Jason Dixon DixonGroup Consulting. September 17, 2005 NYCBSDCON 2005
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1 Failover Firewalls with OpenBSD and CARP Jason Dixon DixonGroup Consulting September 17, 2005 NYCBSDCON 2005
2 Introduction Firewalls are a mandatory network component
3 Introduction Firewalls are a mandatory network component Should be both a guardian and a guide
4 Introduction Firewalls are a mandatory network component Should be both a guardian and a guide Often a single point of failure
5 Introduction Firewalls are a mandatory network component Should be both a guardian and a guide Often a single point of failure Failover Firewalls are as vital as HA Application clusters
6 Introduction Firewalls are a mandatory network component Should be both a guardian and a guide Often a single point of failure Failover Firewalls are as vital as HA Application clusters Chicks dig redundancy
7 History of OpenBSD A leading secure UNIX-like operating system Emphasize code robustness and security Open licensing is crucial OpenBSD Packet Filter (PF) born out of IPFilter license change
8 PFSYNC Protocol OpenBSD team acknowledged need for failover
9 PFSYNC Protocol OpenBSD team acknowledged need for failover PFSYNC (IP Protocol 240)
10 PFSYNC Protocol OpenBSD team acknowledged need for failover PFSYNC (IP Protocol 240) Pfsyncd sends state updates via multicast
11 PFSYNC Protocol OpenBSD team acknowledged need for failover PFSYNC (IP Protocol 240) Pfsyncd sends state updates via multicast Other firewalls will update their own state tables
12 PFSYNC Protocol OpenBSD team acknowledged need for failover PFSYNC (IP Protocol 240) Pfsyncd sends state updates via multicast Other firewalls will update their own state tables Synchronized state == graceful failover
13 Before CARP OpenBSD lacked failover mechanism Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) assigns virtual gateway between physical routers Operates at OSI Layers 2 and 3 Master/Backup relationship VRRP encumbered by Cisco patent
14 CARP Protocol Common Address Redundancy Protocol (IP Protocol 112)
15 CARP Protocol Common Address Redundancy Protocol (IP Protocol 112) Addressed the need for a patent-free failover mechanism
16 CARP Protocol Common Address Redundancy Protocol (IP Protocol 112) Addressed the need for a patent-free failover mechanism Virtual MAC and IP addresses
17 CARP Protocol Common Address Redundancy Protocol (IP Protocol 112) Addressed the need for a patent-free failover mechanism Virtual MAC and IP addresses Supports IPv4 and IPv6
18 CARP Protocol Common Address Redundancy Protocol (IP Protocol 112) Addressed the need for a patent-free failover mechanism Virtual MAC and IP addresses Supports IPv4 and IPv6 Also provides load-balancing, preemption, and crypto hashed announcements
19 Basic CARP Failover
20 Basic CARP Example Single CARP virtual host on each gateway
21 Basic CARP Example Single CARP virtual host on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid)
22 Basic CARP Example Single CARP virtual host on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) Control frequency of CARP advertisements (advskew)
23 Basic CARP Example Single CARP virtual host on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) Control frequency of CARP advertisements (advskew) Authenticate your advertisements (pass foo)
24 Basic CARP Example Single CARP virtual host on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) Control frequency of CARP advertisements (advskew) Authenticate your advertisements (pass foo) Attach CARP device to interface (carpdev)
25 Basic CARP Example (cont'd) Auto-recovery (net.inet.carp.preempt)
26 Basic CARP Example (cont'd) Auto-recovery (net.inet.carp.preempt) Secure pfsync interface OR peer address (syncpeer) + IPSec
27 Basic CARP Example (cont'd) Auto-recovery (net.inet.carp.preempt) Secure pfsync interface OR peer address (syncpeer) + IPSec Filter and translate on the physical interface
28 Basic CARP Example (cont'd) Auto-recovery (net.inet.carp.preempt) Secure pfsync interface OR peer address (syncpeer) + IPSec Filter and translate on the physical interface Must allow PFSYNC and CARP protocols
29 Basic Filtering - pf.conf # Macros ext_if="fxp1" int_if="fxp0" pfsync_if="xl0" # Options set skip on { lo $int_if } # Normalization scrub in # Translation nat on $ext_if from $int_if:network \ to any -> (carp0) # cont'd...
