fist output: Afte geeatig value fo the fial elivey tie by usig two softwae lie EXCEL 2007 a EASYFIT 5.5, we will fi the iaga a atheatical fuctio of the PDF of the accuulate of elivey tie ucetaity. Fial esults: Accoig to the pobability esity fuctio of elivey tie, the cobie ucetaity which is tasitte by supplies to the EM is calculate a show. By cosieig the cofiece coefficiet (p), a fial elivey tie (which is estiate i this sectio), a coveage istace fo elivey tie is show. This tiefae pesets the iteval fo elivey tie of the oe, which tae place o it with the specifie cofiece. Figue 4, shows the aapte algoith of MCM to calculate the accuulatio of elivey tie ucetaity accoig to the pesete fou steps. Figue 3: MCM pocess faewo to calculate the accuulatio of DTUs i supply etwos Supplie 1 Supplie 2 Supplie 3.. Supply Netwo with Supplies a MCM - Tasfee ucetaity - PDF, iaga a atheatical fuctio of the accuulate ucetaities - Estiatio of elivey tie Supplie Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 51

54 Figue 4: Aopte MCM flowchat to calculate the elivey tie ucetaity i supply etwo Applicatio a coclusio The pesete algoith ca calculate the accuulate elivey tie ucetaity of the supply etwos, i which the PDFs of thei supplies ae ot exactly oal. I aitio, it is able to cosie iffeet PDFs fo each supplie i the etwo. This accuulate ucetaity, ceates high cofiece fo ecisioaes, to spea about the elivey tie of oes, a they ae able to have oe cotol o thei elivey tie ucetaity i the supply etwo. Moeove, this etho gives soe ifoatio about those pats of a etwo, which have the highest ifluece o DTU, i cosequece, aages ae able to ae a ecisio about thei supplies. Theefoe, it helps etwo plaes to fi the best esig fo thei supply etwos with high efficiecy a effectiveess accoig to less ucetaity i DT. Refeeces [1] Safae M.; Seifet, M.; Thobe, K.D.: Towa a bette uestaig of the etwo type ipact o elivey tie ucetaity i supply etwos.i: MITIP 2011, Poceeigs of the 13th Iteatioal Cofeece o Moe Ifoatio Techology i the Iovatio Pocesses of iustial etepises. Tohe Noway 2011, pp [2] Sule, E.: The ole of tie i supply chai. I: Acta Techica Jauiesis Seies Logistica 2 (2009) 3, pp [3] Bae, J: Usig yaic ifoatio i the supply etwo. I: Poceeigs of the 8th Iteatioal Cofeece o Maufactuig & Maageet: peatios Maageet & Avace Techology: Itegatio fo Success. Gol Coast, Austalia 2004, pp [4] Vaay, I.; Zaila S.; Puawa, N.: Supply chai is Maageet: Liteatue eview a futue eseach. I: Iteatioal Joual of Ifoatio Systes a Supply Chai Maageet 2 (2009) 1, pp , [5] Leee, P.J.: Picig, pouctio, scheulig, a elivey-tie opetitio. I: Iteatioal Joual of peatio Reseach 45(1997) 3, pp [6] Chistophe, M.: The agile supply chai: copetig i volatile aets. I: Iustial Maetig Maageet 29 (2000) 1,,, pp [7] Uba, T.L.: Establishig elivey guaatee policies. I: Euopea Joual of peatioal Reseach196 (2009), pp [8] Safae M.; Issa, S.; Seifet, M.; Thobe, K.D.; Lag, W.: A etho to calculate the elivey tie ucetaity i supply etwo. LDIC 2012, Poceeigs of the 3 Iteatioal Cofeece o Dyaics i Logistics. Bee, Geay, [9] Motgoey, D. C.; Wiley, J.; Sos, I.: Itouctio to statistical quality cotol, 3. Eitio. Joh Wiley & Sos, New Yo [10] Hala, C.M.; Laig, R.C; Zheg, J.; Johse, T.E: A taxooy of supply etwos. I: The Joual of Supply Chai Maageet (2001), pp [11] Thobe, K.D.; Jagev, H. S.: Typological issues i etepise etwos.i: Pouctio Plaig & Cotol 12 (2001), pp [12] Patha, S.D.; Dilts, D.D.; Biswas, G.: the evolutioay yaics of supply etwo topologies.i: IEEE Tasactios o Egieeig Maageet54, 4 (2007) 4, pp [13] Guiffia, A. L.; Jabe, M. Y.: Maageial a ecooic ipacts of eucig elivey vaiace i the supply chai. I: Applie Matheatical Moelig32 (2008), pp [14] Bie, K.: Toppics i Applie Physics 71: The Mote Calo Metho i Coese Matte Physics. Spige, New Yo Mehi Safae M.Sc. Delivey Tie Ucetaity i Dyaic Supply Netwos E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Ia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 52 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

55 Kuztitel es Atiels A Peioic a Real-tie Evet-ive Rescheulig fo Dyaic Job Shops: Usig Shiftig Bottleec Poceue Yi Ta Due to the iceasig aet copetitio, aufactues cuetly pay oe attetio o ue ate elate pouctio obectives a scheulig i oe to fulfill the custoes ea o puctuality. Howeve, two types of yaics i aufactuig icease the ucetaity i pouctio scheulig. They ae cotiuous pouctio pocesses with o-goig icoig obs as well as uexpecte evets o istubaces uig a pouctio pocess. I oe to cosie a eact to these two yaics, this aticle pesets a hybi escheulig policy cobiig peioic with evet-ive sub-policies fo ob shop pouctio pocesses, cosieig the ue ate elate optiality citeio total weighte taiess. Fo the escheulig etho, which is esposible fo solvig the cocete escheulig pobles fo the policy, this eseach extes the shiftig bottleec poceue oigially evelope fo static ob shop pobles to yaic ob shops. As a esult, this aticle pesets the appopiateess of usig this poceue fo the esige escheulig policy. Itouctio >>> Foe eseach i the scheulig liteatue has pai a lot of attetio to the static ob shop scheulig poble (i.e. ob shops with a fiite set of obs). I this aticle I focus o the escheulig of ob shops ue the cosieatio of yaics i pouctio pocesses. Two types of yaics ae ue cosieatio: 1. A cotiuous pouctio pocess with o-goig icoig obs escibes the fist yaic. The escheulig faewo [1] efies a pouctio pocess with ifiite set of obs as yaic escheulig evioet a a ob shop i this evioet as a yaics ob shop. 2. Uexpecte evets a istubaces i the pouctio evioet uig the pouctio pocess ae the seco yaic. They ay ivaliate the cuetly use pouctio scheule. To cosie a eact to these two yaics we equie two iffeet escheulig policies. I the followig sectios, I peset fistly the esig of a hybi escheulig policy cosistig of peioic a evet-ive sub-policies. Secoly, I focus o the ob shop escheulig pobles with the optiality citeio total weighte taiess (TWT) a eostate the foal efiitio of the yaics ob shop poble. Aftewas, I exte the shiftig bottleec (SB) poceue oigially evelope to the static ob shop poble to yaics ob shops. Futheoe, I peset the appopiate- ess of usig this poceue as the escheulig etho, which is esposible fo solvig the cocete escheulig pobles fo a escheulig policy [1], fo the esige policy. <<< A hybi escheulig policy peioic a evet-ive To cosie a eact to the two types of yaics etioe i the itouctio we equie two iffeet escheulig sub-policies. The fist oe is the peioic escheulig policy to cosie the pouctio pocess with o-goig icoig obs a the seco oe is the evet-ive escheulig policy to eact to the uexpecte evets. The peioic escheulig policy escheules obs peioically fo the ext peio by eas of the ollig tie hoizo etho [2][3][1]. This etho ecoposes the oveall scheulig poble ito salle a static (i.e. ifiite set of obs) scheulig pobles. I aapt i y eseach the ollig hoizo etho. Figue 1 illustates the ollig tie hoizo etho fo the peioic e scheulig policy. Fo the ate t the scheulig syste cosies the obs eay fo the ext peio fo t to t + L, whee L is the legth of each peio (e.g. 8 hous), a geeates a tetative pouctio scheule fo this peio. The scheule i the aea fo t to t + al is peaet, i.e. the scheule will ot be chage Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 53

56 54 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics uig the pouctio pocess, whee a is a paaete betwee 0 a 1 (e.g. a = 0.5 a al = 4 hous). As tie goes o, ew obs will aive. At the ate t +1 = t + al the pouctio pocess shoul execute a ew scheule cosieig the obs i the ext peio fo t +1 to t +1 + L. This ew scheule will ovewite the tetative scheule of the last plaig peio fo the tie betwee t +1 a t + L. Job shop total weighte taiess escheulig poble I espect of the escheulig poble to be ivestigate, y eseach focuses o the ob shop escheulig poble. Geeally, the ob shop scheulig poble is foulate as follows (c.f. [4][5]): Thee is a set of (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t obs (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t to be scheule. Thee is a set of (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t achies (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. Each ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t cosists of a peeteie sequece of (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t opeatios (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t, whee (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t eotes the pocessig of ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t o achie (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. I aitio, (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t a (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t fo each (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t is the pocessig tie of the opeatio (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t eotes the ue ate of ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t eotes the weight of ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t. The poble is to fi a feasible scheule which iiizes soe obective fuctio epeig o the fiishig ties (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t of the last opeatios (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t of the obs. Two costaits ae cosiee i this poble: At a tie, a achie ca pocess at ost oe opeatio. No pe-eptio, it eas a iteuptio of a pocessig of a opeatio o a achie is ot allowe. Two aitioal paaetes i espect of escheulig ae equie to the poble efiitio. I yaic ob shops obs aive i the pouctio syste at iffeet ates. Hece, each ob has a elease ate. Futheoe, i cosieatio of the escheulig situatio occuig uig a pouctio pocess, soe achies caot be available at the begiig tie of the scheulig poble, because they ae still pocessig obs at that tie. Hece, it is ecessay to efie a achie elease ate to escibe this situatio. (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t eotes the elease ate of ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., =. (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t eotes the elease ate (o available ate) of achie (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L i the pouctio pocess. The optiality citeio fo the escheulig poble cosiee i y eseach is the total weighte taiess. -tie elivey has gaie sigificat ipotace fo the aufactues. A aufactue has to pay a custoe a pealty if he elays the agee elivey ate of the pouct oee by this custoe. Accoig to the elivey ates of the custoe oes, each ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., associate with a custoe oe has a ue ate (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p i pouctio. The pealty etioe above epes usually o a pealty weight (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p (efiig a pealty fo oe tie uit) a the elaye tie calle taiess (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t fo each ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p 14., whee (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p is the copletio tie of ob (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p 14. i pouctio. The weighte total taiess (eote as (Foelliste) ,, ,, i ,, {1,..., } i i 8., i 9. i i i 12.,, i i 13., i p w 16. C 17., i 20. : ax{0, } T C = 21. wt 22., i 23., i 24., 1,.., = 25. p 26. K 27. L 28. t ) is as follows: Figue 1: Peioic escheulig policy a ollig tie hoizo etho L al t +1 t L tie pt pt +1 pt the th plaig ate t the stat ate of the th scheule L legth of a plaig hoizo fo a tetative pouctio pla a paaete betwee 0 a 1 al peaet pouctio pla t +1-pt +1 plaig tie fo the (+1) th hoizo I oe to have a scheule at ate t +1 the scheulig syste has to stat the calculatio of the scheule at a ealie tie pt +1. At that tie the scheulig syste has to collect the ifoatio of obs i the ext hoizo t +1 to t +1 + L a estiate the pouctio syste evioet (e.g. the achie elease ates) at the ate t +1 epeig o the cuet peaet scheule a its executio. The lage the istace betwee pt +1 a t +1 is, the oe tie the escheulig appoach will have to geeate a scheule fo the ext peio. Especially fo ifficult pobles lie ob shop poble (pove to be NP-ha) it is ecessay fo the scheulig syste to ae a lage coputatioal effot to achieve a plausible scheule. Howeve, the late the pt +1 is, the oe ifoatio about obs the scheulig syste will obtai a the oe pecise the estiatio of the syste evioet at the ate t +1 will be. Hece, thee ust be a tae-off betwee coputatioal tie a pecise ifoatio. Nevetheless, i geeal a peioic escheulig appoach has elatively eough tie to geeate the scheule fo ext peio. The seco policy, which eacts to the uexpecte evets uig the pouctio pocess, is the evet-ive escheulig. If a uexpecte evet (lie achie beaow o a sigificat supplie elay) occus, the evet-ive escheulig will ie iately eact to this evet, collect the cuet syste states, upate the scheulig poble, a geeate a ew scheule fo the cuet peio (i.e. util t + L). This pocess has to be oe i eal-tie (i.e. withi soe secos), because the whole pouctio pocess has to stop uig the calculatio of a ew scheule a each bea i the aufactuig causes cost. Relate to the peioic escheulig, if the evet-ive escheulig occus betwee t a pt +1, it is ot ecessay to o a ew peioic escheulig. If the evet-ive escheulig is betwee pt +1 a t +1, a ew peioic escheulig fo the peio +1 is ecessay. (Sectio) Job Shop Total Weighte Taiess Rescheulig Poble I espect of the escheulig poble to be ivestigate, y eseach focuses o the ob shop escheulig poble. Geeally, the ob shop scheulig poble is foulate as follows (c.f. [4][5]): Thee is a set of F1 obs F2 to be scheule. Thee is a set of F3 achies F4. Each ob F5 cosists of a peeteie sequece of F6 opeatios F7, whee F8 eotes the pocessig of ob F5 o achie F9. I aitio, F10 a F11 fo each F12. F13 is the pocessig tie of the opeatio F8. F14 eotes the ue ate of ob F5. F15 eotes the weight of ob F5. The poble is to fi a feasible scheule which iiizes soe obective fuctio epeig o the fiishig ties F16 of the last opeatios F17 of the obs. Two costaits ae cosiee i this poble: At a tie, a achie ca pocess at ost oe opeatio. No pe-eptio, it eas a iteuptio of a pocessig of a opeatio o a achie is ot allowe. Two aitioal paaetes i espect of escheulig ae equie to the poble efiitio. I yaic ob shops obs aive i the pouctio syste at iffeet ates. Hece, each ob has a elease ate. Futheoe, i cosieatio of the escheulig situatio occuig uig a pouctio pocess, soe achies caot be available at the begiig tie of the scheulig poble, because they ae still pocessig obs at that tie. Hece, it is ecessay to efie a achie elease ate to escibe this situatio. F18 eotes the elease ate of ob F5. F19 eotes the elease ate (o available ate) of achie F9 i the pouctio pocess. The optiality citeio fo the escheulig poble cosiee i y eseach is the total weighte taiess. -tie elivey has gaie sigificat ipotace fo the aufactues. A aufactue has to pay a custoe a pealty if he elays the agee elivey ate of the pouct oee by this custoe. Accoig to the elivey ates of the custoe oes, each ob F5 associate with a custoe oe has a ue ate F14 i pouctio. The pealty etioe above epes usually o a pealty weight F15 (efiig a pealty fo oe tie uit) a the elaye tie calle taiess F20 fo each ob F5, whee F16 is the copletio tie of ob F5 i pouctio. The weighte total taiess (eote as F21) is as follows: 1 : wt wt = =

