AGL/MISC/23/99 INTEGRATED SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA
|
|
- Bridget Collins
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AGL/MISC/23/99 INTEGRATED SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA
2 AGL/MISC/23/99 INTEGRATED SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA PROCEEDINGS OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION Harare, Zimbabwe 8-12 December 1997 H. Nabhan A. M. Mashali A. R. Mermut FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1999
3
4 Preface Land degradation, either natural or induced by humans, is a continuing process. It has become, however, an important issue through its adverse effects on national natural resources, food security, and the livelihood of the world population. Much has been said and documented about land degradation but there are still gaps of knowledge, due to the fact that only a few countries have really developed cost-effective technologies for mitigation. Inappropriate land use is a major cause of declining soil quality. In many countries, especially in sub Saharan Africa, there is continuous stress on the limited land resources due to population pressure. Food security is directly related to the ability of land to support the population. Causes for land degradation are numerous and include decline of soil fertility, development of acidity, salinization, alkalization, deterioration of soil structure, accelerated wind and water erosion, loss of organic matter and biodiversity. Efforts to restore productivity of a degraded land must be coupled with efforts to recognize productive capacity of soil resources. Restoring the soil quality for crop production through the appropriate soil management and conservation techniques is important for all nations, primarily those at risk with respect to food security. Although cost effective options are available to restore the soil quality and productivity, there is a need to increase awareness at high policy-making level with sound scientific evidence. It is, therefore, important to develop spatial or other databases about the extent of soil degradation, its biophysical, economic and social impacts, as well as successful examples of soil productivity improvement programmes. The FAO Land and Water Development Division (AGL), in collaboration with the Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa (SAFR) and the Agricultural Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX) of Zimbabwe, organized this expert Consultation on "Integrated Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security" with the following main objectives: examine the status of land degradation under contrasting agro-ecological conditions; exchange experiences on constraints for controlling land degradation and examine possible solutions to overcome these constraints; discuss proposals for national and subregional programmes in support of land development schemes to enhance soil productivity, in support of food security in sub- Saharan Africa. During the Consultation, held in Harare from 8 to 12 December 1997, overview and country papers were presented by senior specialists from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, FAO Headquarters and from many national and international institutions. Besides the representatives from the ten countries, an additional ten soil scientists, agricultural land development planners, extensionists and farmers union officials from various Ministry of Agriculture departments of Zimbabwe, as well as eight scientists from the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme (TSBF), and FAO consultants and resource persons from the UK, Sweden and the International Soil Research and Information Centre (ISRIC) participated in the Consultation. The wide range of participants in the
5 iv consultation reflects the international interest in land degradation in sub Saharan Africa. These proceedings provide very useful information about land degradation in general and the situation in the ten countries of the region. In the light of discussions, recommendations are made to increase exchange of experience and activities in the area of research and technology development, especially the assessment methodologies, extension and training, policies and legislation, strategies, publications and networking.
6 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa v Contents SUMMARY REPORT 1 OVERVIEW PAPERS 15 Land degradation with focus on salinization and its management in Africa, by A.M. Mashali 17 Land degradation in relation to food security with focus on soil fertility management, by H. Nabhan 49 Erosion-induced loss in soil productivity and its impacts on agricultural production and food security, by M. Stocking and A. Tengberg 91 Soil degradation assessment and soil conservation inventory on a SOTER basis: Asian experience, by G.W.J. Van Lynden 121 Socio-economic impacts of soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Africa; with particular reference to Zimbabwe, by D. Tawonezi and P.N. Sithole 127 Soil and water conservation, soil moisture management and conservation tillage in Zimbabwe, by G. Nehanda 153 COUNTRY REPORTS 177 Eritrea 179 Ethiopia 197 Kenya 211 Malawi 231 Namibia 247 South Africa 263 Tanzania 295 Uganda 319 Zambia 337 Zimbabwe 355 page
7 vi Annex 1 Opening and closing addresses 383 Annex 2 Programme 389 Annex 3 List of participants 393 Annex 4 Maps 397
8 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa vii Acknowledgements The contribution through country and overview papers by the country specialists and resource persons is greatly acknowledged. The efforts of AGRITEX staff, Messrs H.Nabhan, A.Mashali, C.F Mushambi, A.Savva and Ms K. Franken in the organization of the Expert Consultation are highly appreciated. Special thanks are due to Messrs H.Nabhan, A.Mashali, M.Gosi,and A.R. Mermut for the compilation, review and editing of these proceedings.
9 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 1 Summary report Nearly one thousand million ha of vegetated land in developing countries are subjected to various forms of degradation, resulting in moderate or severe decline in productivity. About 490 million ha in Africa are affected by different types of degradation from the approximately million ha total land area in Africa. Of this total land, 72% (2 146 million ha) are problem soils with different production constraints (soil acidity, vertic properties, low fertility, shallow soils, saline and poorly drained soils). Poor and inappropriate soil management is the main cause of physical and chemical degradation of cultivated land. Soil degradation is the most serious environmental problem affecting sub-saharan Africa (SSA). In many parts of SSA fallow periods are being reduced considerably and farmers are increasingly cultivating marginal lands susceptible to various forms of degradation. Increasing population pressure, particularly in vulnerable regions has caused serious soil productivity decline especially under extensive farming practices. This is manifested by declining yields, decreasing vegetation cover, salinization, fertility decline and increasing erosion. With recent emphasis on the priority programme of FAO on Food Production in Support of Food Security (SPFS), issues related to land degradation and its negative impact on food production as well as land improvement for enhanced productivity are receiving special attention. Rectifying soil degradation and sustaining crop production through appropriate management and conservation are, therefore, important components in the effort towards security. Successful experience and initiatives for soil improvement in specific countries or socio-economic and agroecological environments have taken place but their wider dissemination for the benefit of other countries, even in the same region, is rather limited. There is an urgent need to develop and implement sub-regional and national programmes, as well as projects at community level to control land degradation and to improve land productivity. Therefore, the FAO Land and Water Development Division (AGL), in collaboration with the Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa (SAFR) and the Agricultural Technical Extension Services (AGRITEX) of Zimbabwe, has organized this Expert Consultation The FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa represents 21 countries. Of these, four are in the Indian Ocean and 17 are within the continent of Africa (Figure 1). Out of the 21 countries, ten were given the opportunity to participate in this important Expert Consultative Workshop on Integrated Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security. The main objectives of the workshop were: Discuss the status of land degradation under contrasting agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions. Exchange experiences on constraints for controlling land degradation and examine possible solutions to overcome these constraints. Develop national and sub-regional programmes in support of land development schemes to enhance productivity in support of food security in the region.