30 Basic Filtering - pf.conf #... cont'd # Filtering block in pass out keep state pass quick on { $ext_if $int_if } \ proto carp keep state pass quick on $pfsync_if proto pfsync pass in on $ext_if inet proto icmp \ icmp-type echoreq keep state pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp \ port ssh flags S/SA keep state pass out on $ext_if all keep state
31 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp
32 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp
33 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0
34 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1
35 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1
36 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1 server1# pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf
37 Basic Setup server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > carpdev fxp server1# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server1# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1 server1# pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf server1# pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf
38 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ >
39 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ >
40 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0
41 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1
42 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1
43 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1 server2# pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf
44 Basic Setup server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 1 pass bar \ > advskew 100 carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# ifconfig pfsync0 syncdev xl0 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1 net.inet.carp.preempt 0 -> 1 server2# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1 server2# pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf server2# pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf
45 Demonstration
46 Basic Example - Troubleshooting Tools: Tcpdump, ifconfig, arp, pfctl, vmstat, pftop Items to check: CARP, PFSYNC announcements Interface state (MASTER, BACKUP, INIT) LAN client settings (CARP gateway) Application tests: Ping Large file transfer (scp/sftp) Multimedia over NFS Failover mechanisms: Down CARP interface Unplug ethernet cable Power down CARP member
47 Advanced Failover with Load-Balancing
48 Advanced Example Multiple CARP virtual hosts on each gateway
49 Advanced Example Multiple CARP virtual hosts on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) must be unique for each CARP interface on each segment
50 Advanced Example Multiple CARP virtual hosts on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) must be unique for each CARP interface on each segment Each CARP member will serve as MASTER for one CARP interface, and BACKUP as the other
51 Advanced Example Multiple CARP virtual hosts on each gateway Virtual host ID (vhid) must be unique for each CARP interface on each segment Each CARP member will serve as MASTER for one CARP interface, and BACKUP as the other Load-balance at the packet level (net.inet.carp.arpbalance)
52 Advanced Filtering - pf.conf # Macros ext_if="fxp1" int_if="fxp0" pfsync_if="xl0" http_ext=" " http_int=" " smtp_ext= smtp_int= # Options set skip on { lo $int_if } # Normalization scrub in # Translation binat on $ext_if from any to $smtp_ext \ -> $smtp_int rdr on $ext_if from any to $http_ext \ port http -> $http_int source-hash # cont'd...
53 Advanced Filtering - pf.conf #... cont'd # Filters block in pass quick on { $ext_if $int_if } \ proto carp keep state pass quick on $pfsync_if proto pfsync pass in on $ext_if inet proto icmp \ icmp-type echoreq keep state pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp \ from any to ($ext_if) port ssh \ flags S/SA keep state pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp \ from any to $smtp_int port smtp \ flags S/SA keep state pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp \ from any to $http_int port http \ flags S/SA keep state pass out on $ext_if keep state # EOF
54 Advanced Setup - server1 server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > server1# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > alias server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > advskew server1# ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > advskew 100 alias server1# ifconfig carp2 vhid 1 pass bar carpdev fxp0 \ > server1# ifconfig carp3 vhid 2 pass bar carpdev fxp0 \ > advskew server1# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.arpbalance=1 net.inet.carp.arpbalance: 0 -> 1
55 Advanced Setup - server2 server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > advskew server2# ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > advskew 100 alias server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > server2# ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass foo carpdev fxp1 \ > alias server2# ifconfig carp2 vhid 1 pass bar carpdev fxp0 \ > advskew server2# ifconfig carp3 vhid 2 pass bar carpdev fxp0 \ > server2# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.arpbalance=1 net.inet.carp.arpbalance: 0 -> 1
56 Brief Intermission
57 sasyncd IPSec SA synchronization daemon
58 sasyncd IPSec SA synchronization daemon Tracks state changes on a CARP interface
59 sasyncd IPSec SA synchronization daemon Tracks state changes on a CARP interface Messages encrypted using AES key
60 sasyncd IPSec SA synchronization daemon Tracks state changes on a CARP interface Messages encrypted using AES key /etc/sasyncd.conf
61 sasyncd IPSec SA synchronization daemon Tracks state changes on a CARP interface Messages encrypted using AES key /etc/sasyncd.conf Shared IPSec keys for CARP hosts
62 IPSec Failover Setup CARP hosts server1# cat /etc/hostname.carp0 vhid 1 pass foo carpdev fxp !ipsecadm flush!ipsecadm flow -addr / /24 \ -src dst \ -proto esp -out -require!ipsecadm flow -addr / /24 \ -src dst \ -proto esp -in -require!sasyncd server1# cat /etc/sasyncd.conf carp interface carp0 peer sharedkey /etc/sasyncd.key
63 Summary HA Firewall & VPN solution Commodity hardware Available for all BSDs and Linux (ucarp) Competes with (or exceeds) functionality of commercial offerings
64 References OpenBSD -- PF -- VRRP RFC OpenBSD FAQ -- PF User's Guide -- Userland CARP --
65 Stateful Failover
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