57 1. 1. w ( i p + ( t)) = 1, =, 1, 23. I i i i ( t) =, exp( ) + 1 p w ( i Kp p + ( t)) + 2. = 1,, Ii ( t) = w ( i p + ( t)) A Peioic a Real-tie Evet-ive 24. Rescheulig Ifo Dyaic, 15. 1,.., Job Shops: Usig w 12. Shiftig Bottleec Poceue i ( t) = exp( ) = 1 pexp( ) Kp i, 3. = 1 p Kp i = 1, i =, 1, Whee, the 25. paaete F25 eotes p the aveage pocessig tie 16. C 13. of all opeatios p a the F26 is a i = 1,, 5. scalig Whee paaete the paaete 26. that has F25 to be eotes K eteie the aveage epiically pocessig by coputatioal tie of all opeatios expeiets. a Howeve, the F26 is if a Whee the paaete F25 eotes the aveage pocessig Shiftig bottleec poceue 5. as tie of all opeatios a the F26 is a we cosie scalig paaete the ollig that tie has hoizo to be eteie etho fo yaic epiically ob by shops, coputatioal, we eteie expeiets. that this ule Howeve, i scalig paaete 27. Poof: that has Let to be L is eteie the legth epiically of a tie hoizo. by coputatioal The sae expeiets. opeatio i Howeve, if (Foelliste) epes we cosie the chose the ollig tie tie hoizo hoizo a etho escheulig etho the ext tie t hoizo 18. is theefoe yaic ot applicable has the followig 15. ob shops, fo yaic we eteie pioity iex give w ob shop that scheulig. this ule we cosie the ollig tie hoizo etho fo yaic ob shops, we eteie by that the this ule 7. 7., i {1,...,, i {1,..., } epes o the chose tie hoizo a is theefoe ot applicable fo yaic ob shop scheuli } To solve the static ob shop TWT scheulig 7. Poof: epes poble Pieo,, Let o i a i F27 the {1,..., is the chose ule: } legth tie of hoizo a tie hoizo. a is theefoe 19. The sae ot opeatio applicable 16. i the fo ext yaic tie C ob hoizo shop has scheulig. the i = = 1, 8. 1,,, Sige [5] peset a SB-TWT poceue, which ca followig Poof: pioity Let F27 iex is the give legth by of the a tie ule: hoizo. The sae opeatio i the ext tie hoizo has the 8. be biefly Poof: Let F27 is the legth of a tie hoizo. 20. The sae opeatio T17. : = ax{0, i the ext C tie } hoizo, has the escibe as follows: 9. i followig pioity iex give by the ule: i followig pioity iex give by the ule: i = i = 1, 9. i 10. 1,,, w 21. (( 18. wt i + L) p + (( + L) ( t + L))) I i ( t) = exp( ) + Phase 5. 1: The ob shop is ecopose 10. ito a ube of oe p w (( i + L) p achie pobles ( subpobles ) 11. i i Kp + (( + L) ( t + L))) + I i ( t) = w (( i + L) p + (( that have to i be i + L) ( t + L))) i iftig Bottleec Poceue as Rescheulig Metho scheule. Ii ( t) = i i 12. = exp( ) = 1 pexp( ) Kp = 1 p 12. i, Phase 2: The subpobles ae solve 12. accoig, to Kp T : = ax{0, C static ob shop TWT scheulig Pieo a Sige [5] peset soe ia, SB-TWT = specifie i, subpoble solutio 13., i poceue, i{1,..., {1,..., } } = w ( i + L p + ( t)) which ca be biefly escibe as follows: 13. (SSP). p I p , = 1,.., wt i ( t) = exp( ) + 1 p w ( i + L 13. p Kp p + ( t)) I i ( t) = w ( i + L p + ( t)) Phase 3: A pefoace 14. easue 14. achie I citicality p i ( t) = e ob shop is ecopose ito a ube of oe pobles ( subpobles ) easue is that exp( ) = 1 pexp( ) Kp = 1 p Kp copute 9. i (Foelliste) i oe to a the achies i oe of citicality. 15. i Hece, the pioity iex epes o F27. The 15. w 26. K cheule. 23. w Hece, the pioity iex epes o F27. (Foelliste) scheule of the ost citical achie, aog the achies of 1. (Foelliste) 15. w Hece, the pioity iex epes o L which the sequeces still have 16. C I Hece, oe the to avoi pioity this iex epeece, epes I o ivestigate F27. the Appaet 24. Taiess Cost (ATC), ule = 1,.., [6], which is e subpobles ae solve accoig to soe specifie subpoble 11. to be eteie, C solutio poceue 11. is fixe i ii 28. t i = 1, 16., the I C basis oe of the to avoi Pieo this a epeece, Sige ule, I a ivestigate evelope the thee Appaet futhe Taiess ules, which Cost ae (ATC) F27 ule [6], which i 2. = 1, 17., I oe to avoi this Phase 4: 3. Calculate 2. the iteactios 17. I oe epeece, to avoi I ivestigate this epeece, the Appaet I ivestigate 25. Taiess the Cost Appaet (ATC) p ule [6], which is, = betwee 1, the achies, iepeet the basis of aleay (see the Table Pieo 1). a Sige ule, a evelope thee futhe ules, which ae F27 i, i, the basis of the Pieo, Taiess a Sige Cost (ATC) ule, a ule evelope [6], which thee is 26. the futhe basis of ules, the which Pieo K ae a F27 efoace easue scheule achie 4. a 3. those citicality 18. ot yet easue i = scheule. is copute 4. i = 1, 18. 1,, i oe to iepeet a the (see Table 1) p p iepeet (see Table Sige 1). ule, a evelope thee futhe 27. oe of citicality. The scheule of the ules, which ae iost, citical 18. achie, aog the achies of L iepeet (see Table 1). 28. t 5. Phase 5: 5. Those 4. achies that aleay i = 1, have, i bee sequece ae equeces still have 14. to be eteie, is fixe. i 6. escheule usig the ew ifoatio 19. obtaie i Phase i4. If all As aleay escibe i the escheulig policy sectio, the T : = ax{0, T : = ax{0, C C} lculate the iteactios } achies betwee have bee the w achies scheule, stop. thewise go to Phase w aleay 7., i {1,..., } 20. scheule a those T ot : ax{0, }, i = yet Cpeioic escheulig policy usually has eough tie to geeate a {1,..., } wt C wt scheule fo the ext peio. Thus, the obective of the escheulig etho (Foelliste) use fo this policy is to achieve a ea optial sche C I phase 8. 1, all opeatios costuct, 21. i {1,..., } wt 22. the oe achie poble ose achies that 17. aleay have bee sequece 9. fo achie i ae escheule usig the ew,. Each opeatio, i 22. has a elease ate eive ule quality 1. accoig to the optiality citeio TWT, while the obtaie i Phase 4. If all achies (Foelliste) 23. have bee scheule, 10. fo 18. the ob elease ate 23. a i ue ates stop. thewise go to Phase as subect to the coputatioal 2. tie of the escheulig = 1, etho, still has to be ealistic i the pactice (i.e. axiu seveal hous). Foe eseach 23. all opeatios F8 ue costuct ates of the iall oe i obs 24. achie (eive poble fo fo achie, = i i 1,..,, F9. = Each. 1,.., I phase opeatio 2 F i e ate F22 eive i 2. Pieo fo a the Sige ob elease 24., = 1,.., 12. = [5] 25. 1, evelope ate, F18 a the followig F1 i, p ue ates pioity F23 as ule subect to scheule the fo opeatios F24). I T to the a the peliiay coputatioal esults of y eseach eteie i i p 4. i = 1,, f all F1 obs 3. (eive phase o T: = a 2 : achie: = ax{0, Pieo ax{0, a C i, 25. C Sige } } [5] evelope p the followig that the SB poceue ca achieve ea optial scheules by usig 13. p K 13. p 26. K 5. to scheule the soe tie-cosuig cotol stuctues (e.g. the eoptiizatio opeatios o a achie: 21. i = 27. 1, wt, i, wt K L L escibe i 6. phase 5 of the SB poceue o the bactacig p 27. L t + w ( t i p + ( t)) algoith). I cotast to the peioic policy, fo the evet-ive 15. I w 28. t 7., i {1,..., } i ( t) = 6. exp( ) = 1 p policy the SB poceue ca balace the scheule quality a the C Kp w i, 7. coputatioal 8. efficiecy by eactivatig soe coplex cotol 15., i {1,..., w } paaete 17. F eotes the aveage pocessig,, = C 1,..,, 1,.., = tie of all opeatios a the F26 is a stuctues 9. a ae a eal-tie i escheulig possible. ete that 8. has Whee 25. to 25. be eteie 17. the paaete epiically p p eotes by coputatioal C the aveage expeiets. pocessig tie Howeve, of all if 10., the ollig 9. tie opeatios 26. hoizo etho 26. a 17. the i fo K yaic K is a scalig ob shops, paaete we eteie that has that to be this eteie 27. hoizo ule, i 11. i i the chose 10. tie 27. epiically a is theefoe by L coputatioal ot applicable L expeiets. fo yaic Howeve, ob shop if scheulig. we T : = ax{0, C cosie } the ollig t tie i i t hoizo etho fo yaic ob shops, i, 27 is the legth of a tie hoizo. The sae opeatio i i the ext tie hoizo has the ioity iex 21. we eteie that wtthis ule epes T : = o the chose tie hoizo 13. p ax{0, i 12. give by the ule: C } a is theefoe i, ot applicable fo yaic ob shop scheulig. T : = ax{0, C } w (( p wt + ii, + L) p + (( + L) ( t + L))) I23. i ( t) = exp( 21. wt 22. ) 15. w 14. = 1 p Kp , = 1,.., = 16. C p w w 24. ( K, 17. i + L p + (, = 1,.., t)) ( 16. ) Table I exp( 1: Dispatchig C ules as SSP fo yaic ob shops i t = ) 27. = 1 p 25. Table 24. L Dispatchig Kp p ules as, SSP = 1,.., fo yaic ob shops Table t 1 Dispatchig, ules as SSP fo yaic ob shops Rule Defiitio K p Coet pioity iex 19. i 18. epes Rule o F27. Defiitio Coet Rule Defiitio L K Coet 20. T : = ax{0, C } avoi this epeece, 19. suatc 28. suatc I ivestigate 27. the Appaet i t L Taiess Cost (ATC) ule [6], which + is i suatc T : ax{0, t exp( 21. wt i + the Pieo a Sige ule, a evelope thee futhe = C w ules, which } ( i i ae pf27 i, t ) = 1 I ( Kp i i t) = exp( ) t (see Table 1). 22. = 1 p i, Kp 21. wt suatc_rp i )) 22. suatc_rp cosie the elease ate pealty suatc_rp exp( the ate pealty i + + w ( i i p i, t + ( i, t )) cosie the elease ate pealty = 1 I ( 24., 1,.., Kp = i i t) = exp( ) 23. = 1 p i, Kp 25. p 24., = 1,.., 26. K suatc_r_2t suatc_r_2t p i 2) cosie the elease ate a its suatc_r_2t exp( 27. the L ate a its elative istace i + w ( i i pi, + i, 2) t elative cosie istace the elease to the ate cuet a its = 1 Ii ( Kp to 28. the cuet tie t i t) = exp( ) tie elative F28 istace to the cuet = 1 pi, Kp tie F K 27. L 28. t As aleay escibe i the escheulig policy sectio, the Pouctio peioic escheulig Egieeig policy Plaig usually a has Cotol of Pouctio Systes 55 eough As aleay tie escibe to geeate i the scheule escheulig fo the policy ext sectio, peio. the Thus, peioic the obective escheulig of the policy escheulig usually has etho eough tie use to fo geeate this policy a scheule is to achieve fo the a ea ext optial peio. scheule Thus, the quality obective accoig of the escheulig to the optiality