10 2 Summary report FIGURE 1 Countries served by the FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa Reversing the process of soil degradation and sustaining crop productivity through soil management and biodiversity conservation are important aspects of food security. Although cost effective options are available, there is a need to increase the awareness campaign at high policymaking level as well as maintain the determination of agriculturists to achieve their goals. It is, therefore, important to document the information on the extent of soil degradation, its biophysical, economic and social impacts as well as successful examples of soil improvement programmes within the region. ATTENDANCE The Expert Consultation was attended by senior specialists from ten African countries of the Subregion for Southern and East Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Besides representatives from the mentioned countries, some ten soil scientists, agricultural land development planners, extension and farmers'
11 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 3 unions from relevant departments of Zimbabwe, as well as eight scientists from the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme (TSBF) - Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania Zambia, Zimbabwe and Uganda - and officials from FAO Headquarters (2), FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa (2), Regional Office for Africa (1) and FAO consultants and resource persons from England, Sweden and the International Soil Research and Information Centre (ISRIC) participated in the Consultation, with a total of 35 participants. OPENING OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION On Monday, 8 December, after registration of the participants, the Opening Session took place at St. Lucia Park Training and Development Center, where H.E. the Minister of Lands and Agriculture, Cde Kumbirai Kangai and the Chief of the Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service of FAO Headquarters, Dr P. Koohafkan (on behalf of the Land and Water Development Division of FAO, and the Southern and East Africa Subregional FAO Representative, Ms V. Sekitoleko), addressed the Expert Consultation. The opening session was followed by three overview papers on (i) Land degradation and its impact with focus on salinity and fertility decline and their management; (ii) Erosion induced loss productivity, its implication on land use and food security; and (iii) Methodologies of soil degradation assessment with focus on GLASSOD /SOTER using the Asian experience (ASSOD). COUNTRY PAPERS Three technical sessions were devoted to discussion of country papers on: Evaluation of country production and projected demands Evaluation of per caput arable land, crop yields and causes of yield stagnation Assessment of soil degradation: its causes and its bio-physical and socio-economic impact Available technological options for controlling soil degradation and for productivity Successful cases on improved soil management scheme and reasons for success Institutional, socio-economic and policy issues related to land resources and degradation. Three papers were also presented from Zimbabwe on: Socio-economic aspects of soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Africa Soil and water conservation, soil moisture management and conservation tillage in Zimbabwe Water harvesting and small-scale irrigation. OTHER BUSINESS A video show of the 14th meeting of the Soil Science Society of East Africa (SSSEA) on "Enhancing farmers efforts to combat soil degradation has been demonstrated to the Consultation participants. The video indicated that scientists, administrators, policy makers and farmers were concerned with the issue of soil degradation in the sub-region (Uganda and Tanzania participated in that meeting). Commitment of Uganda Government and other sub-regional governments to the issue of soil degradation was outlined. The SSSEA members were happy to note that FAO would
12 4 Summary report respond to the deterioration of soil productivity through the establishment of a new Southern and East Africa Subregional Network on Management of Degraded Soils. One day (10 December) was devoted to field visits and on-site discussions. The participants were driven to Mangwende Communal Area in Murehua and shown three programmes on soil fertility: The effect-of low and high quality manure on the improvement of soil fertility on crop. The effect of storage practices on the quality of communal area manure. The use of legume inoculant on a crop of soybeans and the effect of residual N (Nitrogen) on crop rotation. After discussions on each programme, the participants were shown active and reclaimed gullies in the same area. Lastly, the group visited a stream bank conservation programme, where farmers are encouraged to cultivate pieces of land situated away from the river bank. On this piece of land, these farmers were provided with fencing materials by the Department of Natural Resources and a well for drawing water was dug using funds from a donor agent. The water is used for irrigating the gardens. PARTICIPATORY WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS One and-a-half days have been devoted to group discussions. The participants were divided into three groups to discuss the following issues: present and outlook for food production and security in the participating countries, identification of land degradation and degraded soils - quantification of magnitude and distribution, assessment of human-induced soil degradation, proposals, methodologies for assessment. Soil vulnerability to different degradation processes (as early warning system). If methodologies are available, how they can be used for the sub-region (data availability to carry out such assessment), dominant types of land degradation, (chemical, physical, biological), causes and processes, research, measuring, interpretation and prediction methods including new technologies (modelling, GIS, expert system, decision support system, remote sensing, etc.), bio-physical-environmental and socio-economic impacts of soil degradation: (i) evidence and indicators of impacts of degradation on productivity, and (ii) assessment of economic impacts of degradation, technologies available for improving the productivity of degraded soils: constraints and solutions. Sustainable integrated management of degraded soils (techniques): (i) available technologies for addressing or controlling various types of degradation: and physical degradation - fertility decline salinization and (ii) analysis of factors which are limiting wider adoption of improved technologies to above major types of degradation, policy and land tenure issues: institution set-up and coordination at local subnational and national level, farmers' participation in land improvement schemes, role of associations, cooperatives, extension services: (i) government responsibility: monitoring of soil degradation, control at country and regional level (regulation, legislation, etc.) and (ii)
13 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 5 influencing, decision makers/increasing awareness about land degradation and solutions for land productivity improvement, research and monitoring requirements: (i) applied research, decision support system, integrated approach, monitoring system, requiring more research, mechanism, programmes and government support and interest, (ii) the role of private (multinational) companies, large farms, and (iii) the role of farmer associations, organizations, national and regional plans for improvement and control of soil degradation, proposal for a network on management of degraded and problem soils in the subregion - objectives, activities, mechanisms, membership and expected outputs including newsletters/publications, pilot field activities (demonstration of trials on improved management techniques), training, workshop, etc. At the end of these group discussions, three summary reports were produced. RECOMMENDATIONS In the light of the discussions, the Expert Consultation agreed on the following recommendations as the basis of future activities. Technologies and Research Further investigation and understanding of existing indigenous technologies, Compiling available technologies, Pursue integrated and sustainable soil management issues such as biophysical, economic and social viability, Develop problem oriented and farmer participatory research approach to tackle land degradation problems in the sub-region. Extension and Training Both demonstrations and training of people (research, extension, farmer) should be part of the introduction of new technologies, Technologies should be made available to farmers through extension programmes in the country wherever applicable, Support for farmer conservation groups. Policies, Institutions and Laws Formulate effective land tenure and land use policies to create conducive environment for improved integrated management technology for land degradation control, Creation of enabling policies to encourage management, conservation and sustainability of land resources should include land tenure, environmental protection and a set of framework for conservation, Countries should commit themselves to review natural resources and implementation of the policies,
14 6 Summary report People should be trained to implement these policies, Create strong institutions to backstop management and conservation initiatives at local level, Strengthen institutional capacity to adopt and utilize new and improved technologies. Strategies Causes of food insecurity should be identified as well as strategies to address these causes and the possible constraints to these strategies. Models Prediction models should be used as possible scenarios to monitor land degradation. Standard Analytical Methods Quality control and standardized analytical methods are required to make comparison of results between countries within the sub-region. Assessment of methodologies Available methodologies for the assessment of land degradation include WOCAT, GLASOD, ASSOD, etc. It is recommended that in using similar methods for the sub-region, the following should be considered: The scale on which the information is presented should be revised on a regional basis, utilizing the polygon concept as is done in Asia studies (ASSOD), Countries should concentrate on the quantification of land degradation processes, Countries should consider the utilization of the ASSOD impact evaluation methodology and modify it when deemed necessary for the sub-region conditions, Existing impact assessment technologies may be reviewed and utilized wherever applicable (reference Jan de Graaff, Stocking, etc.), The state-of-the-art of existing technologies should be compiled through modified and more effective mechanisms suitable for the sub-region, i.e. modification of WOCAT methodologies. Projects First priority: projects to keep good land conserved. Dissemination and implementation of good practices, Rehabilitation of degraded land - target "hot spots" and "potential hot spots. Use of best technologies (irrigation, improved fallow, etc., adapted to local social and economic circumstances), Use of food security scenarios as tools to design and target implementation projects and appropriate interventions. Publications Prepare a state-of-the-art/overview document on management of degraded soils in Africa with particular reference to the Southern and East Africa sub-region conditions.
