A CASE STUDY OF IN-FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA
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1 A CASE STUDY OF IN-FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA WRC DoA UFS J.J. Botha, G. Kundhlande, A Sanewe
2 STATEMENTS On-farm & on-station research led to : Development of IRWH WUE & yields. Changes of acceptance of new technologies are much greater if new technologies are developed: Adequate involvement of resource users With implementation of the IRWH (tech. exchange; training & extension) it was demonstrated that: IRWH improves livelihoods below poverty line (MDG 1) Acceptance of IRWH for food production has generated interest to upscaling
3 IRWH TECHNIQUE
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5 IRWH Increase crop yields Reduce the risk of crop failures Conservation of natural resources Stops R completely erosion (less pollution) No loss of: rainwater & valuable topsoil Minimizing Es & siltation of the basins Increase in SWC & reduce maintenance Recharge groundwater No-till & mulches Potential to increase C sequestration Economic viability Social acceptability
6 PROBLEM WCT poverty and food insecurity Low adoption rates of WCT occurs among smallholder farmers Low adoption rates 5 pillars of sustainability Protection of ecosystems
7 SUSTAINABILITY Smyth & Dumanski (1993) Improvement in agronomic productivity Reduction in production risk Conservation of natural resource base Economic viability Social acceptability
8 CASE STUDY: PROBLEM Poverty & food insecurity is generic. SA not excluded from adversity of poverty. HSRC (2004), 14 million (35%) 43% households suffer food poverty. Large area east of BFN ( ha). Recent socio-economic study: Ave. cons. expenditure: US$ 46/month Equivalent poverty line (5 people): US$ 120 (MDG US$ 2/day) US$ 80 below poverty line. (US$ 960/year) Picture: FAO
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10 DESCRIPTION OF TARGET AREA Each household has access to: 1 5 ha cropland (not use to financial benefit). Communal pastures for livestock. On ave. 0.2 ha homesteads (more prod. for household consumption).
11 PROCESS/APPROACH On-station and on-farm research (96/97 98/99): CON vs IRWH (BbBr & ObBr) Water balance components - detail Maize, sunflower, sorghum & wheat (34 % yield increase: short-term) Long-term yield simulations: average yield increases of around 50% could be expected from maize and sunflower by using the IRWH techniques vs CON ObBr > BbBr > CON
12 On-station On-farm Homesteads Croplands
13 PROCESS/APPROACH Full potential, sustainability follow up project (99/00 01/02) ObBr; ObOr; ObSr; SbOr & CON (On-station & Onfarm) Maize; sunflower & dry beans
14 Institute for for Soil, Soil, Climate Climate and and Water Water Institute METHODOLOGY Treatments: CON CON O b Br O b Sr O bo r Sb O r Institute Institute for for Soil, Soil, Climate Climate and and Water Water
15 PROCESS/APPROACH Short & long-term yields: IRWH over CON ObSr; ObOr; SbOr; ObBr; BbBr & CON Long-term yields (CYP-SA) were linked with enterprise budgets to obtain CPF of long-term gross margins Profitability analyses show that there is a significant increase in farm income when farmers use the IRWH techniques compared to CON By adopting the simplest form of IRWH (BbBr) farmers can increase their income by US$ 130 ha -1 with maize Farm income can be increased further with the use of mulches.
16 PROCESS/APPROACH Estimations of required farm size: to produce enough food/income to last a family of 5 from one harvest to the next: CON: 8-14 ha IRWH: 3 5 ha
17 TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE 2001/02 season: IRWH was introduced. Use homesteads as stepping stone to empower the people argonomically. Demonstration plots were laid out. 3D model & video Nr. of technology exchange activities took place. Educational training courses; pre-and post harvest focus group discussions; information days, regular visits; farmer to farmer training sessions; water harvesting festivals.
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19 FARMER TO FARMER
20 2 nd Water Harvesting Festival
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23 RESULTS: overview of expansion Participants 1,200 1, Homesteads Communities Growing season 400 1,
24 RESULTS: Social acceptability 2001/ / /04 maize dry beans watermelons tomatoes beetroot pumpkin spinach carrots sunflower peas potatoes sweet melon cabbage green beans squashes green pepers
25 RESULTS: homesteads 38 households were interviewed: (03/04) Experience & inexperience Variety of crops: 15 different crops. Area food prod.: 180 m 2 ; 1422 m 2 ; 679 m 2. Maize (60 %); beans; pumpkin; squashes; watermelon. Economic value: US$ 333; US$ 6 US$ 1358.
26 RESULTS: (Farmer A) Crop Maize Beans Carrots Pumpkin Watermelon Beetroot Area (m 2 ) EV (US$) Spinach TOTAL
27 RESULTS: (Farmer B) Area Crop (m 2 ) EV (US$) Maize TOTAL
28 RESULTS: Cropland Crop Area (m 2 ) Sweet melon 180 Watermelon 1080 Pumpkin 6720 Onions 600 TOTAL 8580 EV (US$) Total: US$ US$ 1104 = US$ 1437
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34 RECOMMENDATIONS Plan: step-by-step approach Research implementation New: Homesteads Croplands Simple technique: duplicatable Farmers must see benefits from the beginning.
35 STRUCTURES MUST BE PLACE: Research sustainability; ecosystems Government must commit & support Sponsors: plan & output driven Education & training Demonstration plots & demonstrators Support: extension (information) Commitment: politicians; policymakers; researchers; NGO s; extension & farmers Marketing Institutional arrangements & land tenure
36 CONCLUSIONS One of the rare studies where all five pillars of sustainability were measured simultaneously Overall main: with long-term agroecological and short-term socioeconomic data - IRWH technique is sustainable IRWH is a sustainable tool to empower people to fight food insecurity and poverty MDG is linked to US$ 2/day
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38 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WRC DoA UFS NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT
39 THANK YOU
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41 RESULTS: Conservation of natural resources Treatment BbBr ObBr ObOr ObSr SbOr Years to completely silt up basins
42 RESULTS: Conservation of natural resources % C IRWH CON TIME
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