58 Coclusio a outloo I this aticle, I itouce a peioic a evet-ive escheulig policy fo pouctio pocesses. Aftewas, I eostate the foal efiitio of yaic ob shops with the cosieatio of escheulig aspects. The, I extee the SB poceue to solve the yaic ob shop scheulig poble egaig the optiality citeio TWT a pesete its appopiateess as escheulig etho fo the esige escheulig policy. As the ext steps of y eseach, I will ivestigate the iffeet cotol stuctues of the SB poceue i the liteatue a evelop ew cotol stuctues. Aftewas, I will evaluate the vaiats of SB poceues with iffeet cotol stuctues by applyig the to solve the becha test poble istaces of ob shops a by siulatio. The obective of the evaluatio is to eteie the ost poisig vaiat of SB poceue fo each of the sub escheulig policies (peioic a evet-ive). Refeeces [1] Vieia, G. E.; Hea, J. W.; L E.: Rescheulig aufactuig systes: A faewo of stategies, policies, a ethos. I: Joual of Scheulig 6 (2003), pp [2] Hailaos, H. P.: Dyaic vehicle outig pobles. I: Gole, B. L.; Assa, A. A. (Es.): Vehicle Routig: Methos a Stuies. Noth-Holla 1988, pp [3] vacit, I. M.; Uzsoy, R.: Rollig hoizo algoiths fo a sigle-achie yaic scheulig poble with sequece-epeet setup ties. I: Iteatioal Joual of Pouctio Reseach 32 (1994) 6, pp [4] Buce, P.: Scheulig Algoiths, 5. Eitio. Spige-Velag, Beli Heielbeg [5] Pieo, M.; Sige, M.: A shiftig bottleec heuistic fo iiizig the total weighte taiess i a ob shop. I: Naval Reseach Logistics (NRL) 46 (1999) 1, pp [6] Vepsalaie, A. P. J.; Moto, T. E.: Pioity ules fo ob shops with weighte taiess costs. I: Maageet Sciece 33 (1987) 8, pp Yi Ta, M.Sc. A Peioic a Real-tie Evet-ive Rescheulig Appoach fo Dyaic Job Shops i Maufactuig E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Chia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 56 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

59 Kuztitel es Atiels Feight Villages i Chia: Cuet Developets a Futue Pospects Jiai Wu Pof. D. Has-Dietich Haasis The fast evelopet of the Chiese ecooy has ha a teeous ipact o the gowth of the logistics aet. Feight villages (FVs) icease the logistics efficiecy a ecease feight taffic i cetal cities though clusteig logisticselate activities a facilities. Theefoe, owaays the Chiese goveet pootes FVs as ey poects fo the couty s logistics secto. This pape eviews the FVs evelopet i Chia as well as aalyzes the obstacles a offes a ube of solutios. As a esult, it poits out two pospects fo Chia s FVs futue evelopet: oe is the sustaiability oietatio, a the othe oe is a feasibility stuy cosieig cuet situatios befoe aoptig a ew FV poect. Itouctio >>> Feight village (FV) has evolve ove the last 20 yeas, which is a poisig logistics solutio i ost couties at peset. The cocept of FV is evelope to offe coo sevices to vaious taspot a logistics copaies locate withi its site, as well as to othe exteal uses. The coo ifastuctue, equipet a sevices ca beefit taspot a logistics copaies, allowig the to use these without heavy a isy ivestets [1]. The ai fuctioality of a FV is to act as a oe i a oe-li syste. The FV cocept has ofte bee utilize i oe to poit out ao cocetatio of taffic flows i the taspot etwo. Nowaays, a FV is peceive as a itegato of vaious taspot oes, able to poote iteoal taspot [2]. A FV is typically chaacteize by a iteoal teial. It is the picipal copoet of the iteoal taspot cha costitutig the oe whee the tasshipet of goos fo oe oe (oa, ailway, wateway, ai) to the othe taes place. Due to the fast ecooic pogess a a aufactuigcetee ecooy, Chia s logistics secto has gow pesistetly thoughout ecet yeas. I aitio, isig ea fo iteatioal tae a a lage geogaphical spea have also esulte i the evelopet of logistics sevices. Though a ao shift fo ispese logistics activities to the itegate logistics pocess uig these yeas, the logistics secto has eceive cosieable attetio fo policy aes. I oe to ipove the logistics efficiecy, a itegate logistics syste is i ee i Chia owaays. As a fuaetal facility of the logistics syste, FV has becoe oe of the ao ethos to poote the logistics iusty a its positive effect will cotiuously gow fo a log peio of tie. Sice the fist FV was foue i Shezhe Pighu i 1998, the FV cocept has bee speaig acoss Chia, especially i the Peal Rive Delta a the Yagtze Rive Delta. FVs i Chia have icease i ube ove the last two ecaes. Howeve, soe pobles a obstacles have aise uig this evelopet pocess. Hece ipoveets ae eee i such aeas, icluig FV poects staas, plaig etho, FVs evelopet stategy a fuctioal positioig. This pape iscusses the cuet evelopets of Chia s FV. It suaizes the evolutio pocess of the FVs evelopet a itouces the ogaizatio stuctue fo the logistics secto a FVs i Chia. Futheoe, the cuet obstacles a solutios ae aalyze. Fially, the futue pospects o sustaiability oietatio a the feasibility of FV poects at the Plaig stage ae popose. <<< Basic cocept Noal cete o feight oal teials ae vey wiely use i the pocesses of tae a taspot i Weste Euope, Southeast Asia a the U.S. I iteatioal liteatue, oal cete o feight oal teial is ecoutee with vaious aes: Feight Villages (Uite Kigo), Platfoes Multioales/ Logistiques (Face), Itepoti (Italy), Gueteveehszete (Geay). FV is peceive as the uifie ae escibig a efie aea withi which all the activities elatig to taspot, logistics a istibutio of goos, both fo atioal a iteatioal tasit, ae caie out by vaious opeatos. It offes basic sevices to the etepises locate withi its site, as well as to exteal uses. Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 57

60 Etepises ae eable a faste a easie ealizatio of logistics locatio (buy o et), thus eceasig tasit ties a ipovig quality [3]. Nowaays, espite taitioal waehousig fuctio of stoage, a wie age of sevices ae available i FV, such as shippig, eceivig, stoage, ateials halig, bea bul, coss-ocig, feight cosoliatio a cotaieizatio, as well as value-ae logistics, icluig total logistics aageet, ivetoy cotol a tacig, pacagig, labellig, pocueet a veo aageet, custoe sevice fuctios [4]. DGG (Associatio of Gea FVs) ietifies thee ey chaacteistics of a FV: (1) settlig of taspot-oiete (iepeet) copaies, logistics sevice povies a logistics-itesive tae a pouctio etepises i a coecial aea; (2) cotaiig a iteoal oa/ail o ila wateway/oa/ail teial with ope access to evey potetial use; (3) to suppot syegy potetials, the establishet of suitable ogaisatioal stuctues (i.e. FV evelopet copay) is ecoee [5]. As a feight itegato, FV is able to cobie the specific stegths of each oe at couty, cotiet a wol level to offe thei cliets a, cosequetly, society at lage the best sevice i tes of efficiecy, pice a evioetal ipact i the boaest sese (ecooic, ecological, eegy, etc.) [6]. Cosequetly, the FV cocept tes to be associate with cosoliate logistics a city logistics with sustaiability aaptio. FVs ae oppotuities because they: (1) Leveage feight opeatios to ceate local ecooic value; (2) Ceate shae valuesuppot busiesses that seve the village a the suouig couity; (3) Use piaily pivate fus to achieve local couity evelopet goals; (4) Reuse Bowfiel popeties; (5) Ecouage ultioal feight use [7]. Cuet evelopets Evolutio pocess of the FVs evelopet i Chia I 1998, She zhe Pighu FV was iitiate, which was the statig poit fo Chia s exploatio of FVs. Afte that, fo 2001, the te of FV poects eege i vaious egios of Chia. I 2003, thee was a geat upsuge. Though a age of efos, the FVs evelopet i a gowig peio hopefully bigs boa beefits to the logistics secto a the iustial fiels. Util ow, the evolutio pocess of the FVs evelopet i Chia ca be suaize i the followig fou peios (see Fig.1): Itouctoy peio ( ) Duig this peio, the FV cocept was speaig i ecooical evelope aeas whee the logistics aet has lage potetials. At that tie, a sall ube of FV pioees appeae i coastal aeas of Chia, especially Peal Rive Delta a Yagtze Rive Delta. Due to the cofusios with seveal othe cocepts, lie iustial pa a techological pa, o-uity-base uestaigs about FVs esulte i lots of ucetaities. Eegig peio ( ) This peio was chaacteize by a fast gowth of FVs i Chia, but accopaie by ay pobles. The FV cocept becae to be accepte by vaious fiels, especially logistics epises a local authoities. Successful cases bega to aw wie ethusias fo FVs poects. Developes tee to ivest i a lage aea fo FV poects at that tie. I soe aeas, FV poects wee eve istae fo vaity poects by local officials without feasibility stuies. Soe establishe FVs coul ot ivolve aequate logistics etepises which le to a high vacacy ate i these FVs. Figue 1: Evolutio pocess of the FVs evelopet i Chia Gai extesive attetio Guiaces fo solutios Seia a couicatio Suggestios fo the feebac Deceleatig te Refo & epositioigs Goveet itevetio Sustaiable avatage Ethusias i FVs poects Pobles eege FV cocept foatio Gowig peio FV pioees Sall ube Exploatio status Ucetaities Eegig peio Refo peio Itouctoy peio Toay Futue 58 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

61 Feight Villages i Chia: Cuet Developets a Futue Pospects Developig Plaig Stage Refoig peio ( ) Duig this peio, a age of pobles wee ecogize a eee efoig, e.g., liite uestaig of FVs theoies, isleaig stategic oietatio, uscietific plaig. Theefoe, a set of efoig policies wee caie out to avoi ifficult situatios of FV poects. Accoig to the guiace of atioal goveets a pofessioal associatios, soe ealy establishe FVs i Shagha Shezhe, a Naig bega to aust thei stategies a positios. I aitio, Shaghai Waigaoqiao Tax-boe FV was authoize uig this peio. Afte that, boe FVs becae a special goup withi the fiel of FVs i Chia. Gowth peio (2004-ow) FVs have icease i ecet yeas. Accoig to the ata i 2012, the ube of FVs i Chia is 754, aog which, 348 ae i opeatio accoutig fo 46%, 241 ae i costuctio accoutig fo 32%, a 165 ae i plaig accoutig fo 22%. Fig. 2 copaes the ube of Chia s FVs i 2006, 2008 a 2012, a a api gowig te is iicate. Gowth of ube caot ea a supe pefoace of the FVs evelopet. Theefoe, sustaiable avatage shoul be the oietatio of Chia s FVs i the ext peios Figue 2: The iceasig ube of FVs i Chia ( ) peatig Stage Developig Stage Plaig Stage Top 10 FVs i Chia Chia FVs top 50 was a poect elatig to FVs aig i Chia. This poect was oitly sposoe by Chia Iteatioal Logistics Coittee a Joes Lag LaSalle [8]. It ais to itouce a ecoe FVs with high aet pefoace a ivestet potetial. The suvey of the poect ivolves oe tha 300 FVs coveig Tie I, II, a III cities i Chia. The appaisal poect elie o questioaies followig seies pocesses of esig, aswe, collectio a aalysis. The evaluatio iex syste aily cosists of ecooic fouatio, aet poxiity, supplies, costuctios a facilities, ea-supply status, poect quality a evelopet plaig. Table 1 lists the top 10 FVs i Chia accoig to this suvey poect. Seveal of the wee ewae ue to thei istiguishe pefoace. gaisatioal stuctue fo the logistics secto a FV evelopet i Chia Logistics has bee a ipotat featue of iustial a ecooic life fo ay yeas. The fast evelopet of the Chiese ecooy has bought teeous ipact o the gowth of the logistics aet i the couty. Howeve, beig oe of the wol s lagest logistics aets, logistics costs i Chia ae high at 17.8% of GDP copae with 8-9% fo evelope couties. FVs ely heavily o the logistics evioet, thus this pape itouces the ogaizatioal stuctue fo both the logistics secto a FV evelopet i Chia. Sice the evelopet of the logistics secto epes o a atio s ecooy, public taffic (oa, ailway, wateway, a ai), foeig tae, etc, the logistics policy evioet i Chia ivolves the followig official uits a social ogaizatio: Natioal Developet a Refo Coissio Natioal Eegy Bueau Miisty of Foeig tae a Ecooic peatio Miisty of Taspot Miisty of Railway Miisty of Ifoatio Iusty Pofessioal Associatios Pofessioal associatios assist goveet agecies to staaize logistics activities a ipove logistics pefoace. Aog ueous pofessioal associatios elatig to Chia s logistics secto, Chia Feeatio of Logistics a Puchasig (CFLP) is a leaig oe. CFLP is the oly legal logistics associatio authoize by the State Coucil. Table 1: Top 10 FVs i Chia ( ) Ra FVs Distiguishe awa 1 GLP Pa Suzhou Best evelope awa 2 Shaghai Waigaoqiao Boe Logistics Pa 3 Gooa Fegxia Distibutio Cete, Shaghai Best evioetal awaeess awa 4 Vailog Sogiag Logistics Pa, Shaghai 5 Blogis Pa Tiai Best sevice awa 6 Jucho Logistics Pa, Shagha 7 Xiu Logistics Cete, Chegu 8 GLP Pa Ligag, Shaghai 9 Southe Logisics Cete, Guagzhou 10 Plaivi Kusha Iustial Pa Best stategic plaig awa Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 59