15 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 7 Networking The group agreed to create a new network on the management of degraded soils. The first activity of this network should include the evaluation of ongoing networks in the region as TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility), ALASA, CIMMYT (soil fertility), etc. Based on this evaluation, activities of the proposed network will be identified including supplementary field work to control other land degradation processes not included ongoing networks, newsletters, internet, workshops, farmer-to-farmer visits and prediction models. GROUP DISCUSSION REPORTS Group discussion report for Group One (Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea) Outlook of food situation Eritrea and Ethiopia experience food deficit. Tanzania and Kenya are self-sufficient at country level but not at household level. All countries require improved technology for future food production. Types and extent of soil degradation Type Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Erosion Fertility decline Acidification Sodicity/salinity Compaction and crusting Water logging : Low, ++ : Moderate, +++ : High Technologies applied to control degradation Technology Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Soil & water conservation Minimum tillage + + Inorganic fertilizer Liming + Manure & organic + fertilizer BNF Agroforestry : Low, ++ : Moderate, +++ : High Assessment of land degradation Kenya has identified indicators of land degradation but the assessment techniques need to be developed in the four countries. Modelling and GIS facilities are in place but need to be utilized effectively. The socio-economic impact of degradation in the four countries is high. However, the quantitative assessment has not been adequately undertaken. Soil degradation indicators identified Yield decline Reduced fallow periods
16 8 Summary report Deforestation Encroachment on marginal land Erosion features (gullies, siltation of dams) Loss of biodiversity Shrinkage of agricultural land Availability of technology Technologies Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Soil & water conservation Minimum tillage Inorganic fertilizer Liming Manure & organic + fertilizer BNF Agroforestry Salinity reclamation : Low, ++ : Moderate, +++ : High Adoption of technologies Technologies Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Soil & water conservation Minimum tillage Inorganic fertilizer Liming Manure & organic + fertilizer BNF Agroforestry Salinity reclamation : Low, ++ : Moderate, +++ : High Constraints limiting adoption Soil and Water Conservation: Labour shortage, lack of training, lack of awareness, decrease in size of agricultural land, lack of credit, poor extension, poor infrastructure, poor linkage, land tenure systems Minimum Tillage: Lack of information, lack of extension services, lack of inputs (herbicides and equipment) Inorganic Fertilizers: High costs, limited availability, lack of knowledge, adverse effects on soils Liming and Liming Materials: Not adequately researched, lack of information, high costs, lack of awareness on acidity problems Manure and Organic Fertilizers: Unavailability, alternative uses (fuel), lack of transport, poor storage, preservation, ow nutrient content Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Lack of adequate research, lack of seed inoculants, poor fixation (low P), lack of information
17 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 9 Agroforestry: Competition with crops (light, moisture nutrients), incomplete package, lack of awareness, land shortage, lack of seedlings, lack of convincing results Salinity reclamation: Lack of awareness, technology not well developed, high input costs Policy issues Land use policies and tenure systems exist in the four countries but they vary Existing instruments to enforce land use policies are not effective Farmer participation in all countries exists, but needs to be further promoted Cooperatives and farmer associations exist but they are poorly managed The ratio of extension/farmers is very wide and at the same time facilities for effective extension are very limited Research and monitoring requirements Private sector supports research on cash crops in Kenya and Tanzania All research in Ethiopia and Eritrea is supported by Government NGOs are actively involved in research in all countries Applied research, decision support and monitoring systems are in place in the four countries, but they need to be strengthened National and regional plans Regional Programmes in Soil and Water Conservation include IGAD, ICRAF, CAHI (AHI, AFRENA), SWNM (soil, water, nutrient management and others) Group discussion report for Group Two (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Uganda) Status of food security Issues and problems National: seasonal fluctuations in food security - imports of food, post-harvest storage and distribution Subnational: accessibility and availability, post-harvest storage and distribution Type of food, preference: Matoke (Uganda), Maize - monocrop (Zimbabwe and Zambia) Household: affordability and availability e.g. draught power h/h structure, entrepreneurship/resources/land, labour, capital, seasonal deficits, access to technology Does land degradation cause food insecurity? How? Fertility decline Population migration
18 10 Summary report Shift from cropping to livestock which promotes overgrazing Higher albedo and higher soil surface temperatures Greater vulnerability to drought Positive effects of land degradation (trigger) Adaptation Diversification Technology uptake and intensification Examples from the region: smallholder irrigation (Zimbabwe - Mvuma), banana mulching (Uganda - Kabale), agroforestry (Zambia, Chipata), smalholder irrigation (Uganda - Mbuka). Conditions for positive outcome Enabling policy environment Institutional and legal framework Political (in)stability Marketing and economic incentives Degradation Case Studies Hot Spots Zambia: Southern province, smallholder rainfed monocropping of maize (fertility decline and soil erosion) (4 to 5 years of cropping before critical level is reached). Farm size: ha Soil type: Acrisol Crop: maize Erosion rates: 20 tonnes/ha/year Farm family: 2 adults + 4 children Production potential: 3,600 kg/ha Zimbabwe: North eastern part (Mutoko), natural region 4, soil erosion Soil type: Acrisols Farm size: 1-2 ha Erosion rates: tonnes/ha Crop: Maize Farm family: 2 adults + 4 children Production potential: 3 tonnes/ha Uganda: Kabale, soil erosion because of steep slopes (water erosion) Crop: Sorghum (less susceptible to bad conditions than maize) Soil type: Ferralsol Erosion rate: tonnes/ha Yield potential: 2 tonnes/ha Farm size: 1 ha
19 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 11 Successful Spots Uganda: Nangabo (near Kampala) Local institutions and strong farmer-to-farmer interaction Access to technology Good marketing infrastructure Crop: sweet potatoes Management: crop rotation, mulching, livestock interaction Zimbabwe: smallholder irrigation in Mushandike near Maswingo, 1 ha per farmer, abandoned dryland farming in surrounding areas Crops: maize and rice Soil type: Cambisol Erosion rate: tonnes/ha Yield potential under irrigation: 6-7 tonnes/ha Zambia: Eastern Zambia, Saeli, Chipata South, maize - previously serious soil erosion Soil type: Cambisols, 5% slope (pockets of Acrisols) Agroforestry technology approach Farm Size: 0.25 ha Erosion rate: 45 tonnes/ha before, now 5-10 tonnes/ha lots of biological measures Yields now: 4.5 tonnes/ha (formerly 1.5 tonnes/ha) crop rotation Potential Hot Spots: Zambia: northern province (acidification) Soil type: Ferralsol/Acrisol Sub-humid, shifting cultivation zone Uganda: Mount Elgon/ Mbale area (water erosion on steep slopes) Zimbabwe: Zambezi Valley, shallow and erodible soils, tsetse clearance encourages immigration General Degradation Issues Fertility depletion - presently N, P, and S deficits (cropping, erosion, leaching, humification), potentially K by the same processes Organic matter depletion - affects plant available water, soil structure, erodibility, nutrient supply, biodiversity, soil moisture and soil humidity (erosion, burning, conventional ploughing) Acidification - Al toxicity, nutrient imbalance, P-fixation (leaching, acid parent material, cropping and organic matter depletion, fertilizers) Devegetation - wind and water erosion, siltation, desertification, reduced base flow of rivers, reduced biodiversity and ozone depletion, organic matter and nutrient supply (shifting cultivation and shortened fallow cycle, wood fuel, overgrazing, construction, fire, land clearing)
20 12 Summary report Recommendations Technologies, research and monitoring Further investigation and understanding of existing indigenous technologies Compiling (inventorying) available technologies Integrated sustainable soil management - biophysical, economic and social viability Policies, Laws, Institutions, and Extension Formulation/ Creation of enabling policies to encourage conservation and sustainable land use should include: land tenure, support for farmer conservation groups - need to set a legal framework for conservation rather than setting it against degradation Creation of strong institutions to backstop conservation initiatives at local level Networking Sharing information, experiences, good practice and expectations Formalize and strengthen existing networks between and among all stakeholders (not only between scientists), e.g. newsletters, internet, forums, workshops, farmer-to-farmer visits Networking the networks at local level Projects First priority: projects to keep good land conserved through dissemination and implementation of good practice Rehabilitation of degraded land to target hot spots and potential hot spots through use of best technologies (irrigation, improved fallows etc. adapted to social and economic circumstances - see Table 1) Construction of food security scenarios to design and target implementation projects and appropriate interventions Group discussion report for Group Three (Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe, South Africa) Identification, quantification, extent, distribution and assessment of land degradation For Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa the major forms of degradation are erosion and fertility decline and depending on the country soil acidity (South Africa), sodicity and salinity (Namibia). There is doubt on the validity of the assessments since it was done for some countries qualitatively and also only for cereal production. With certain reservations the countries agreed that the information on the above topics is acceptable when the heading of Table 3 (given in Summary analysis of country papers by C.F. Mushambi; page 175) is changed to include for cereal production and the footnotes may be changed as follows: (i) sodicitv/salinity to sodication/salinization; (ii) causes of degradation be changed to include impacts; (iii) nutrient loss due to erosion be added as an indicator of soil fertility decline and (iv) that improper irrigation management be added as a cause of sodification and salinization.