62 The Specialize Coittee fo Logistics Pa (SCLP) of CFLP is ewly establishe i espose to the FVs evelopet ees. It specializes o the followig aspects: poote the sustaiable avatage of Chia s FVs seve the ebes (e.g., FVs, logistics etepises, elate goveet epatets, eseach istitutios, uivesities ); itegate FVs poects ito goveet suppots; esue coo beefits of logistics secto a the lawful ights of the ebes; poote the couicatio a coopeatio aog FVs; stegthe staaizatio aiistatio; povie feebac of the eas a easoable suggestios fo the logistics secto; bstacles a solutios Nowaays the obstacles to the FVs evelopet ca be fou i the followig aeas: peequisites of establishet, stategic positioig, opeatioal ability, egioal syegy effect, aageet syste, a gee logistics. Solutios ae suggeste i the followig table (Table. 2). Futue pospects Sustaiability oietatio Copae to geeal iustial clustes, the ouble atue of FVs has bought to attetio the potetial effects yiele i both public cofiguatios cosoliatio a coecial acceleatio, while geeal iustial clustes behave oe i thei ow busiess affais. Suppotig this view, C.D. Higgis a M.R. Feguso poit out the two iffeet ways of thiig about FV fuctioality: fist is the taspotatio ifastuctue a seco is the poote of busiess a ecooy activity. Theefoe, FV is expecte to becoe a pivotal eleet cotibutig to the thee iesios of sustaiability i Chia. Ecooic iesio FVs ae ofte poite to as a eas fo pootig iteoality, itegatig spatial plaig, a eucig the cost of sevices by facilitatig syegies aog teats. Thus, logistics opeative costs ca be euce by thei ost ipotat featues - the cobiatio of vaious oes of taspot a logistics sevices. To ate, ay FVs have ae a ube of value-ae sevices, icluig total logistics aageet, ivetoy cotol a tacig, pacagig, labellig a ba coig, pocueet a veo aageet, a custoe sevice fuctios, such as etus, epa ewo a assotet pootioal assebly [4]. These value-ae sevices have povie boa souces fo the icoe of FVs. Futheoe, the settle copaies ca aitai log-te copetitiveess though the coopeatio. This coopeatio is base o the iusty chai coopeatio of these settle copaies, as well as the stable elatioship with custoes. Meawhile, FVs ae coecte with the cosequeces o the ecooy of the aeas affecte. These cosequeces iclue the leveage of feight opeatios to ceate local ecooic value, the evival of ecooic activity, the optiizatio of egioal ecooic stuctue, the attactio of ew ivestets o the expasio of existig iusties. Table 2: bstacles a solutios to the FVs evelopet i Chia Cuet obstacles Peequisites Stategic positioig peatioal ability Regioal syegy Maageet Gee logistics Solutios Vaguest FV cocept shoul be avoie; Neeig aequate scietific feasibility stuy befoe builig; Motivatios shoul be i lie with FV oietatios a fuctioality; Be i ee of a set of staas fo ew FV poects; Effective ules of eosig la fo FV poects; Seeig big scale is easoless; Must lea oe about local logistics ea; Iisciiate copy of expeieces is iavisable; Expa logistics sevice a value-ae sevices; Cete o ehace IT-base syste a its applicatio; Icease occupacy ate of logistics etepises; Ipove eployee s sills a eal with the lac of logistics pofessioals; Utilize efficiet facilities a equipets; Attach ipotace to taffic access a iteoal coectios; Pohibit euat FV poects at local scale; Coceig egioal iusty a ty to establish a li with the; Foulate a establish a atiowie logistics etwo i Chia; Well-pepae site selectio; Buil a aageial ogaizatio cobiig iiviual FVs; Establish a iepeet aageet secto i each FV; Maageet secto pefos the esposibilities of FVs pootio, supeviso a evaluatio, ot eely liite to la leasig; Mae taspot outig a select taspot oes cosieig the ecological evioet; Reuce o-loa atio a ecoe cosoliate shipet; Ecouage cleae a eewable eegy usig i FVs. 60 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

63 Feight Villages i Chia: Cuet Developets a Futue Pospects Evioetal iesio Due to the iteoality featue, FVs ae ecoee as evioetally aapte solutios i ipleetig gee logistics a supply chai aageet. It has bee poite out that FVs by atue cae fo the evioet sice they allow fo less waehouse ispesio aou the couty, less avese sie effects of taspot o the evioet, icluig ai a wate pollutio, oise, as well as euctio of pollutio eissios of vehicles to the cetal cities. I eality, ost eiu-size a sall etepises efuse to ivest o the techologies a equipet fo evioetal potectio because of the high cost. Base o the cocetatio ivestet of logistics facilities a sevices, it becoes easie fo FVs to ealize evese logistics a aopt the avace waste isposal equipet [9]. Social iesio The iustial evelopet is the bacboe of a couity s evelopet, a theefoe the local couity evelopet goals ae becoig epeet o the logistics sevices quality i a couity. It also ca be egae as use of piaily pivate fus to achieve local couity evelopet goals. To soe extet, FVs ca be viewe as Ecooic Zoes by potetially ceatig obs fo the society. Icease i local eployet esults fo the attactio of ew busiesses to FVs a o the valuatio of this icease eployet at the level of the existig pe capita egioal pouct [10]. Multioal feight use is ecouage fo FVs, thus the iteoality of FVs ca sigificatly euce cogestio o the oas. By eucig the oa cogestio a tiggeig busiess activities, FVs ca ipove the livig quality of local people. I aitio, the FVs cocetatio of taspotatio i poxiity to cosue cetes offes coveiece a ehaces accessibility fo people s social a busiess activities. Most ipotatly, FVs iteact with the existig public facilities, which pobably cosoliate egioal o atioal logistics etwos. Esue the feasibility of FV poects at the plaig stage Accoig to the 3 Natioal FVs Suvey epot i 2012, the poble of iaequate plaig is still geatly hieig the evelopet of FVs i Chia. FVs poects ae usually lage-scale poects with log costuctio peios a lage ivestet eas. Iaequate plaig easily leas to the eviatio fo the FVs obectives, a the typical syptos of iaequate plaig ae liste i the followig: Costuctios of uecessay FV poects FVs ae istae fo Ecooic Developet Zoe o Iustial Cete Usuitable sites Distubace to local esiets Exteely pusuig bigge size a quatity No cosieatio of iteoal coectio A well-ogaize plaig is the fist step to ealize the sustaiability effects of FVs, e.g., uba logistics optiizatio, cooiatio with egioal o atioal taffic etwo, eetig equieets of custoes, iustial evelopet, taffic oueys iiizatio, logistics cost savigs, iteoality access, etc. I oe to esue the feasibility of FV poects at the plaig stage, this pape povies a faewo as guiace (see Figue 3). Figue 3: Guiace faewo fo the iitial stage of FV poects Dyaics i logistics iusty Dyaics Teecies Globalize aetplace Iteoal etwo utsoucig logistics sevices Eegy-efficiecy Itegate sevice povies Systeatizatio of logistics Elageet Regioal istibutio Status quo of the city logistics Uba populatio esity; Taffic cogestio; Ai pollutio a oise cause by fleet icease; Highe elivey costs; Dea fo cocetatio of logistics activities a facilities; Low-cabo a sustaiable ecooy Dea fo FV poects Feasibility of FV poects Yes/No --> Plaig pepaatio La povisio Cuet la-use policies Fu souces Tea of esigig a costuctig Regioal ecooic level Potetial custoes Logistics aet foecastig Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 61

64 Fistly, the evelopes shoul ae the yaics i logistics iusty clea. FVs ae the esults of teecies i logistics iusty, such as, iteoal etwo, itegate sevice povies, systeatizatio of logistics, egioal istibutio. Base o the owig of yaics i logistics a thei coespoig teecies, the evelopes ae able to fi the easos to buil ew FVs. Secoly, the status quo of the city logistics i local aea ecies the ea of FVs poects. The status quo is cosiee fo such aspects, icluig uba populatio esity, taffic cogestio, ai pollutio a oise cause by fleet icease, highe elivey costs, ea fo cocetatio of logistics activities a facilities, low-cabo a sustaiable ecooy. Thily, the feasibility of FV poects is eteie by oveall basic coitios, e.g., la povisio, cuet-la policies, fu souce, qualifie esigig a costuctig tea, egioal ecooic level, potetial custoes, a logistics aet foecastig. The ext steps of esigig a costuctig FVs ca cotiue oly if a FV poect is eee a feasible. Coclusio The ai goal of this pape was to iscuss the cocept of FV a its cuet evelopets as well as futue pospects i Chia. FV is gaiig wolwie attetio ue to the sevices (custos cleaace, oal tasfe, cotaie stuffig a estuffig, a cotaie a cago stoage povies) povie by the a ca beefit lots of logistics etepises a custoes. Huge oppotuities of Chia s logistics aet equie vaious efficiet logistics solutios, a FV is oe of the ost ipotat solutios. The evolutio pocess of the FVs evelopet i Chia is ot log, a lots of challeges shoul be face. I oe to ceate oe FVs with sustaiably effects, this pape poite out the sustaiable avatage as a oietatio of Chia s FVs i the followig evelopig pocess. Refeeces [1] Tsaboulas, D. A.; Kapos, S. (2003): Feight village evaluatio ue ucetaity with public a pivate fiacig. I: Taspot Policy 10 (2003) 2, pp [2] Ye, S.; Tiog R. : NPV-Ris Metho i Ifastuctue Poect Ivestet Evaluatio. I: Joual of Costuctio Egieeig a Maageet 126 (2000) 3, pp [3] Euoplatfos FV-2000: Quality of Feight Villages Stuctue a peatios. Euopea Coissio Diectoate Geeal fo Eegy a Taspot. Bussels, [4] Riieė, K.; Guey, D.:Logistics Cete Cocept though Evolutio a Defiitio. I: Egieeig ecooics 54 (2007) 3, pp [5] Deutsche GVZ-Gesellschaft bh (DGG): about DGG. URL: Date of access [6] Coissio of the Euopea Couities: White pape-euopea taspot policy fo 2010: tie to ecie.. ffice fo fficial Publicatios of the Euopea Couities, Luxeboug, [7] A. Stauss-Wiee Ic.: Feight Villages a Itegate Logistics Cetes i the US - ppotuities fo Feight peatios to Ceate Ecooic Value a Be Goo Neighbous. Pesetatio Slies, A. Stauss-Wiee, Ic., [8] Joes Lag LaSalle: Chia Logistics Pas 50 Sta Pefoes i a Eegig Maet. Chia, [9] Taiguch E.; va e Heie, R. E. C. M.: A evaluatio ethoology fo city logistics. I: Taspotatio Reviews 20 (2000) 1, pp [10] Uite Natios - Ecooic a Social Coissio fo Asia a the Pacific: Policy Faewo fo the Developet of Iteoal Itefaces as pat of a Itegate Taspot Netwo i Asia. (2008). Jiai Wu, M.A. Sustaiable Developet of Feight Villages Base o Kowlege Maageet E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Chia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. e. pol. Has-Dietich Haasis Faculty: Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Reseach Goup: Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 62 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

65 Kuztitel es Atiels Collaboative Tasfe peatios betwee Dayage Copaies a a Cotaie Teial Saghyu Yi Pof. D. Be Scholz-Reite Cotiuous gowth i cotaie taffic has lai a heavy bue o the liite capacity of teial esouces which iceases elays of tuc eliveies which tasfe cotaies to ayage copaies. Howeve, teial opeatios epe o ayage opeatios espoig to uexpecte tuc aivals. This pape aesses a questio of how copaies cooiate these oit activities. Fo the collaboative tasfe opeatio, I suggest the postpoeet stategy. I this stategy, each copay evelops a pla with categoize ifoatio o cotaies i avace a postpoes ecisios o the tasfe of specific cotaies util a tuc aives at a teial. This appoach will alleviate woloas of teial esouces as well as ecease waitig tie of tucs. Itouctio >>> A cotaie logistics syste ca be efie as the taspotatio of cotaies fo its oigi to its estiatio by vaious caies such as shippig lies, ayage copaies a a cotaie teial. Fo exaple, a ayage copay taspots cotaies betwee a teial a custoes places by tucs. A cotaie teial tepoaily stoes cotaies to loa the oto ayage tucs o cotaie ships. The tasfe opeatios betwee the playes ae ivie ito two opeatios as show i Figue 1. I the eceivig opeatio, a tuc taspots a outbou cotaie afte loaig it i a custoe s place. Afte aivig at a teial, the tuc has to pass a gate, a the a ya cae pics up the cotaie fo the tuc a elease it o a bloc at a ya. I cotast, i the elivey opeatio, a ya cae etieves a ibou cotaie fo a bloc at a ya a ops it off oto a tuc. The, the tuc elives the cotaie to its estiatio. I aitio, these opeatios ofte occu siultaeously to euce epty tavels of tucs. Nowaays, these caies ae usig ifoatio couicatio techologies (ICTs) (i.e. aio fequecy ietificatio, global positioig syste, etc) i logistic opeatios to ipove efficiecy of thei ow systes. Cosequetly, copaies ca icease pouctivity a utilizatio of thei esouces, as well as euce elivey tie to coplete oes. Howeve, i spite of avace techologies, iefficiet tasfe opeatios betwee caies still exist i the cotaie logistics syste. Especially, costat gowth i the volue of cotaies has staie the capacity of iteoal opeatios though a cotaie teial. Moeove, it causes sigificat elays of ayage tucs waitig at a cotaie teial, which aises tuc eissios i pot eighbouhoos a iceases the total opeatio tie of tucs. This is because liite capabilities of teial esouces have to hale a heavy aout of wo o the pic-up a op-off tasactios with tucs. Fo istace, if a lage ube of ayage tucs ushes to a cotaie teial with liite esouces i a shot tie, cogestio of tucs ust seveely occu. May tucs have to wait at a gate fo ivig ito a teial, a the wait fo a ya cae s oe agai to eceive o elive cotaies at a ya. These tasfe activities caot be ipove by theselves, thus it is ot avoiable to sychoize ayage opeatios a teial opeatios. Theefoe, this eseach poposes a collaboative tasfe opeatioal appoach a ethoologies to ehace iteoal opeatios betwee ayage copaies a a cotaie teial. <<< Figue 1: A flow of tasfe opeatio betwee ayage a teial opeatios Cotaie Teial Ya with gaty cae Gate Delivey opeatio Receivig opeatio Custoes places Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 63