21 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 13 TABLE 1 Examples of best practice technologies Technology (examples) Conservation tillage (minimum tillage, including ripping, subsoiling and residue management and ridging) Improved fallow (green manure, cover crops - Stylo) Soil amelioration (liming, manuring, composting, inorganic fertilizers, termite earth) Grazing management (zero grazing, short duration, paddocking, improved pastures - legumes, perennial grasses) Irrigation (surface - canals, borders, basins; sprinkler; trinkler/drip (micro)) Contour bunds; grass strips and terraces Crop rotation (grass fallow, sweet potatoes) Conditions - Weed control - herbicidal or mechanical - Grazing control - Appropriate equipment - Research station only to date/ more on-farm research is needed - Sufficient land - Not becoming invasive/ a weed - Integration with livestock - Availability and cost of materials - Expert knowledge - Analytical services - Skills, technical knowledge - Materials - Sufficient land - Water - Community participation - Veterinary service - Water availability - Capital - Knowledge and technology - Suitable land and soil - Community participation - Institutional support - Labour - Equipment - Land - Enough land - Labour for mounding Bio-physical and economic impacts Quantitative data on impacts are not available for many degradation processes. Outlook for food production and security The production and requirement data (see below) presented are open to criticism. A certain time frame might not be representative of the true picture. We should not get involved in detailed food production scenarios since other institutions are already doing this. It is not to say that national food security figures are relevant to household food security figures. Technologies available for improving the productivity of degraded soils Networks are absent for inventories of existing technologies. Factors limiting application of technology are: (i) lack of information; (ii) cost and (iii) lack of knowledge with respect to cost-benefits (illiteracy). Research and monitoring requirements There is in general a lack of expertise/skills to utilize new technologies and also an unavailability of these technologies exists.
22 14 Summary report Policy and land tenure issues, national and regional plans There is a need for countries to make evaluations of existing policies on land use planning, incorporating sustainable utilization of natural resources. Networks and project proposals/programmes RSA Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources; Biodiversity Namibia Ecosystems Conservation and Protection Programme; Agro-ecological Zone Programme Regional ELIMS
23 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 15 Overview papers
24 16
25 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 17 Land degradation with focus on salinization and its management in Africa Recent estimates indicate that the global demand for food, fibre and bio-energy products is growing at an annual rate of 2.5% and that of developing countries at 3.7% (FAO 1993). World population has doubled in the past 40 years and may double again in the next century to approach 11 thousand million by the year 2100 (World Resources Institute 1992). The population in Africa is expected to increase to million in Historical evidence suggests that an annual growth in output of only 1% can be expected from area increase at global level. Hence optimization of the productive potential of land including degraded land must form a major contribution to meeting the increased demand. However, the greatest challenge for the coming decades lies in the fact that many production environments are unstable and degrading. At risk from starvation, farmers are forced to strive for maximum production from the limited land resources available; this is leading to neglect of the long-term husbandry needs of the soil and water resources. Exhaustion of these resources is the result: decrease of inherent soil fertility, erosion by wind or water and salinization. Africa's lands are suffering from poor and inappropriate land management resulting in rapid land degradation, massive soil loss, falling yields, deforestation, the disruption of water resources and the destruction of natural pastures. About 490 million hectares in Africa are affected by different types of degradation. In rainfed areas, fallow periods are declining below safe limits and marginal land and problem soil with severe production constraints are being put under cultivation in an attempt to meet demands without adoption of proper and efficient water and soil management practices. Of the approximately million hectares total land in Africa, million hectares are problem soils (72%) with different production constraints (soil acidity, vertic properties, low fertility, shallow soils, saline and poorly drained soils). On irrigated lands, improper water use and system management not only detract from attainment of potentials, but also cause productive land to be withdrawn from cultivation through waterlogging and increasing salinity and sodicity. Salinization in Africa is one of the degradation processes and affects widespread areas mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought combined with the different forms of land degradation is seriously contributing to considerable yield decline and loss in food production, and hence the food security at household and country level, particularly in countries which cannot easily finance increased need of food imports. Land degradation is proceeding so fast that few African countries can hope to achieve sustainable agriculture in the foreseeable future. A.M. Mashali Technical Officer, Soil Reclamation, Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service, Land and Water Development Division, FAO, Rome, Italy
26 18 Land degradation with focus on salinization and its management in Africa Neither traditional systems of using the land, nor the responses of traditional societies to increasingly severe pressures on the land, have been able to cope with the rapid growth of population and degradation processes in Africa for most of this century. The problem is usually identified only after the situation has become serious. Large quantities of soil have already been lost and the productivity of land seriously impaired. Governments have to recognize that their productive land is a limited and irreplaceable resource which should be carefully managed and protected against all forms of degradation and thus desertification. Only when the seriousness of degradation is recognized and its causes properly identified is it possible to develop agricultural practices and management measures that will ensure safe use of the land. Unfortunately wider dissemination of results from successful experiments and initiatives for soil improvement of degraded land in one country for the benefit of other countries (even in the same region) is rather limited. In order to alert policy makers, there is a need to provide evidence and justification for corrective methods which are based on in-depth assessment of the extent, severity of land degradation and their economic and social impacts. Issues related to land degradation and its negative impacts on food production and food security as well as development of appropriate technologies to enhance productivity of degraded soils are receiving special attention and are an important part of the priority programmes of FAO. DEFINITION OF SOIL DEGRADATION, DESERTIFICATION AND SALINITY PROBLEMS Soil degradation and desertification Soil degradation is defined as a "process which lowers the current or the potential capability of soil to produce (quantitatively or qualitatively) goods or services". Soil degradation implies a regression from a higher to lower state - a deterioration in productive capability. The process is not necessarily continuous and may take place between periods of ecological stability or equilibrium. It is usually a complex process in which several features can be recognized as contributing to a loss of productive capacity. It can result from land uses or from processes arising from human activities such as: erosion, deterioration of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil or long-term loss of natural vegetation. Recently degraded land is defined as land which due to natural process or human activity is no longer able to properly sustain an economic function or the original natural ecological function. Vast areas of Africa continue to be eroded and the degradation of the arid and semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions becomes so serious (resulting from adverse human activities and climate variations) that a new word, desertification, was coined to describe the gravity of the situation. Soil degradation processes whether chemical, biological or physical may occur simultaneously or sequentially and they are interrelated. A definition of desertification is "the intensification or extension of desert conditions". It is a process leading to reduced biological productivity with consequent reduction in plant biomass and destruction of the equilibrium of soil, vegetation, air and water in the areas subject to edaphic or climatic aridity (FAO 1984). Desertification hazards refer to the natural susceptibility of the land to desertification and manmade factors (ISRIC/UNEP 1990). It is considered as a comprehensive expression of economic and social processes as well as those of natural or man-induced processes. An important difference between soil degradation and desertification is that soil degradation is not necessarily continuous; it takes place over relatively short periods and can be reversed. Also desertification or the danger of it, is confined to the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas, whereas soil degradation can occur in all climates. Furthermore, certain processes important to the concept of soil degradation are not considered desertification, i.e. waterlogging, depletion of plant nutrients and acidification.
27 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 19 Soil salinization Soil salinization as a process of land degradation is defined as the accumulation of excess salts in the root zone resulting in partial or complete loss of soil productivity and eventual disappearance of the vegetation. Salt-affected soil is simply defined as a soil that has been adversely modified for the growth of most crop plants by the presence of soluble salts, exchangeable sodium or both. Any quantitative definition, however, must be arbitrary because of the broad range of crop salt tolerance. Salt-affected soils are normally divided into three broad categories: saline, sodic and saline sodic. Other categories of salt-affected soils though less extensive are commonly met in different parts of the world and include acid sulphate soils, acid soils, degraded sodic soils and magnesium solonetz. The problems of soil salinity occur in all continents and under all climate conditions. They are most widespread in the arid and semi-arid regions, but salt-affected soils also exist extensively in sub-humid climates, particularly in coastal regions where intrusion of seawater through estuaries and rivers, and through groundwater, causes large-scale salinization. Soil salinity is a problem in irrigated lands particularly where saline water is used for irrigation. Salinity problems occur as well where crops are grown under rainfed conditions. There salinity has several local names, but is most commonly known as dryland salinity or saline seeps. Although weathering of rocks and primary minerals is the main source of all salt, salt-affected soil rarely forms through accumulation of salts in situ. EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, DESERTIFICATION AND SALINIZATION Land degradation and desertification Though soil degradation is largely manmade, its pace being governed primarily by the speed at which population pressure mounts, irregular natural events, such as droughts, exacerbate the situation. Such a sequence of events is not just a thing of the past. In many countries of the tropics and sub-tropics it is happening right now, and at an alarming scale. The 1982/1985 drought, for example, had a dramatic effect on the speed of land degradation in most African countries. Human activities usually aggravate the effect of the physical processes leading to desertification through an inadequate system and policy of land tenure, bad communications, and lack of awareness of acute problems and economic and social conditions. Much of Africa's land base is environmentally delicate and easily damaged. Large areas of cropland, grassland, woodland and forest are already seriously degraded. FAO reported in 1981 that in Africa north of the Equator more than 35% of the land was affected by either erosion or salinization. While it is now generally recognized that land degradation in general, and soil erosion and salinization in particular, are widespread and serious, very few reliable data are available on its extent or degree. Part of the problem is that much of the available data are reported in different ways and not in readily comparable forms (Sanders 1991). An indication of the extent to which the African continent (Figure 1) is subject to soil constraints is given in Table 1. It should be noted that the extents shown in this table are not cumulative since certain constraints overlap one another (FAO 1986). The table indicates that major constraints are caused by steep slopes and erosion. In semi-arid areas where exploitation of the land has continued for thousands of years, accumulation of soluble salts created a serious constraint to production, particularly in Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, Algeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Botswana, Chad, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa. Table 2 gives a summary of most degradation problems in the six climatic regions of Africa.
28 20 Land degradation with focus on salinization and its management in Africa FIGURE 1 Main agro-ecological zones of sub-saharan Africa More recently ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre), under the aegis of UNEP and in collaboration with FAO, has produced a World Map of the Status of Human- Induced Soil Degradation at a scale of 1:10 m (ISRIC/UNEP 1990) known as GLASOD. It identifies 4 degrees of degradation (light, moderate, strong and extreme). Five types of human intervention were identified as resulting in soil degradation: deforestation and removal of natural vegetation (579 million hectares), overgrazing of vegetation by livestock (679 million hectares), improper management of agricultural land (552 million hectares), over exploitation of vegetative cover for domestic use (133 million hectares), and industrial activities leading to chemical pollution (32 million hectares). According to GLASOD, 1964 million hectares of agricultural land worldwide are degraded (Table 3), of which 494 million hectares (25%) in Africa. Table 4 gives an indication of the extent and severity of land degradation problems in Africa.
29 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 21
30 22 Land degradation with focus on salinization and its management in Africa TABLE 2 Summary of most serious degradation problems by region Region Arable land Grazing land Forest land Mediterranean and North Africa Sudano-Sahelian Africa Humid and Subhumid Africa Humid Central Africa Sub-humid and mountain East Africa Sub-humid and semi-arid Southern Africa Declining soil fertility Wind and water erosion Salinization on irrigated lands Decline in nutrient levels of the soils Decline in soil physical properties Wind and water erosion Decline in nutrient levels of the soils Decline in soil physical properties Water erosion Degraded soil physical properties Degraded soil chemical properties Water erosion Degradation of soil physical properties Degradation of soil chemical properties Water erosion Degradation of soil physical properties Degradation of soil chemical properties General degradation of vegetation both in quality and in quantity Wind and water erosion General degradation of vegetation both in quality and in quantity Wind erosion in subhumid areas Degradation of vegetation Wind erosion in subhumid areas Degradation in quality and in quantity of vegetation Water erosion Degradation in quality and in quantity of vegetation Wind erosion Water erosion Degradation of vegetation as the deficit in fuelwood and timber increases Water erosion on degraded forest land Degradation of vegetation Degradation of vegetation Degradation of vegetation Water erosion Degradation of vegetation Erosion TABLE 3 Human-induced soil degradation for the world (GLASOD) Type Light Moderate Strong Extreme Total Total (Mha) (Mha) (Mha) (Mha) (Mha) (%) Loss of topsoil Terrain deformation WATER Loss of topsoil Terrain deformation Overblowing WIND Loss of nutrients Salinization Pollution Acidification CHEMICAL Compaction Waterlogging Subsidence of organic soils PHYSICAL TOTAL (Mha) (percent)
31 Integrated soil management for sustainable agriculture and food security in Southern and East Africa 23 TABLE 4 Human-induced soil degradation in Africa, GLASOD (in million hectares) Type/Degree Light Moderate Strong Extreme ~Total Water erosion (46%) Wind erosion (38%) Chemical deg (12%) Loss of nutrients Salinization Pollution Acidification Physical degr (4%) Compaction Waterlogging Total* 174 (35%) 192 (39%) 124 (25%) 5 (1%) 494 (100%) TABLE 5 Regional distribution of salt-affected soils in hectares Regions Solonchaks/ saline phase Solonetz/ sodic phase Total % of the total area affected North America 6,191 9,564 15, Mexico and Central America 1,965-1, South America 69,410 59, , Africa 53,492 26,946 80, South and West Asia 83,310 1,798 85, South East Asia 19,983-19, North and Central Asia 91, , , Australasia 17, , , Europe* 9,121 21,105 52, Total 352, , , * The difference between the total salt-affected soils and existing saline and sodic soils in Europe represents the potential salt-affected soils (20856 million hectares). Salinization Land salinization has been identified as a major process of degradation. Information on the exact extent, distribution and degree of degradation is not available for all soils of countries affected by salinity. In some countries, even the existence of these soils was discovered only through a survey or the pressing demand for agricultural utilization of a region. As a general figure about 7% of the total soil surface of the world is covered by salt-affected soils: Australia 45%, Asia 21%, South America 7.6%, Africa 8.5%, North America 0.9%, Central America 0.7%, and Europe 4.6%. Based on the FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World, Table 5 shows regional distribution and percentage of salt-affected soils. It should be borne in mind that areas given in Table 5 are not necessarily arable but cover all the salt-affected lands. In Africa the problem is particularly serious in the countries north of the Sahara, in the Sahel, in East Africa, Botswana, South Africa and Namibia. Salt-affected soils are known also in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Table 6). Table 7 shows that globally more than 76 million hectares of land is human induced salt-affected soil, out of which 52.7 million hectares (69%) is in Asia, 14.8 million hectares (19%) in Africa and 3.8 million hectares (5%) in Europe (Oldeman et al 1991). The four degrees of light, moderate, strong and extreme salt-affected land cover 34.6 million hectares, 20.8 million hectares, 20.4 million hectares and 0.8 million hectares, respectively.
DRYLAND SYSTEMS Science for better food security and livelihoods in the dry areas
DRYLAND SYSTEMS Science for better food security and livelihoods in the dry areas CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Agricultural Production Systems The global research partnership to improve agricultural
More informationThe WOCAT Map Methodology, a Standardized Tool for Mapping Degradation and Conservation
12th ISCO Conference Beijing 2002 The WOCAT Map Methodology, a Standardized Tool for Mapping Degradation and Conservation Godert Van Lynden 1, Hanspeter Liniger 2 and Gudrun Schwilch 2 World Overview of
More informationStatus of the World s Soil Resources
5 December 2015 Status of the World s Soil Resources The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS), the main scientific advisory body to the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) hosted by the Food and
More informationNational Environment Awareness Campaign(NEAC) 2014-2015. Theme
National Environment Awareness Campaign(NEAC) 2014-2015. Theme COMBATING DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION AND DROUGHT Background Note Desertification is about land degradation: the loss of the land s
More informationSpeaker Summary Note
2020 CONFERENCE MAY 2014 Session: Speaker: Speaker Summary Note Building Resilience by Innovating and Investing in Agricultural Systems Mark Rosegrant Director, Environment and Production Technology Division
More informationIS Desertification A Reality or Myth? What is desertification?