66 Poble stateet It is essetial to ietify the causes of tuc cogestio a iefficiet teial opeatios. Fist of all, the tasfe opeatios ae oit activities betwee iteelate playes, but ayage opeatios ae actually pushig teial opeatios. I othe wos, sice ayage tucs ae allowe to elive cotaies at ay tie of teial opeatig hous, a teial opeato cotols teial esouces espoig to uexpecte aival of ayage tucs. Actually, accoig to taspotatio eas of ayage copaies, a cotaie teial supplies its esouces whee shotage o suplus of supply capability ca occu. Fo exaple, whe ay tucs ea ueous tasfe opeatios, a teial caot povie eough supply capacities fo all the tucs, which ievitably leas to waitig of tucs. the othe ha, if a sall ube of tucs aive, a teial eais suplus capability of esouces to hale tucs. Futheoe, opeatios i a ya ee oe tie tha those i a gate. This is because a ya cae spes cosieable tie to etieve o eceive cotaies o a bloc. Aitioally, a teial opeato has little owlege of the aival of ayage tucs to pic-up o op-off specific cotaies befoe tucs aive. Accoig to the aival of a tuc, a ya cae coul be oveloae o ile. Fo exaple, i Figue 2, the ya cae o Bloc 2 shoul hale thee tucs, but the othe oe o Bloc 1 woul be ile afte fiishig oe tas. Thus, the iffeece of woloas betwee blocs ievitably causes waitig of tucs. Figue 2. Figue 2: Top view o a exaple of tasfeig cotaies at a ya Gate Legee: 4 Tuc Gaty cae : Cotaie iex 2 1 Bloc 1 Bloc 2 The ya cae ees aitioal activities to etieve the cotaie stace ue othe cotaies i a ya. Fo exaple, to pic up cotaie 2 i Figue 3 the ya cae has to elocate two cotaies o top. Thus, the ucetai sequece of tuc aival woses the opeatios of ya caes as well as the tuc tuaou tie. State of the at Thee has bee uch iscussio about the collaboatio plaig a the sychoizatio betwee playes o ite-elate logistic 2 ecisios i supply chai a pouctio systes [4], [8], [11]. Nevetheless, ost of the pevious stuies about the cotaie taspotatio have focuse o isolate ecisio-aig pobles withi a cotaie teial [6]. Few pevious stuies have aesse the collaboatio of the ecisio-aig pobles betwee iffeet playes o plaes. Cosequetly, i the case of cotaie logistics aea, the sychoizatio of the ifoatio offes eseach challeges elate to ipove the collaboatio of opeatios betwee iepeet playes [2]. May papes about the optiizatio fo the ayage poble have focuse o the static case. A tuc scheulig poble fo the taspotatio of cotaies has bee aesse as the ultiple tavellig salesa poble with tie wiow (-TSPTW) as well as types of cotaies (i.e. ibou full, outbou full, ibou epty a outbou epty oveets) [15], [16]. I aitio, yaic plaig fo ayage opeatios cosieig ucetai tasit ties, vehicle beaows, flexible tass with ot efie oigi o estiatio, a tie wiows has bee iscusse [3], [7], [14]. Moeove, the istibute outig cocept was popose fo yaic vehicle outig sceaios [10], [13]. I this cocept, pacages a vehicles as autooous obects have itelliget capabilities to get thei ifoatio a ae thei ow ecisios though a chagig a lage etwo without a cetal pespective. Futheoe, coopeatio betwee feight caies has bee hale to ipove thei opeatios by cobiatoial auctios of taspotatio equests [1], [12]. Howeve, it tagets the ayage opeatio, but oes ot cosie the teial opeatio to eal with efficiet tasfe activities at a teial. Soe wos have aesse sychoizig teials a ayage opeatios. Cotaie etieval opeatios of a ya cae with the use of tuc aival ifoatio eveale eucig cotaie ehales i yas of teials [17]. Howeve, it focuses o teial opeatios a caot ifluece tuc scheules. To cotol tuc cogestio at a gate, the teial gate appoitet syste was suggeste by estictig pot access of tucs uig cetai tie slots [5]. Naboothii a Eea [9] also evelope a ayage opeatios plaig etho base o a pot access cotol syste a ivestigate the ipacts of this syste o ayage fis. Nevetheless, this gate appoitet syste eals with a outsie teial a povies little icetive to ayage copaies. Reseach efiitio a obective A tuc ispatche a a teial opeato ae ecisioaes of a ayage copay a a teial, espectively. I geeal, a tuc ispatche eceives the equests fo shippig lies a loa-ifoatio fo a teial opeato. The iitial locatio of tucs a the istace betwee a teial a custoes places ae ow befoeha. The, a tuc ispatche aes a tuc scheule with the iiu costs o tavel tie to coplete the set of taspotatio oes. Figue 3. Figue 3: Coss sectioal view o a exaple of tasfeig cotaies at a ya Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

67 Collaboative Tasfe peatios betwee Dayage Copaies a a Cotaie Teial A teial opeato pepaes pic-up o op-off tasactios fo ayage opeatios. I the case of elivey opeatios, etieval cotaies ae stace o yas befoeha. Fo eceivig opeatios, tepoal spaces ae eseve to eceive cotaies i avace. The, as a tuc aives at a teial, the opeato cotols ya caes o blocs to tasfe cotaies. New ICTs allow opeatos to tac the locatio of tucs a estiate expecte aival tie of tucs i eal-tie with a eflectio of yaic situatio. I aitio, a teial opeato a a ayage ispatche ca oito the expecte supply capacities of bottleec esouces at a teial. Futheoe, those opeatos ca aust thei scheules to balace the supply capacities of those esouces, which leas to avoiig useless waitig tie of tucs withi a teial. Theefoe, this eseach eteies as follows: Scheulig tucs to coplete oes of the cotaie taspotatio. Scheulig teial esouces to tasfe cotaies. Fo satisfyig oes of ibou a outbou cotaies, this wo ecies how to scheule tucs a teial esouces cosieig a eal-tie situatio of a teial. The obective of the suggeste wo is as follows: Miiizig the tuc tuaou tie at a teial a total opeatio tie of tucs. Balacig the supply capacities of citical teial esouces a iiizig the ube of ehalig oveets of ya caes. The taget of ayage copaies is to iiize tuc tuaou tie at a teial a total opeatio tie of tucs. the othe ha, the ai of a teial is to balace its supply capacities of esouces such as ya caes as well as to iiize the ube of useless ehalig oveets of ya caes. Figue 4. balace woloas of teial esouces. I aitio, sice tuc ives ay ot pefe ew elivey o pic-up poits, the categoize taspotatio ca flexibly chage cotaies i a scheule without oute isuptio. 20/30 Figue 4: A exaple of the categoize taspotatio 25/25 15/15 Custoe s place: Categoy: 1 2 a/b: ube of outbou/ibou cotaies 15/20 Cotaie teial 30/30 10/20 As etioe above, a tuc oes ot elive a peeteie cotaie, but satisfies the categoy of a cotaie. Hece, both playes ca tae beefits i tasfe activities by postpoig the ecisio util a tuc appeas at a teial. Fo exaple, whe a tuc coes ito a teial, a teial opeato ca chec the eal-tie situatio of blocs a etieve a cotaie of the ietical categoy a the iiu queue. As a esult, the ube of tucs i queue of blocs i Figue 5 ae istibute as copae to the exaple i Figue 2. Moeove, the tuaou tie of tucs woul be euce. Figue 5: Top view o categoize tasfeig cotaies at a ya Figue 5. 6 Solutio appoaches a ethoologies This eseach poposes categoize taspotatio whee a tuc is able to elive ay cotaies of the sae categoy. I othe wos, a tuc ispatche postpoes the ecisio o a cotaie that a tuc taspots util the tuc aives at a teial. Moeove, a teial opeato puts off the ecisio o a ibou cotaie that a ya cae shoul etieves as well as a locatio whee a outbou cotaie shoul be stace util the opeatio occus. Fo istace, it assues that aacet custoes places ae categoize as a categoy of cotaies as illustate i Figue 4. The categoy of cotaies ca be assige to a tuc. The, a teial opeato etieves ay ibou cotaies with the sae categoy oto the tuc. The outbou cotaie ca be stace o ay spaces with the sae categoy at a teial. Thus, ayage Figue 6. copaies a a teial ca tae avatages of postpoig the ecisio to euce the tuc tuaou tie at a teial a Bloc 1 Bloc 2 I the opeatio of a ya cae, the categoize taspotatio ca euce the ube of ehalig oveets to pic up the esie cotaie. A ya cae ca tasfe a cotaie havig ot oly the sae categoy, but also the iiu ube of elocatig activities. Fo istace, i Figue 6, the ya cae ust elocate two white cotaies o top of yellow a blue cotaies, but i Figue 3, oe oe elocatio of cotaies woul be eee to satisfy the sequece of tucs. Figue 6: Coss sectioal view o a exaple of categoize tasfeig cotaies at a ya Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 65

68 The eseach suggests the categoize ecisio-aig stuctue fo the collaboative tasactio of cotaies. Fist of all, a tuc ispatche evelops a categoize tuc scheule puttig off the ecisio o a specific cotaie util a tuc oves ito a teial. Next, uig tasfe opeatios, a teial opeato ecies which ibou cotaie to etieve oto a tuc o whee a outbou cotaie is stace. Fo the popose ecisio-aig stuctue, playes shoul be able to exchage ifoatio a egotiate ecisios espoig to yaic ifoatio. Thus, this eseach will apply a istibute ecisio-aig faewo. The istibute faewo ees less ata exchage a is able to eact quicly copae to the cetalize faewo. Cotaie taspotatio oes usually coe fo ay cosigos who pay the elivey cost to a ayage copay. If a lot of cosigos paticipate i the categoize taspotatio, the the ube of cotaies iclue i the sae categoy coul icease, which coul lea to axiize effects of the popose appoach. Theefoe, this wo fistly suggests a tuc scheulig ethoology fo the case of a iiviual copay, the extes it fo the case of ultiple copaies. It shoul be equie to have a easoable coputatio tie fo the pactical pespective. Cosequetly, this poect will apply heuistic appoaches, i paticula etaheuistics (e.g., geetic algoith), as well as Lagagia elaxatio such as a ecouplig etho [4]. Fo the case of ultiple copaies, egotiatio o auctio appoach will be applie. To cotol teial esouces, heuistic ules will be popose a evaluate by a siulatio stuy. The evelope siulatio oel will test a aalyse the popose ethoologies a ecisioaig faewo. By usig siulatio, expeiets will eal with ealistic pobles ue ucetaity. Coclusios The popose wo will ietify the ipact of the collaboative ecisio-aig appoach fo the sychoize cotaie logistics. It is expecte to show the ecease of the waitig tie of tucs at a cotaie teial. Moeove, istibute woloas of esouces at a teial will help ease the bue o teial opeatios. Futheoe, it is ifficult to shae a split beefits aog playes i a syste a to otivate the to tae pat i the collaboatio. Howeve, this eseach aticipates that the effects of the sychoizatio by the collaboatio will povie icetives fo playes a ecouage the to eveal thei ifoatio. Refeeces [1] Acea, H.; Ewe, H.; Kopfe, H.; Kufe, K-H.: Cobiatoial Auctios i Feight Logistics. I: Lectue Notes i Copute Sciece 6971 (2011), pp [2] Caiic, T.G.; K K.H.: Iteoal Taspotatio. I: Haboo i R & MS 14 (2007), pp [3] Escueo, A.; Raicu, R.; Muñuzu J.; Delgao, M.: Dyaic ptiisatio of Uba Iteoal Feight Taspot with Rao Tasit Ties, Flexible Tass a Tie Wiows. I: Poceia Social a Behav-ioal Scieces 2 (2010), pp [4] Fueo, F.; Vecellis, C.: Sychoize Developet of Pouctio, Ivetoy, a Distibutio Scheules. I: Taspotatio Sciece 33(1999) 3, pp [5] Giuliao, G.; Bie, T.: Reucig Pot-elate Tuc Eissios: The Teial Gate Appoitet Syste at the Pots of Los Ageles a Log Beach. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat D 12 (2007), pp [6] K K.H.; Güthe, H..: Cotaie Teials a Cago Systes: Desig, peatios Maageets, a Logistics Cotol Issues. Spige. Beli [7] L J.Q.; Michaa P.B.; Boeste D.: Real-Tie Reoutig Pobles with Tie Wiows. I: Euo-pea Joual of peatioal Reseach 194 (2009), pp [8] Mucstat, J.; Muay, D.; Rappol, J.; Collis, D.: Guielies fo Collaboative Supply Chai Syste De-sig a peatio. I: Ifoatio Systes Foties 3 (2001), pp [9] Naboothi R.; Eea, A.L.: Plaig Local Cotaie Dayage peatios Give a Pot Access Appoit-et Syste. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat E 44 (2008), pp [10] Reesb H.; Mauschewitz, T.; Scholz-Reite, B.: A Distibute Routig Cocept fo Vehicle Routig Pobles. I: Logistics Reseach 1 (2009) 1, pp [11] Scholz-Reite, B.; Tevo, J.T.; Feitag, M.: Phase-Sychoizatio i Cotiuous Flow Moels of Pouctio Netwos. I: Physica A 363 (2006), pp [12] Sheff Y.: Cobiatoial Auctios i the Pocueet of Taspotatio Sevices. I: Itefaces 34 (2004) 4, pp [13] Weig, B-L.; Reesb H.; Ti-Giel, A.; Gög, C.; Scholz-Reite, B.: Autooous Cotol by Meas of Distibute Routig. I: Hülsa, M.; Wit, K. (Es.): Uestaig Autooous Coopeatio & Co-tol i Logistics - The Ipact o Maageet, Ifoatio a Couicatio a Mateial Flow. Spige-Velag, Beli Heielbeg 2006, pp [14] Zhag, G.; Silowitz, K.; Eea, A.: Dyaic Plaig fo Uba Dayage peatios. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat E 47 (2011), pp [15] Zhag, R.; Yu, W.Y.; Kopfe, H.: Heuistic-Base Tuc Scheulig fo Ila Cotaie Taspotatio. I: R Spectu 32 (2010), pp [16] Zhag, R.; Yu, W.Y.; Moo, I. K.: Moelig a ptiizatio of a Cotaie Dayage Poble with Re-souce Costaits. I: Iteatioal Joual of Pouctio Ecooics, 133 (2011) 1, pp [17] Zhao, W.; Goochil, A.V.: The Ipact of Tuc Aival Ifoatio o Cotaie Teial Rehalig. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat E 46 (2010), pp Saghyu Y M.Sc. Developig Collaboative Decisio Maig Methos fo Sychoize Cotaie Logistics E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Republic of Koea Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 66 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