IS Desertification A Reality or Myth? What is desertification? Desertification is a process of fertile land transforming into a desert typically as a result of deforestation, drought or improper/inappropriate
More informationTAILORING CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE TO LOCAL CONTEXTS AND CONDITIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AFRICA
TAILORING CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE TO LOCAL CONTEXTS AND CONDITIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AFRICA Marc Corbeels, Bernard Triomphe, Pablo Tittonell, François Affholder, Rabah Lahmar, Eric Scopel, Véronique
More informationAgricultural Production and Soil Nutrient Mining in Africa
EMBARGOED UNTIL 12 p.m. EST (1700 Hours GMT), Thursday, March 30, 2006 Agricultural Production and Soil Nutrient Mining in Africa Implications for Resource Conservation and Policy Development Summary Prepared
More informationResearch to improve the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity for smallholder farmers
Research to improve the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity for smallholder farmers Agricultural biodiversity the variability of crops and their wild relatives, trees, animals, arthropods,
More informationSustainable Land Management in the Global Environment Facility. GEF Role as Financial Mechanism of the UNCCD
Sustainable Land Management in the Global Environment Facility GEF Role as Financial Mechanism of the UNCCD GEF as Financial Mechanism of the UNCCD Land Degradation Focal Area as main GEF financing window
More informationKeywords: soil and water conservation, yield increase, cost-benefit, watershed management, food security.
20 years of watershed management in Niger: approaches, impacts and economic aspects of large scale soil and water conservation measures Nill, D.; Ackermann, K; Schöning, A.; Trux, A.; van den Akker, E.;
More informationDEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DRAFT REVISED NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF MALAWI
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DRAFT REVISED NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF MALAWI July, 2013 1. Foreword 2. Preface 3. Introduction 4. Policy linkages 5. Broad Policy Direction 6. Policy Priority Areas Provides the
More informationFUTURE CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING HIGH-QUALITY WATER - Vol. II - Environmental Impact of Food Production and Consumption - Palaniappa Krishnan
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Palaniappa Krishnan Bioresources Engineering Department, University of Delaware, USA Keywords: Soil organisms, soil fertility, water quality, solar
More informationFOREST RESTORATION MONITORING TOOL
FOREST RESTORATION MONITORING TOOL Draft version for field test INTRODUCTION FAO upon recommendation of its members identified the need to initiate a comprehensive analysis, evaluation and documentation
More informationLAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES Vol. V Desertification and Deforestation in Africa - R. Penny DESERTIFICATION AND DEFORESTATION IN AFRICA
DESERTIFICATION AND DEFORESTATION IN AFRICA R. Penny Environmental and Developmental Consultant/Practitioner, Cape Town, South Africa Keywords: arid, semi-arid, dry sub-humid, drought, drylands, land degradation,
More informationInvestment in agricultural mechanization in Africa
Investment in agricultural mechanization in Africa Executive summary Conclusions and recommendations of a Round Table Meeting of Experts Co-organized by: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
More informationBrief report on the Happy Strategies Game
Brief report on the Happy Strategies Game Nile Basin Development Challenge Program Stakeholder Forum and Project Meetings October 5-7 2011 Held at Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI),
More informationMadagascar: Makira REDD+
project focus Madagascar: Makira REDD+ Madagascar is considered to be one of the top five biodiversity hotspots in the world due to more than 75% of all animal and plant species being endemic while less
More informationAG R I C U LT U R E GREEN ECONOMY
THIS IS THE STORY OF AG R I C U LT U R E GREEN ECONOMY We need to make the global economy green. provides significant opportunities for growth, investment and jobs to help make this happen. $ Everyone
More informationClimate Change Vulnerability Assessment Tools and Methods
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Tools and Methods Climate Finance Readiness Seminar Leif Kindberg Knowledge and Learning Manager, ARCC PRESENTATION OVERVIEW About ARCC Overview of Climate Change
More informationClimate-Smart Agriculture - Science for Action 24-26 October 2011 - Ede / Wageningen - The Netherlands
The Wageningen Statement: Climate-Smart Agriculture - Science for Action 24-26 October 2011 - Ede / Wageningen - The Netherlands The Wageningen Statement: Climate-Smart Agriculture Science for Action The
More informationERITREA: NAPA PROJECT PROFILE
ERITREA: NAPA PROJECT PROFILE 1. Introducing community based pilot rangeland improvement and management in selected agro-ecological areas in the eastern and northwestern lowlands rangelands 2. Introducing
More informationBeyond biological nitrogen fixation: Legumes and the Sustainable Intensification of smallholder farming systems
Beyond biological nitrogen fixation: Legumes and the Sustainable Intensification of smallholder farming systems B Vanlauwe, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya [with
More informationNatural Resource Scarcity:
Food Security in a World of Natural Resource Scarcity: The Role of Agricultural Technologies Daniel Mason-D Croz IFPRI - Environment and Production Technology Division Presentation Overview 1- Rationale
More informationFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
AGL/MISC/27/2000 GUIDELINES AND REFERENCE MATERIAL ON INTEGRATED SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION FOR FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations AGL/MISC/27/2000
More informationBuilding Drought Resilience through Land and Water Management
Building Drought Resilience through Land and Water Management Request for Proposal for Development of strategic water infrastructure in selected sub-catchments of Lower Tana Basin, Kenya 1. Background
More informationGreat Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel initiative. The African
Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel initiative The African wall An African partnership to tackle desertification and land degradation Desertification affects millions of the most vulnerable people
More informationHow To Help The World Coffee Sector
ICC 105 19 Rev. 1 16 October 2012 Original: English E International Coffee Council 109 th Session 24 28 September 2012 London, United Kingdom Strategic action plan for the International Coffee Organization
More informationTerms of Reference for Rangeland Management Plan Preparation
Terms of Reference for Rangeland Management Plan Preparation Organization Project Position Type Study/assessment Topic Position Location Duration Reporting to Working with Starting date Application deadline
More informationIntegrated crop-livestock farming systems
Livestock Thematic Papers Tools for project design Integrated crop-livestock farming systems Population growth, urbanization and income growth in developing countries are fuelling a substantial global
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): CLIMATE CHANGE. 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities
Climate Resilience Sector Project (RRP TON 46351) Sector Road Map SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Tonga is being affected by climate change,
More informationDistance learning program for agricultural education in Southern Africa. Mungule Chikoye, Krishna Alluri, Richard Siaciwena, and Rainer Zachmann *
Distance learning program for agricultural education in Southern Africa Mungule Chikoye, Krishna Alluri, Richard Siaciwena, and Rainer Zachmann * Abstract The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) in collaboration
More informationChapter 18 Introduction to. A f r i c a
Chapter 18 Introduction to A f r i c a Ch. 18:1 Landforms & Resources 1. Africa s shape & landforms are the result of its location in the southern part of the ancient supercontinent of. Pangaea Over thousands
More informationA SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES
A SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES Narong Chinabut Office of Science for Land Development Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok
More information2 WATER FOR FOOD SECURITY VI World water forum
2 WATER FOR FOOD SECURITY WATER FOR FOOD SECURITY 3 CONTENT I SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 4 SECTION 2 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE OF TARGET 5 SECTION 3 TARGETS AND TARGET ACTION PLAN 9 SECTION 4 SOLUTIONS SECTION
More informationCash Crops, Food Crops and Agricultural Sustainability
GATEKEEPER SERIES No. 2 International Institute for Environment and Development Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme Cash Crops, Food Crops and Agricultural Sustainability EDWARD B.
More informationARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15
Coordination of the Agricultural Research In the Mediterranean Area Call i text ARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15 SUBMISSION Pre-proposal by December 1 st, 2014 Full Proposal by May 11 th 2015 on http://arimnet-call.eu/
More informationNREGA for Water Management
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NREGA for Water Management 30 th October, 2009 Dr. Rita Sharma Secretary to Government of India Ministry of Rural Development NREGA objective supplement wage-employment
More informationA CASE STUDY OF IN-FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA
A CASE STUDY OF IN-FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA WRC DoA UFS J.J. Botha, G. Kundhlande, A Sanewe STATEMENTS On-farm & on-station research led to : Development of IRWH WUE & yields. Changes
More informationAssets & Market Access (AMA) Innovation Lab. Tara Steinmetz, Assistant Director Feed the Future Innovation Labs Partners Meeting April 21, 2015
Assets & Market Access (AMA) Innovation Lab Tara Steinmetz, Assistant Director Feed the Future Innovation Labs Partners Meeting April 21, 2015 Countries with Current AMA Innovation Lab Projects AMERICAS
More informationLAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES - Vol. IV - Soil Conservation - David Sanders UNESCO EOLSS
SOIL CONSERVATION David Sanders World Association of Soil and Water Conservation, Bristol, England,UK Keywords: soil conservation, soil erosion, wind erosion, water erosion, erosion control Contents 1.
More informationPhysical Environment. There are economic reasons for countries to cut down their rainforests.
Tropical Rainforests Reasons for their Destruction Tropical Rainforests are found in the Amazon Basin of South America, (e.g. Brazil) Central Africa (e.g. Congo) and South East Asia (e.g. Indonesia). There
More informationAMESD/MESA & GMES and Africa
AMESD/MESA & GMES and Africa Jolly Wasambo AUC-REA Outline Background MESA: objective and expected results Thematic actions & services Some concerns about natural resources Land degradation Loss of soil
More informationWater at a Glance The relationship between water, agriculture, food security and poverty
Water at a Glance The relationship between water, agriculture, food security and poverty 01 basic facts The world contains an estimated 1 400 million cubic km of water. Only 0.003% of this vast amount,
More informationGlobal Climate Change: Carbon Reporting Initiative
United States Agency for International Development Cooperative Agreement No. EEM-A-00-06-00024-00 Global Climate Change: Carbon Reporting Initiative January 2012 Submitted by: Nancy Harris Ecosystem Services
More informationWeather, Climate and Water Services for the Least Developed Countries
Weather, Climate and Water Services for the Least Developed Countries The WMO Programme for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) was established in 2003 in response to the call of the Third United Nations
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 1
Country Operations Business Plan: Philippines, 2013 2015 SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 1 A. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Sector importance and growth
More informationCreating Green Jobs within the Environment and Culture sector.
Creating Green Jobs within the Environment and Culture sector. Matilda Skosana Environmental Programmes (ILO Definition): 1. DEFINITION OF GREEN JOB. Jobs are green when they help reduce negative environmental
More informationENERGY IN FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USE
Farm Energy IQ Conserving Energy in Nutrient Use and Pest Control INTRODUCTION Fertilizers and pesticides are the most widely used sources of nutrients and pest control, respectively. Fertilizer and pesticides
More informationPRESENTATION 2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
UNEP GLOBAL JUDGES PROGRAMME APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS PRESENTATION 2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION A) Major environmental issues B) Responses
More information2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction
Introduction 1 Tropical tree seed handling continuously develops. Scientific research and less advanced, yet persistent practical progress bring about new knowledge and experience on tropical species.
More informationFOOD AVAILABILITY AND NATURAL RESOURCE USE
FOOD AVAILABILITY AND NATURAL RESOURCE USE Nadia El-Hage Scialabba Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, FAO FAO/OECD Expert Meeting on Greening the Economy with Agriculture Paris, 5
More informationFAO-Adapt. Framework Programme on Climate Change Adaptation
FAO-Adapt Framework Programme on Climate Change Adaptation Food security and climate change FAO s vision for the future is a world free of hunger and malnutrition where food and agriculture contribute
More informationSoCo: European Overview on soil degradation processes related to agriculture
SoCo Policy Seminar, Brussels, 28 May 2009 1 SoCo: European Overview on soil degradation processes related to agriculture by E. Rusco, L. Montanarella, B. Marechal JRC IES Land management and Natural Hazards
More informationDeforestation in the Amazon
Deforestation in the Amazon By Rhett A Butler Rainforests once covered 14% of the earth's land surface; now they cover a mere 6% and experts estimate that the last remaining rainforests could be consumed
More informationWhen little becomes much! Jimma and Cornell Universities join hands in developing climate smart Programs in Ethiopia using US Embassy s seed grant
When little becomes much! Jimma and Cornell Universities join hands in developing climate smart Programs in Ethiopia using US Embassy s seed grant Figure 1: Degraded and restored landscapes Global climate
More informationSeventh African Development Forum. Climate Risk Management: Monitoring, Assessment, Early Warning and Response
Seventh African Development Forum Acting on Climate Change for Sustainable Development in Africa Climate Risk Management: Monitoring, Assessment, Early Warning and Response Issues Paper #4 ADF VII 10-15
More informationLiquid Biofuels for Transport
page 1/11 Scientific Facts on Liquid Biofuels for Transport Prospects, risks and opportunities Source document: FAO (2008) Summary & Details: GreenFacts Context - Serious questions are being raised about
More informationTHE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes
Biomes The Ecosystem - Biomes Side 2 THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes By the end of this topic you should be able to:- SYLLABUS STATEMENT ASSESSMENT STATEMENT CHECK NOTES 2.4 BIOMES 2.4.1 Define the term biome.
More information2.0 AGRICULTURE 2.1 Concrete actions taken and specific progress made in implementation
2.0 AGRICULTURE Agriculture remains the key priority sector in the growth and poverty reduction agenda of Zambia. Over 60 percent of the population derives its livelihood from agriculture. Despite Zambia
More informationCrop rotation and legumes cultivation: Effective measures to increase the environmental performance and long-term viability of European agriculture.
Crop rotation and legumes cultivation: Effective measures to increase the environmental performance and long-term viability of European agriculture. Christine Watson (SAC), Donal Murphy-Bokern (DMB), Fred
More informationForest landscape restoration SKS Focali meeting, Jönköping 11 jan 2013
Forest landscape restoration SKS Focali meeting, Jönköping 11 jan 2013 Anders Malmer Theme leader at SLU Global for Restoration of degraded rural landscapes Theme leader for Focali for Climate assessed
More informationMaize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries of Kenya, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda
Maize Production in Uganda Farmers have improved maize yields from 1,000Kg/ha to 3,000-5,000 Kg/ha using the recommended technologies Maize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries
More informationAfrican Organic Agriculture Manual Booklet Series No. 4 Soil organic matter management HOW DO I IMPROVE THE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER?
African Organic Agriculture Manual Booklet Series No. 4 Soil organic matter management HOW DO I IMPROVE THE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER? What do I need to know about soil organic mat Soil organic matter is essential
More informationGuideline for Stress Testing the Climate Resilience of Urban Areas
Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment Delta Programme Urban Development and Reconstruction Guideline for Stress Testing the Climate Resilience of Urban Areas Extended summary Version 1.0
More informationOrigins and causes of river basin sediment degradation and available remediation and mitigation options. Feedback from the Riskbase workshop
Origins and causes of river basin sediment degradation and available remediation and mitigation options Feedback from the Riskbase workshop Corinne Merly 1, Olivier Cerdan 1, Laurence Gourcy 1 Emmanuelle
More informationAppendix C. Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan
Appendix C Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan DRENNAN SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY REVEGETATION & REHABILITATION PLAN PRODUCED FOR ERM ON BEHALF OF SOLAIREDIRECT BY Simon.Todd@3foxes.co.za JUNE 2013 BACKGROUND
More informationRepublic of South Sudan
1 Page Republic of South Sudan Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (Draft) Introduction 1. The Republic of South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 after more than 50 years
More informationRegional cooperation in the IGAD sub-region: of transboundary water resources
Regional cooperation in the IGAD sub-region: Using science to secure political commitment and financial support for joint management of transboundary water resources M. BABA SY Sahara and Sahel Observatory
More informationCLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CAPE VERDE
CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CAPE VERDE SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS panoramio.com 1 Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territory Planning B.P. 115 Praia Cape Verde http://www.governo.cv United
More informationGLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GACSA)
GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GACSA) FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT Version 01 :: 1 September 2014 I Vision 1. In today s world there is enough food produced for all to be well-fed, but one person
More information8 Networking for agricultural innovation. The MVIWATA national network of farmers groups in Tanzania
Bull374 17-05-2006 10:30 Pagina 79 8 Networking for agricultural innovation. The MVIWATA national network of farmers groups in Tanzania Laurent Kaburire 43 and Stephen Ruvuga 44 8.1 Introduction The previous
More informationMALAWI Food Security Outlook July to December 2015. High prices, declining incomes, and poor winter production cause Crisis food insecurity
MALAWI Food Security Outlook July to December 2015 High prices, declining incomes, and poor winter production cause Crisis food insecurity KEY MESSAGES Current acute food security outcomes, July 2015.