69 Kuztitel es Atiels Weathe Peictio Eo Aalysis fo Route ptiizatio Davi Zastau The ecooically easoable applicatio of wi acillay populsio techologies epes o popely icopoatig weathe foecasts ito cuet oute optiizatio oels. Asie fo expesive eseble calculatios, which ae ot always available, ucetaity i weathe foecasts is oele by pobability istibutios that ae geeate fo epiical ata. Foecasts ofte efe to heights that iffe fo the height of the acillay populsio ive. If atospheic ai statificatio a suface oughess ae uow, the wi spee pofiles ay be appoxiate by the logaithic wi pofile, which epes o suface oughess legth. We evaluate the optial oughess legth with espect to the tie of the yea by copaig weathe foecasts to easueets fo eseach statios i the Nothe Sea. It shows that the oughess legth vaies uig a yea. Itouctio >>> Wi acillay populsio fo cago ships Cuetly the cotiuously isig pices fo fossil fuels a i ceasig tax loas as a pevetive easue agaist cliate chage ae boostig the scietific eseach ito wi acillay ives. Wi acillay techologies ai at facilitatig wi eegy to save covetioal fuel eseves. While techologies such as the Flette Roto have bee ivete alost a hue yeas ago it has ot bee ecooically easoable to apply gee populsio techiques so fa. With the begiig paaig shift, shippig copaies ite to povie the sae eliability i shippig ties to thei custoes as with covetioally powee ships. Theefoe, oute plaig algoiths have to copute pobability esity fuctios istea of iscete values that outlie the ucetaity i aival tie a eegy cosuptio fo a cetai oute. Those pobability esity fuctios equie the foecast peictio eo as iput. We estiate foecast accuacy by copaig foecasts with easueets a evaluate the eo betwee appoxiate a actual wi pofile. <<< Wi pofiles fo FIN wi easueets i the othe sea Sice 2003 Gea BSH (Buesat fü Seeschifffaht u Hyogaphie eg. iisty fo aitie avigatio a hyogaphy) has establishe thee easueet statios i the Noth a Baltic Sea. The collecte ata cotais highly accuate wi spee a iectio easueets. Howeve, the easueets ae tae i heights betwee 31 a 106 ete while the foecast values fo Gea Weathe Sevice apply to a height of 10 ete. The logaithic wi pofile is a eliable etho to covet the values, povie the suface oughess legth is ow. The basic iea behi this is that wi spees logaithically icease withi the atospheic suface laye (up to 100). Ufotuately, offshoe the oughess legth vaies epeig o the state of the sea a thus this paaete is oe easo fo covesio eo. Matheatics / Copute Sciece Atificial Itelligece 67

70 Figue 2: Covesio eo (ea absolute eo (MAE)) with logaithic wi pofile fo iffeet oughess legths withi oe yea Figue 3: Covesio eo with wi pofile powe law fo vayig Hella Expoet withi oe yea Estiatig suface oughess legth fo wi pofiles The suface oughess legth vaies epeig o evioetal coitios. [4] auces o-liea wi-wave epeecies, the elaye heat exchage betwee ai a sea a tubuleces i coastal egios as easos. Besie the logaithic wi pofile we also apply the wi pofile powe law by Hella [1] fo copaiso. Both ethos epe o a sigle paaete that appoxiates suface oughess a atospheic ai statificatio. [2] a [3] appoxiate values fo iffeet teais but ot fo vayig seasos o wi spees. ffshoe eviatios fo the logaithic wi pofile ae oele by [6]. Coclusio a outloo The peliiay esults give a oveview about the vayig eo fo height covesio epeig o the paaete value. Figue 2 a 3 show the covesio eo with the logaithic wi pofile a with the wi pofile powe law. It shows that the logaithic wi pofile tes to be oe obust to exteal petubatios. Suface oughess vaies at least betwee 0.02 c a 1 c withi a yea. Futue eseach ust evelop oels that eliably estiate suface oughess legth fo ships ue vaious evioetal coitios. Refeeces [1] Toua, J.S.: Depeece of the wi pofile powe law o stability fo vaious locatios. I: Joual of the Ai Pollutio Cotol Associatio 27 (1915) 9, pp [2] H. Schlichtig: Bouay laye theoy, 6. Eitio. McGaw-Hill, New Yo [3] Meliß, M.; M. Kleea. Regeeative Eegiequelle, 2. Eitio. Spige, Bel Heielbeg [4] Lage, B.;Lase, S.; Høstup, J.; Bathelie, R.: Ipotace of theal effects a sea suface oughess fo offshoe wi esouce assesset. I: Joual of Wi Egieeig a Iustial Aeoyaics 91 (2004) 11, pp [5] Mo A. S.Yaglo, A.M: Statistical Flui Mechaics. I: Luley, J. L. (E.): Mechaics of Tubulece. MIT Pess, Cabige, Massachusetts, ] Diaz, Pea; Gyig, Alfeo a Sve-Ei: Chaoc s Roughess Legth Moel a No-iesioal Wi Pofiles ve the Sea. I: Bouay-Laye Meteoology 128 (2008) 2, pp Davi Zastau, Dipl.-If. Ucetaity i Route Plaig fo Cago Ships with Wi Accessoy Dives E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Geay Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. tthei Hezog Faculty: Matheatics / Copute Sciece Reseach Goup: Atificial Itelligece 68 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

71 Kuztitel es Atiels Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics Hogya Zhag Nowaays, the gowig ipotace of logistics as well as the iceasig yaic coplexity of aets, techologies, a custoe ees has bought geat challeges to logistics. Thi paty logistics (3PL) have playe a ipotat ole i aagig logistics pocesses withi the supply chai aageet. I oe to povie pofessioal logistics sevices, owlege i busiess pocesses is cucial. This pape aalyzes the ai busiess pocesses of 3PL, efies the pocess owlege a escibes the ey activities of owlege aageet (KM) with logistic cocepts. A case stuy of KM i the busiess pocess of cotact logistics at a leaig 3PL povie eostates these aspects accoigly. The busiess pocess oiete ipleetatio of KM cotibutes to poect accoplishet a pocess ipoveet. Itouctio >>> I the cuet evioet of yaic custoe pefeeces a chagig techological evelopet, the etwo of supply chais is fequetly estuctue to espo to such evioetal chages. Itesifie globalizatio a cosequet copetitive pessues have eephasize the ipotace of thi paty logistics (3PL) i aagig logistics pocesses as well as custoe a supplie elatioships withi the supply chai aageet [1]. Though iovative ways to ipove logistics effectiveess, 3PL povies povie stategic a opeatioal value to ay shippes all ove the wol [2]. 3PL busiess is eegig a evelopig apily to fulfill the eas fo avace logistics sevices, i such fiels as taspotatio, waehousig, feight cosoliatio a istibutio, pouct aig, labelig a pacagig, ivetoy aageet, coss ocig, pouct etus, oe aageet, a logistics ifoatio systes [3]. I oe to povie these logistics sevice with pofessioal solutios, logisticias shoul aste the equie owlege i busiess pocesses. It is easie fo the to lea a shae owlege whe the busiess is siple, the copay size is sall, a all people wo togethe. Howeve, with the fast evelopet of busiesses, pocesses have becoe oe cucial a coplex, copaies gow lage with oe baches, soe people etie a leave, a soe ew people oi. Theefoe, owlege aageet (KM) is iceasigly ecessay. How to effectively aage owlege is aothe citical questio both i acaeia a iusty. A ao pat of ogaizatioal activity (exceeig 90% i soe cases) ca be escibe i tes of pocesses [4]. Busiess pocess ivolves the owlege ceatio, istibutio, usig a iovatio [5]. I the busiess pocess of 3PL, owlege flow is aothe value chai alog with ateial a capital flow. Effective aageet of the pocess owlege will povie eployees with tas-elate owlege i the busiess pocesses ehace the aaptability to exteal evioet, euce tie a cost, a bette allocate esouces [6]. <<< Reseach poceue I oe to effectively itegate KM ito busiess pocesses, clea obective a ethos ae essetial fo the begiig. The taget of this ipleetatio is to cotiuously ipove busiess pocesses, which leas to bette a iovative logistics sevice. Pocess is a ey eleet of ipleetig KM. It is the caie of owlege as well as owlege pouce a use [5]. Figue 1 shows the ai steps to ipleet KM i busiess pocesses of 3PL. Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maaget a Iustial Ecooics 69

72 Figue 1: Poceue of ipleetig KM i busiess pocesses of 3PL Cotious ipoveet Aalyze busiess pocesses Defie pocess owlege Busiess pocess oiete owlege aageet Mai busiess pocesses Value ae pocesses Sub-pocesses a activities Poceue owlege Pofessio owlege Peceptio owlege Kowlege acquisitio Kowlege pouctio Kowlege waehousig Kowlege istibutio Kowlege applicatio Fist, 3PL povies shoul aalyze the ai busiess pocesses, ietify the ey value-ae pocesses, a escibe the sub-pocesses a activities. Accoig to the St. Galle pocess aageet oel, thee ae aageet pocesses, busiess pocesses a suppot pocesses i a ogaizatio. The typical busiess pocesses i 3PL ae: taspot, e.g. oa, ail, see, ai feight, o iteoal taspot; waehousig o cotact waehousig, e.g. builig a istibutio cete; cosultacy, e.g. pocess eegieeig; value-ae sevices e.g. pacagig, ba coig, etc. The statig poit of all these pocesses is custoe equieet a the goal is custoe satisfactio. Seco, it is ecessay to efie the pocess owlege fo busiess pocesses. Pocess owlege ca be explicit owlege a tacit owlege possesse by iiviuals, goups, ogaizatios a ite-ogaizatios. This pape classifies pocess owlege i thee types: poceue owlege, pofessio owlege, a peceptio owlege. Figue 2 escibes each type. Figue 2: Classificatio of pocess owlege i 3PL Figue 3: Mai activities of KM i busiess pocesses of 3PL Fially, feebac a esults about the applicatio will cotibute to ipovig ew pocesses. This step ca pouce valuable owlege that is helpful to optiize busiess pocesses, upate ol owlege, avoi sae istaes, a offe iovative solutios, etc. With this etho, the followig case stuy will aalyze the pactice of KM i cotact logistics of a 3PL etepise. The owlege souce fo this case stuy is a cobiatio of iteviews a web eseach. The face to face iteviews ae base o questioaies set i avace. Case stuy This eseach taes the pactice of a 3PL sevice povie (copay A) as a case to eostate why, what a how KM has bee applie i the pocess of cotact logistics. Th aageet of the pocess owlege is a cotiuous pocess of owlege acquisitio, pouctio, waehousig, istibutio a applicatio. It is a ipotat value chai alog with ateial, capital aageet i logistics. Kowlege is acquie fo the pactice of busiess pocesses, pouce i fos of ifoatio a ata, stoe i iffeet epositoies (ocuet, itaet, wi o vieo), istibute to the ight people i tie, a applie i the cuet a futue busiess pocesses. Figue 3 shows these ai activities of KM i busiess pocesses of 3PL. Copay bacgou Copay A is a oe logistics sevice povie with a log taitio. It was foue i 1853 i Bee Geay. Copay A has about 30 baches, e.g. Habug, Cologe, Mahe etc. It is oe of Euope s leaig sevice povies i the aeas of taspot a cotact logistics. I 2009, it was ae 58 i the top 100 logistics etepises i Geay [7]. Copay A seves custoes fo such iusties as aeospace, autootive, echaical egieeig, steel, eewable eegy, cheisty, iustial, a pape. 70 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

73 Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics Cotact Logistics is a coe busiess fo Copay A. They have successfully aage ay poects of i-house logistics, e.g. spae-pats waehouse i Loha, sta-aloe logistics, e.g. sevice cete (DLZ) i Cologe, as well as taspot logistics e.g. sevice cete (DLZ) i Neuwie. Copay A also povies a wie age of feight fowaig sevices. I aitio, it has bee offeig soe 4PL sevices sice 2007, e.g. cosultig, value-ae sevices a special poects. Dives of KM Copay A has ha expeiece of KM fo oe tha 7 yeas. Thee ae soe factos that ive Copay A to stat KM a itegate KM ito busiess pocesses. Fist, i the ea of owlege ecooy, owlege has bee a stategic esouce besies la, labo, a capital. I oe to eep sustaiable copetitive avatage i a yaic aet, logistics sevice povies ee to bette eet custoe eas. Seco, the copay size is becoig lage ue to busiess evelopet. 20 yeas ago a ealie, thee wee oly seveal eployees. Usually they woe i the sae office a i the sae poect. It was easie fo the to exchage thei ieas a lea fo each othe. Nowaays, ay baches ae locate i iffeet places, it has becoe oe ifficult to eet a tal fequetly. They wo o iffeet poects a have iffeet expeiece. Kowlege shaig is ipotat to povie bette sevice to custoes. Th with the expaig of the copay, oe a oe ew people oi it. They ow little about the aageet of ol poects at the begiig. It is ifficult to lea fo ol people i the copay sice soe have left ue to etieet o chagig obs, a soe ae too busy o too fa away. Theefoe, it is ecessay to ceate owlege, a stoe owlege i ogaizatio eoy, so that people ca lea fo goo pactice o istaes i the past. Moeove, logistics sevice, especially cotact logistics is pocess oiete, so owlege aageet ust cosie the pocess: pla, esig, ipleet a eview. This ca povie the equie owlege i tie, which will highly ipove busiess efficiecy a effectiveess. Busiess pocesses Busiess pocesses at Copay A iclue cotact logistics, taspot logistics, value-ae sevices a cosultacy. Figue 4 escibes the logistics sevice a custoe iusty. Cotact logistics is the ost ipotat sevice at Copay A. This sevice iclues pocueet a pouctio logistics, istibutio logistics, a spae pats logistics. The busiess pocess of cotact logistics is essetially a owlege itesive poect. The ai phases i cotact logistics ae pla, opeatio, a eview, which is a cotiuous KM pocess. The ey pocesses ae tee, CTI (Custoe Tasissio Itegatio), opeatio, a eview. Fist, the tee cete ees to offe the pice to obtai a poect. They copete with ay othe logistics sevice povies. It is the ost ifficult step. They ee to calculate the basic pice, a pla tie as well as steps to aage the poect. Fo builig a spae pats istibutio cete, e.g., they allocate all the esouces of apowe, capital, a locatio, eawhile they estiate the cost (Euo/2) fo waehouse etig i Muich. I aitio, they have tie pessue to pouce such a pofessioal pla. The, i the pocess of CTI, the ai tas is ocuetatio. Base o the calculatio, they ogaize a poect tea with qualifie eployees fo iffeet epatets. Afte obtaiig the poect, they couicate with custoe to pouce the cotact betwee the. They ee to iscuss the pice a pocess i etail to wite a feasible pla. I the opeatio pocess, they ipleet the plae poect ito the eal wol. They ogaize the poect tea i a ixe a flexible stuctue. Usually, thee is oe tea leae, a the ebes coe fo iffeet uit fuctios. The poect tea i this phase is the sae as that i the opeatio phase. A futhe phase is the poect eview. They evaluate the poect pefoace a chec goo as well as ba expeiece uig the busiess pocess. Thee is a sayig i Copay A: oe istae oly oce. This phase is a citical way to eview the past poect a suppot guielies fo futue poects. Pocess owlege i cotact logistics Poceue owlege Poceue owlege is about the oveall phases, steps, tass, a activities to aage a poect. The tea sets a clea taget fo all, ue it they efie tass fo each pat a bea the ito specific activities so that it is clea a cocete to wo a evaluate the pogess. Figue 5 escibes the ey activities i each phase. Figue 5: Pocess of cotact logistics at copay A Figue 4: Logistics sevice povie by copay A Logistics Sevice Custoe Iusty Pocueet a Pouctio Logistics Distibutio Logistics Spae Pats Logistics Aeospace Supply cete osite / offsite Lie / costuctio site supply, waste isposal Cosoliatio cete Supplie aageet Fulfillet logistics Waehousig a efieet Cosigatio waehouse Cetal waehouses Depot aageet Revese logistics Autootive Mechaical Egieeig Steel Iusty Reewable Eegy Cheisty Aothe yaic pat of poceue owlege is the eal tie pogess of poect opeatio. Each ebe ows the cuet situatio of the poect, whethe it is goig well o ot. This i of owlege coves ay aspects, such as the use of tie, quality, a esouces. Value Ae Sevices Iustial Taspot Maageet Pape Figue 4 Logistics sevice povie by Copay A Souce: Copay A 2012, aapte by autho Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maaget a Iustial Ecooics 71