More informationSTATEMENT OF RON HUNTSINGER NATIONAL SCIENCE COORDINATOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT U.S
STATEMENT OF RON HUNTSINGER NATIONAL SCIENCE COORDINATOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BEFORE THE HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERIOR, ENVIRONMENT AND RELATED AGENCIES
More informationWorld Water and Climate Atlas
International Water Management Institute World Water and Climate Atlas Direct access to water and climate data improves agricultural planning The IWMI World Water and Climate Atlas provides rapid access
More informationSummary of the costs assessment for mitigation and adaptation needs in the in the area of Climate Change in Mali «NEEDs»
Summary of the costs assessment for mitigation and adaptation needs in the in the area of Climate Change in Mali «NEEDs» Octobre,29 National Directorate of Meteorology of Mali Ministry of Equipment and
More informationApril 2015 C 2015/31 E. Thirty-ninth Session. Rome, 6-13 June 2015. Global Soil Partnership - World Soil Charter
April 2015 C 2015/31 E CONFERENCE Thirty-ninth Session Rome, 6-13 June 2015 Global Soil Partnership - World Soil Charter Executive Summary The FAO Conference adopted the World Soil Charter (WSC) at its
More informationUSDA Farm Program Agencies
USDA Farm Program Agencies NRCS-Natural Resource Conservation Service Administers engineering and conservation plans Administers conservation programs FSA- Farm Service Agency Administers Commodity Programs
More informationOpen Meeting of the Club of Bologna Farm Machinery to Feed the World. 21 September 2015 Teatro della Terra, Biodiversity Park, EXPO Milano 2015
Open Meeting of the Club of Bologna 21 September 2015 Teatro della Terra, Biodiversity Park, EXPO Milano 2015 Farm of the Future Giuseppe Gavioli giuseppe.gavioli@gmail.com Challenges Child and maternal
More informationINDONESIA - LAW ON WATER RESOURCES,
Environment and Development Journal Law LEAD INDONESIA - LAW ON WATER RESOURCES, 2004 VOLUME 2/1 LEAD Journal (Law, Environment and Development Journal) is a peer-reviewed academic publication based in
More informationTHE KILL DATE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO INCREASE COVER CROPS BENEFITS IN WATER QUALITY & NITROGEN RECYCLING
THE KILL DATE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO INCREASE COVER CROPS BENEFITS IN WATER QUALITY & NITROGEN RECYCLING María ALONSO-AYUSO José Luis GABRIEL Miguel QUEMADA Technical University of Madrid (Spain) INDEX
More informationEmmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: The challenge of modernising smallholder agriculture in East Africa
Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: The challenge of modernising smallholder agriculture in East Africa Keynote address by Mr Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, Governor of the Bank of Uganda, at the International
More informationEnhancing Biodiversity. Proactive management of biodiversity in intensive agriculture
Enhancing Biodiversity Proactive management of biodiversity in intensive agriculture Contents Introduction Increasing food security in a sustainable way 3 The importance of biodiversity The vitality and
More informationOUTCOME AND IMPACT LEVEL INDICATORS AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER: OCTOBER 2009
EC EXTERNAL SERVICES EVALUATION UNIT OUTCOME AND IMPACT LEVEL INDICATORS AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER: OCTOBER 2009 This working paper outlines a set of indicators at the outcome and impact
More informationThe Share of Non-Renewable Biomass in Wood Fuel Production & Consumption by Bio-climatic Zones in Nigeria
The Share of Non-Renewable Biomass in Wood Fuel Production & Consumption by Bio-climatic Zones in Nigeria Paul Krämer According to new regulations in CDM and VER projects, only the non-renewable share
More informationMatrix of Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS) 2009-2013
Appendix 2 Matrix of Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS) Strategic Thrust 1: Strengthen food security arrangements. 1.1 Strengthen national food security programmes/
More informationTST Issues Brief: Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought 1
TST Issues Brief: Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought 1 I. Stocktaking Understanding Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (DLDD) Land is a vital resource for producing food and other
More informationPost Conflict Agricultural Development in Ethiopia: General Overview. Jemal Yousuf, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Post Conflict Agricultural Development in Ethiopia: General Overview Jemal Yousuf, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Context of conflict Ethiopia was engulfed with conflict all through the 1980s The conflict
More information4 th WORLD WATER FORUM. Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System. 4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
4 th WORLD WATER FORUM Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System Mexico, Marsh 17 th, 2006 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW IAS OVERVIEW Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria Mali Area : 525 000 km² Mali : 31000
More informationEnvironment and Society in Developing Countries. Ideas for Master s and PhD projects
Environment and Society in Developing Countries Ideas for Master s and PhD projects Ex ante Criteria! 1) Experience? 2) Interest? 3) Relevance? 4) Practicability? 1) Time (fieldwork and analysis) 2) Research
More informationStatus and National Priorities of Soil Resources in Sri Lanka
Status and National Priorities of Soil Resources in Sri Lanka R S Dharmakeerthi President, Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka and W D Wicramasinghe Director, NRMC &Country Focal Point-FAO 1. Introduction:
More informationDryland ecosystem functioning and resilience: integrating biophysical assessment with socio economic issues
International Conference on Dryland ecosystem functioning and resilience: integrating biophysical assessment with socio economic issues Wednesday 6 July 2011 Alghero (Italy), 6 8 July 2011 PRELIMINARY
More informationSOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND NATURE CONSERVATION CURRICULUM FOR MSc. (MNRSA) DEGREE PROGRAMME May 2009 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE
More informationClimate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region
Climate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region Global CC threat CC in the A/P region The Stern Review and IPCC 4 th Assessment Report both state that climate change will have adverse impact on people
More informationSustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change Michael Stocking
Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change Michael Stocking Vice-Chair, GEF-STAP Professor, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK Two Sides of the Same Coin Land degradation Sustainable
More informationWhat is Conservation Agriculture?
What is Conservation Agriculture? CA is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently
More informationA cool CAP post-2013: What measures could help adapt Cyprus farming and biodiversity to the consequences of climate change?
A cool CAP post-2013: What measures could help adapt Cyprus farming and biodiversity to the consequences of climate change? 26 September 2012: IFOAM EU Conference Future farming in times of climate change
More informationNational Report to the Fifth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests TURKEY
National Report to the Fifth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests TURKEY December 2004 1 I. Key Contacts Head of Forestry and UNFF national focal point for : Turkey Name: Ass. Prof. Dr. Nuri
More informationREWARDING THE SERVICE PROVIDERS A POLICY BRIEF
REWARDING THE SERVICE PROVIDERS A POLICY BRIEF R. Carrillo/ITTO Compensating tropical forest dwellers, owners and managers for the their forests provide will enhance livelihoods and improve forest management
More informationASEAN INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY (AIFS) FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGIC PLAN OF ACTION ON FOOD SECURITY IN THE ASEAN REGION (SPA-FS) 2009-2013
ASEAN INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY (AIFS) FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGIC PLAN OF ACTION ON FOOD SECURITY IN THE ASEAN REGION (SPA-FS) 2009-2013 BACKGROUND The sharp increase in international food prices in 2007/2008
More information