74 Figue 6: Kowlege i cotact logistics at copay A Puchasig a Pouctio Logistics Distibutio Logistics Spae Pats Logistics Custoe equieet Maet owlege Poect expeiece Custoe satisfactio Resouces Techique Costuctio QSHE (Quality, safety, health & evioet) Figue 6 Kowlege i cotact logistics at copay A Souce: Copay A 2012, aapte by autho Pofessio owlege Pofessio owlege coves vaious aspects, e.g. busiess sevice expetise a expeiece, custoe equieets, aet a iusty, logistics, sub-cotactos, logistics pefoace, etc. Cotact logistics sevices equie pofessioal plaig, evelopet a ipleetatio of itegate logistics solutios. These solutios ee owlege a expetise i the fiels of poect expeiece, esouces, techiques, IT, a costuctio. Figue 6 escibes the pofessio owlege i cotact logistics at Copay A. Custoe owlege iclues custoe equieets a the specific iusty. Kowlege a uestaig of custoe equieets ae the basic cosieatio. Extesive owlege of the iusty is the peise to offe the best busiess solutios tailoe to custoe equieets. Logistics owlege: The specific owlege of logistics cotais pocueet a pouctio logistics, istibutio logistics, a spae pats logistics. The piay busiess activities iclue the stoage, supply a elivey of pouctio copoets, fiishe goos, sei-fiishe goos a spae pats, as well as custoize value-ae sevices a pesoel acquisitios. ee to be cooiate a icopoate i a vey shot tie to quicly ceate a stog tea so that sooth opeatio a optiu esults ae esue. Sub-cotactos ae ipotat pates of 3PL to suppot soe pats of busiess pocesses, e.g. costuctio, o taspot. Kowlege about the collaboatio pla a pogess cotibutes to the fulfillet of the poect. Techiques: Custoe eas ae ivesifie a yaic. The use of appopiate stoage techology, tucs, achiey a facility as well as a lot of othe techical equipet ae oe of the peequisites fo the successful halig of logistics. The success of logistics solutios epe sigificatly o the ipleete IT ifastuctue. Avace waehouse aageet syste a oules to choose pope IT systes ae ecessay suppots fo logistics sevice. Thee ae soe ey questios befoe costuctio. Is it a existig popety o a ew costuctio? What is the peoiat oe of taspot lis? How close is the obect locate to the facility? Kowlege about the aswes to these questios will pave the way fo a sooth poect ipleetatio. I aitio, the tie availability, pla flexibility, techical equipet, a the legal equieets ae also of cucial ipotace. A goo poect pla a its ipleetatio also ee upate aet owlege. Whe the tee cete calculates the pice of etig a waehouse, they shoul ow the latest pices a copae the with iffeet offes. Poect expeiece: Pofessioal plaig a effective ipleetatio of the popose solutio ae exteely ipotat. Duig the plaig phase, owlege fo past poects will eable the tea to quicly ietify wea poits a avoi potetial ages. Meawhile, collaboatio with custoes to efie the pocesses a esposibilities fo statup, as well as to esig the pla a put it ito opeatio is cucial. Resouces i cotact logistics iclue physical assets, hua esouces, capital, tie, collaboatio, a so o. The assets, e.g. a ow waehouse o a tuc, ae the fouatio to aage a poect. Hua esouces ay be eployees withi the copay o people fo a outsouce copay. Diffeet qualifie eployees The issues of quality, safety, health a evioet (QSHE) i the cotext of the whole pocess of plaig a opeatio always coe fist. Peceptio owlege Peceptio owlege coes fo the expeiece i busiess pocesses. It will eich both poceue owlege a pofessio owlege. Soe ieas o ethos cotibute to optiize the pocesses o activities, e.g. ipove poceue of CTI. While soe owlege suppleets o upates the aet evelopet, o logistics sevice. Thee ae geeally two pats. the oe ha, goo pactice iclues os, e.g. checlist fo cotact, ipoveet of custoe clai aageet, iovatio of owlege shaig systes. the othe ha, lessos leat iclue o ts, e.g. istaes to avoi i calculatio, pobles of QSHE to cosie uig costuctio, etc. 72 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

75 Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics Ipleetatio of KM i cotact logistics Pofessioal logistics plaig with iovative ieas a expeiece fo ay successful ipleetatios of logistics solutios is cucial to the success of the poect but also a touble-fee opeatio. I oe to guaatee custoe-specific cocepts a cotiuous cae with efficiet, flexible a feasible solutios fo log-te success a satisfactio, each poect has a tailo-ae tea of specialists. Figue 7 shows the ixe stuctue of poect teas at Copay A. Figue 7: Mixe stuctue of poect tea at copay A Kowlege aageet is alog the whole pocess of poect aageet, fo pla to opeatio. Figue 8 illustates soe ipotat activities a appoaches of KM i iffeet phases of cotact logistics at Copay A. Figue 8: Appoaches of KM i cotact logistics at copay A The equie owlege is pouce though iscussios, e.g. baistoig, as well as via pofessioal tools, i.e. GCT (Global Calculatio Tool). Such owlege is stoe i ocuets that ust claify opeatio poceue, basic pices, exact tie a steps, hua esouce allocatio, etc. Afte geeatig the iitial pla, thee will be a special eetig to iscuss it: poect tal. The poect tea explais thei pla, a the othe eployees challege it. They ay as such citical questios as Why o you povie this pice but ot aothe? o How o you ow the cost of etig such a waehouse? They exchage thei ieas a ipove the pla. This poect tal is a pocess of owlege istibutio. Duig the eetig, the poect tea pesets the pla, a istibutes owlege to othe people. The the paticipats challege the pla by asig citical questios. Though this pocess, owlege is tasfee to the poect tea ebes, which will stiulate valuable owlege fo the pla ipoveet. Duig the exchage, both pats also cotibute to owlege acquisitio a owlege pouctio. Afte this poect tal, the poect tea applies the ew owlege i the upate pla. CTI phase Afte they have successfully obtaie the poect fo the custoe, they actively eet a tal with the custoe to iectly acquie oe ipotat ifoatio o owlege. Duig the eetig a couicatio, they pouce futhe a oe pecise owlege about the custoe ees i etail. Moeove, they ocuet the owlege i the cotact with the custoe. The cotact povies etaile a specific owlege about the poect, e.g. pice calculatio. They also escibe the pocess, activities a cotet of couicatio with the custoe. Aitioally, the esciptio clealy shows how the pocess goes. Whe it is goig well, the pocess is i gee. Whe thee is ay poble, it is i e. Whe the cotact is foe, they have futhe iscussio with the custoe to eview the etails. The exchage betwee the is owlege istibutio. Kowlege fo the iteactio with the custoe will be applie i the fial cotact. A pactical applicatio is the checig list, which will istuct futue CTI pocesses. Tee phase I oe to calculate a copetitive pice, the tee cete ees to ow the way of calculatio fo iffeet poects, thus they ust lea fo the past, as well as fo aet a iusty. Moeove, they shoul be failia with the tools that suppot the calculatio. The GCT (global calculatio tool), e.g., coves the esouces of people, figues, pocesses, ieas, etc. withi the excel syste. peatio phase I the opeatio phase, they acquie owlege fo the well ogaize pla a apply it ito the eal wol. Meawhile, they also acquie owlege fo the cuet pactice. The owlege fo pla a pactice ca geeate ew ieas fo a bette opeatio. Kowlege fo opeatio pocesses ca pouce os a o ts fo futue poects. Sice the poect tea at this opeatio step is the sae as that at the plaig stage, it is easie fo the to pouce ew owlege base o thei teawo. Thee is the CS (peatio Cotol Syste) that stoes vey specific owlege i the opeatio pocess, e.g. uloaig a tuc. The syste shows evey step a the esult. Thee is also the DR (Docuetatio Requieet Syste) fo owlege waehousig. I oe to istibute the ight owlege to the ight people, they use eails, itaet, a epots to shae a tasfe the pogess. As it is a cotiuous ipoveet pocess, they also couct taiig to ew people. Kowlege fo the opeatio pocess will be applie fo ipoveet i cuet a futue poects. Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maaget a Iustial Ecooics 73

76 Review phase Afte these thee phases, the poect tea has a eview of the whole busiess pocess. They iscuss both ipoveets achieve a lessos leat. This step is aothe pocess of KM. Kowlege is acquie fo the opeatio of cotact logistics, pouce though iscussio, stoe i ocuets, wiis, o itaets, istibute by eetigs a fous, a will be applie i futue poects. Iplicatios The fist global Delphi ivestigatio about owlege aageet evelopet ogaize by the Fauhofe Copetece Cete (IPK) a Hubolt Uivesity i 2002 showe that the cobiatio of KM a busiess pocesses is the ost uget eseach poble [8]. Fo the case stuy, we ca lea that the obective of KM is to povie bette sevice to eet custoe eas by avoiig the sae pobles a pootig bette solutios i busiess pocesses. the oe ha, they itegate KM ito a eal cotext so that KM pactices ae oe effective. the othe ha, they icetive people to shae owlege i aily wo, so that KM activities ae oe efficiet. Exaples of the applie appoaches ae: cetalize eetigs, ocuetatio, checig lists, CIP (cotiuous ipoveet pocess), iea cas, owlege ticets, Lotus Notes, Wiis, Itaets a eail. Busiess pocess oiete ipleetatio of KM ca beefit 3PL iectly o iiectly i these aspects: bette sevice, oe value-ae, less tie, lowe cost, highe quality, a pocess staaizatio. Howeve, thee ae soe geat challeges to aage owlege, especially tacit owlege i busiess pocesses. pe a fiely ogaizatioal cultues, effective otivatio easues, a pocess oiete stuctues ae ipotat eables fo owlege shaig a tasfeig, which ae the cucial fouatios of KM. Refeeces [1] Xiao, H.; L H.; Yag, Y.; Tag, X.: Kowlege-base logistics syste of 3pl i p.. chia. I: Poceeigs of the iteatioal Cofeece o Maageet a Sevice Sciece (MASS 2009), Wuha, Chia 2009, pp 1 4. [2] Tey, L.: 2012 thi-paty logistics stuy. URL: eu/pogas/haly-wates/files/2012_3pl_stuy.pf, Date of access [3] Rabiovich, E.; Wile, R.; Dese, M.; Cos T.: utsoucig of itegate logistics fuctios: A exaiatio of iusty pactices. Iteatioal Joual of Physical Distibutio & Logistics Maageet 29 (1999) 6, pp [4] Aaava C.; Lee, I.: The iesios of pocess owlege. I: Kowlege a Pocess Maageet 12 (2005) 1, pp [5] Yu, L.; The pactice eseach of pocess-oiete owlege aageet. I: Iteatioal Cofeece o E-Busiess a E-Goveet (ICEE 2011). Shaghai 2011, pp 1 4. [6] Wu, P.; Hu, K.; L X.: Reseach o the owlege aageet i thipaty logistics. Joual of Ifoatio 2 (2007), pp [7] Klaus, P.; Hata, E.; Kille, C.: Die Top 100 e Logisti (2010/2011): Matgoesse, Matsegete u Matfuehe i e Logistiiestleistugswitschaft. DVV Meia Goup, Habug, [8] Scholl, W.; Köig, C.; Meye, B.; Heisig, P.: The futue of owlege aageet: a iteatioal elphi stuy. Joual of owlege aageet 8 (2004) 2, pp Hogya Zhag, M. A. Applyig Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Chia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D. e. pol. Has-Dietich Haasis Faculty: Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Reseach Goup: Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics 74 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

77 Kuztitel es Atiels Moellig the Soucig Pocess i the Mieal Raw Mateials Iusty by Usig Supply Chai Faewos Raul Zuñiga Aiaza Pof. D. Klaus-Diete Thobe The applicatio of the supply chai aageet to othe iusties ofte esults i ipleetatios that o ot eet the ees a specific chaacteistics of the copaies ivolve. A iusty that ees a staa is the ieal aw ateials iusty. The cuet poble this iusty is facig is the iability to aapt the existig supply chai faewos to its soucig pocess. This wo exaies how the soucig pocess of the ieal aw ateials iusty ca be epesete i toay s supply chais faewos. Most of the cocepts, vaiables, a factos elate to supply chai a supply chai aageet, ieal aw ateials iusty, a the extactio pocess ae obtaie fo liteatue eview. The extactio pocess is pesete by usig the existig Supply Chai peatio Refeece (SCR) oel. The esults show how to exte the SCR oel to this pocess. Theefoe, futhe eseach is eee fo the SCR oel extesio to the exploatio a evelopet pocesses of this iusty. Itouctio >>> Supply chai oels have bee ipleete owaays i seveal iusties [1]. Howeve, as ost of the supply chai oels wee oigially esige to fit i a aufactuig evioet, few elate eseach has focuse o the ieal aw ateials iusty [2, 3]. This iusty a its soucig pocess i paticula peset ay atypical chaacteistics, which ae challegig to coply with existig supply chai oels, a vey liite eseach has covee this ealy pat of the supply chai. A bette uestaig about the coplexity a chaacteistics of the pocesses i the ieal aw ateials iusty ca cotibute to ipovig the ealy supply chai pocesses, a theeby ipove the etie supply chai pefoace. Fo this easo, it is elevat to exaie how the soucig pocess wos i this iusty. The poble is that the cuet oellig appoaches to supply chais cosie aw ateial iusty as a ifiite souce, a blac-box with uliite esouces. Theefoe the supply of ieal aw ateials has bee oe o less exclue fo existig oels so fa [4]. This eseach exaies how the soucig pocess of this iusty is cuetly epesete i supply chais. I aitio, it ietifies how this pocess fits ito the existig SCR oel. <<< Chaacteistics of the iusty The special featues of ieal esouces eposits, iitially uow, fixe i physical size a locatio, a vaiable i quality, esult i chaacteistics of this iusty that ceate both pobles a oppotuities [5]. The followig aspects chaacteize the ieal esouce eposits. Miig activities ivolve high-is ivestets [4]. Mieal eposits have to be locate a elieate. This etails lage exploatio costs, befoe cosieig oal iustial evelopet a pouctio ecisios. Cosequetly ieal exploatio is a itegal pat of the ieal aw ateials iusty. I fact, successful exploatio is essetial fo iig copaies to suvive ove tie [6]. Also, ieal eposits oce they ae iscovee ae of fixe size eteie by atue, a theefoe they ae subect to epletio uig the oal couse of iig pouctio. Cosequetly, it is ecessay to egage i cotiuous a successful exploatio effots i oe to aitai existig pouctio levels. The iheet vaiability i quality a othe geological paaetes ca also esult i the vaiability of ie site eveue, the opeatig a capital costs that ultiately affect the etus o ivestet [7]. Fo this easo, oe of the ost ipotat copetitive avatages of a iig copay is the high quality of its ieal eposits. To avoi the cost of taspotig o-ieal waste oc with the pouct, copaies ecie to pocess oe aacet to the ieal eposit. Fo that, ieal eposits caot be ove to a coveiet locatio. Thee is always a level of ucetaity a estiatio eos i geologic oellig a geostatistics systes, i estiate oe quality paaetes, such as iealogy, gauloety, etallugical a cheical gaes. These paaetes will oly be eteie afte the exploitatio, aleay i the pouctio pocess. Also, the ucetaities ae i the pouctio pocess a it is ecessay to wo with stocpiles of iteeiate a fial poucts. Theefoe, iig copaies oally pouce aw ateials to stoc, ot to oe [2]. Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 75

78 Figue 1: The coveage of SCR oel Supply chai faewos The SCR oel Thee ae iffeet supply chai faewos, aog the the faewo eceivig the ost attetio the SCR oel. This oel evolves fo a copay s effot to itouce efficiecy to the Supply Chai. The SCR oel escibes a siple o coplex supply chai by usig five piay pocesses (see Figue 1): Pla, Souce, Mae, Delive, a Retu [8]. These pocesses ae Level 1 pocesses withi the SCR hieachy. Level 2 pocesses escibe thee pocess types; Plaig, Executio a Eableet. Level 3 ae the staaize opeatios of the Level 2 pocesses. Level 4 ehaces each of the Level 3 pocesses specific to the ogaizatio s ees. The pocesses i the ealy pat of the supply chai i the ieal aw ateial iusty ae (see Figue 2): Exploatio, Developet, Extactio, Pocessig, a Distibutio. The questio is, how to escibe these pocesses by usig the existig SCR oel? I this paticula case, how oes the SCR escibe the soucig pocess? The poble is that the Souce pocess of the SCR oel focuses o puchasig which is iffeet to the soucig pocess i ieal aw ateial iusty (see Figue 1). I this case, the soucig pocess focuses o exploatio, evelopet a extactio pocesses. Theefoe, thee is a gap betwee what the SCR oel efies fo the souce pocess a how the soucig pocess wos i this iusty. Fo this, it is ecessay to ietify the pocesses that the SCR oel ees to iclue fo escibig the soucig pocess of this iusty. The extactio pocess is use as a exaple. The extactio pocess with SCR oel The soucig pocess iclues the exploatio, evelopet a extactio pocesses. As a exaple, the extactio pocess is escibe by usig the SCR oel. Figue 3 illustates the extactio pocess oellig. This pocess ca be explaie as follows. The pocessig plat (custoe) equests a specific quatity of oe fo the extactio pocess. Ifoatio stats to flow fo the custoe to the extactio pocess. This pocess the seaches the waehouse (stocpile) fo Figue 2: Pocesses of the iaal aw ateials iusty 76 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

79 Moellig the Soucig Pocess i the Mieal Raw Mateials Iusty by Usig Supply Chai Faewos Figue 3: The extactio pocess supply chai oe stoc, which woul be a oe stoage stocpile, to exaie whethe the oe is available o ot. If available, the oe is souce fo the stocpile a elivee to the custoe via a taspot syste. The elivey echais is the logistics of how to istibute the pouct (oe). The ifastuctue is pat of the istibutio plaig. The ae of this elivey pocess is eove oc, which iclues classifyig, taspotig, a stocpilig the boe ateial. Whe the oe is ot available i the stocpile, it has to be aufactue by extactio pocess. The aufactue is the bea oc pocess, which iclues iig the oe boy (ill a blast), a exteig ay ecessay ifastuctue. The extactio pocess the plas the oe a ses ifoatio to iteogate the ivetoy fo oe blocs stoc. Soe of the oe blocs stoc eee fo the oe ae hel i ivetoy. The soucig equest is set out to the supplie, the costuctio pocess, which is pat of the evelopet pocess. The, the supplie elives a available site with the oe blocs equeste. The extactio pocess eeps blocs i ivetoy util they ae eee to extact the oe. This pat is ow as pouctio plaig a ivetoy cotol. ce the oe has bee coplete, the extactio pocess elives oe to the custoe via the stocpile as escibe above. I aitio, it also shows the flow of ifoatio a oey betwee the iffeet pocesses. Thus, a pouct (oe) pouce by the extactio pocess ca be aage usig supply chai aageet. Figue 4 epicts the extactio pocess by usig the SCR Moel. The Souce Stoce Pouct, S1, is the pocess categoy that escibes the activities ivolve i obtaiig poucts that ae stoe fo futue use by the extactio pocess a iclue the eceipt of the site with soe quatity of oe blocs stoc. Thee ae oly fou pocess eleets withi this pocess categoy which iclue the scheulig of pouct (the site) eliveies, the eceipt of poucts, the veificatio of poucts, a the authoisatio of supplie payets. The supplie is the costuctio pocess, which is pat of the evelopet pocess. This pocess elives the site with soe quatity of oe blocs stoc. The pouct i the costuctio iusty is iffeet to the typical pouct of aufactuig iusty [9, 10]. The custoes shoul coe to the place a use the pouct (the site) because thee is o possibility to taspot the fial pouct to aothe place. Theefoe, thee is a ee to aapt the pocess eleets of the SCR oel because the tasfe of the pouct is ot possible i this cotext. The Mae-to-Stoc pocess categoy, M1, iclues all the activities elate to the aufactue of a pouct (oe boe oc) with the itet to stoe the pouct i a fiishe goos state befoe eliveig it to a paticula custoe (the pocessig plat). Poucts that ae ae to stoc ae aufactue befoe a actual custoe oe fo the pocessig plat is eceive. The Delive Stoce Pouct pocess categoy, D1, iclues all the activities ivolve i the elivey pocess of a fiishe pouct (oe boe oc) fo stoage. I aitio, thee ae soe esults about how to escibe the exploatio a evelopet pocesses by usig supply chai faewos. These pocesses ee to be itegate ito the extactio pocess a the, the soucig pocess of this iusty ca be escibe by usig a extesio of the SCR oel. Figue 4: The extactio pocess by usig SCR oel Costuctio Pocess Extactio Pocess Pocessig Plat Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 77

80 Coclusios This wo showcases how the SCR oel ay be extee i oe to oel the extactio pocess of the soucig pocess of the ieal aw ateials iusty. Base o the esults show i this pape, the followig coclusios ca be obtaie. The SCR oel, which is a quasi-staa i aufactuig iusty, ca be extee to oel the extactio pocess. The SCR oel shows a high potetial to escibe the soucig pocess of the ieal aw ateial iusty. To ipove the esults it equies the aalysis of Level 3 pocesses to ietify the Key Pefoace Iicatos a Best Pactices, which ae oe suitable to this soucig pocess. The SCR oel allows copaies to oel the ealiest pocesses of the soucig pocess by the itegatio with othe ew pocesses to use fo the exploatio a evelopet pocesses. Thee is a poisig potetial to exte the SCR oel to the est of the pocesses i the ealy pat of the supply chai i this iusty Refeeces [1] Labet, D. M.; Stoc, J. R.;Ella, L. M.: Fuaetals of logistics aageet. Iwi/McGaw-Hill, Bosto [2] Taell P.; Bab F.; Cesae e To G.: ERP i iig iusty: Stuyig the softwae fuctioality a the value chai. I: Seco Wol Cofeece o PM a 15th Aual PM Cofeece. Cacu, México [3] Guoqig, L.; Nailia, H.; Xuchu, H.: Stuy o the applicatio of supply chai aageet (SCM) fo iaoia gol ie. I: Applicatios of coputes a opeatios eseach i the ieals iusties. South Afica Istitute of Miig a Metallugy, South Afica [4] Vial, J.: Moellig cooity aets i the global ecooy: failia fiigs a ew stategies. I: Woig Papes Seies 18 (2004) - Cete o Globalizatio a Sustaiable Developet, The Eath Istitute at Colubia Uivesity. [5] Masaev, V.: Itoucció a la ecooía iea: efiició y aplicació. URL: Date of access [6] Pospectos a Developes Associatio of Caaa: Miig Ifoatio Kit fo Aboigial Couities: Exploatio, evelopet, opeatio a closue. URL: Date of access [7] SAP AG: The SAP iig solutio. URL: oc/ /sap-miig-solutio, Date of access [8] Supply Chai Coucil: Supply chai opeatios efeece (SCR) oel vesio The Supply Chai Coucil, Ic. SCR: The Supply Chai Refeece.(bie) [9] Mois, P.W.; Pito, J.K.: The wiley guie to poect techology, supply chai & pocueet aageet. Joh Wiley&Sos, Ic., Hoboe, New Jesey, U.S.A [10] Hue, X.; Wag, Y.; She, Q., et al.: Cooiatio echaiss fo costuctio supply chai aageet i the iteet evioet. I: Iteatioal Joual of Poect Maageet 25 (2007), pp Raul Zuñiga Aiaza, M.Sc. Moellig a Evaluatio of the Ealy Pat of the Supply Chai i the Mieal Raw Mateials Iusty E-ail: [email protected] Couty: Chile Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 78 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

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82 Ipit LogDyaics Reseach Repot ISSN Volue 3, 2013 Reseach Repot 2012/13 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS) Statutoy Declaatio All ights eseve. No pat of this publicatio ay be epouce, stoe i a etieval syste, o tasitte i ay fo o by ay eas, echaical, electoic, photocopyig, ecoig, o othewise, without pio witte peissio of LogDyaics. Place of Publicatio Bee, Geay Publishe Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (LogDyaics) Uivesität Bee Resposible Pof. D. e. pol. Has-Dietich Haasis (IGS) Pof. D.-Ig. habil. Klaus-Diete Thobe (LogDyaics) The sole esposibility fo the cotet of the ae aticles lies with the authos. Eitos D.-Ig. Igi Rügge Alesaa Histet Cotact IGS, Uivesität Bee D.-Ig. Igi Rügge c/o BIBA Hochschulig Bee, Geay Phoe: Fax: Eail: [email protected] Iteet: 80 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

83 Reseach Repot Desig Guu Feilce, Gafi-Desig Pictue Ceits LogDyaics, BIBA Page 3: Logistibahhof pite with peissio of the photogaphe Luwig Kay, selecte fo the photo copetitio of LogDyaics i 2011 Page 8: Pite with peissio of the photogaphe Davi Aussehofe, Deutsche Aaeie e Techiwisseschafte (acatech) Aticle The aticle o page 45 has aleay bee publishe as Pötsch, T.; Kulaiith K.; Bece, M.; Teap, P.; Gög, C.: Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP usig RPL a LPL i TiyS. I: Poceeigs of the 5th IFIP Iteatioal Cofeece o New Techologies, Mobility a Secuity (NTMS). Istabul, Tuey May The aticle o page 41 is a except of the pape: Palafox-Albaa, J.; Daies, A.; Kisha Saeeva, B.; Lag, W.; Jeea, R.: Cobiig Machie-to-Machie Couicatios with Itelliget bects i Logistics. I Poceeigs of the IViReLL 12 The Ipact of Vitual, Reote a Real Logistics Labs. Bee, Geay, 28 Febuay 1 Mach 2012, pp Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 81

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